Cigarette Packs Research Articles

The Relationship between Promotional Media on Cigarette Packaging and the Level of Susceptibility and Seriousness that Students Feel about Quitting Smoking in State High Schools of the Same Level in the City of Kendari

Introduction: The inclusion of advertisements warning of the dangers of smoking on cigarette packaging raises various views among teenagers, especially among students, who are easily influenced by something new, unique and interesting. Most Indonesian student smokers already have a smoking habit, with 33.9% being male and 2.5% female. This study aims to analyze the relationship between Promotional Media on Cigarette Packaging and the Level of Susceptibility and Seriousness that students feel about quitting smoking in State High Schools of the same level in Kendari City. Method: This research uses a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional research design. The population is all students who smoke in Kendari City High Schools, totaling 104 people. The number of samples using the Lameshow sample formula is 60 people and the sampling technique uses stratified random sampling. Result: This research shows that promotional media on cigarette packaging is related to the vulnerability and seriousness felt by students in quitting smoking in State High Schools of the same level in Kendari City. Conclusion: The government needs to change the promotional media on cigarette packaging, by changing the size of the image to 50% of the width of the front and back of the cigarette pack, accompanied by larger warning writing.

INOVASI MESIN PENCETAK LIDAH ROKOK GUNA MENINGKATKAN OUTPUT PRODUKSI DI CV. LANGGENG JAYA

Cigarette packs are rectangular packages made mostly of cardboard containing cigarettes. Packaging is designed from aluminum foil, paper or flavor-protecting plastic and sealed with clear, airtight plastic film. Production process at CV. Langgeng Jaya has 2 types and they are still very inefficient. So, looking at this problem, a proposal is given to innovate a cigarette tongue printing machine to make the cigarette tongue printing machine more efficient and speed up the production process. Innovation: The cigarette tongue molding machine is designed using dimensions from anthropometric calculations and the 50th percentile of workers, so that the height of the material support is 103.75 cm, determines the material entry route of 69.5 cm, and determines the height of the panel box of 93.5 cm. Machine trials must be carried out to determine the difference in output after designing the machine innovation and before the design is carried out. The resulting output must be compared before the innovative design of the cigarette tongue machine is carried out and after the design is carried out. The output produced before the design was carried out was 192, after the innovative design of the cigarette tongue printing machine was carried out, it was 320 kg a day. The increase in productivity after designing the innovative cigarette tongue printing machine was 66%, which means it was successful.

Would plain packaging and health warning labels reduce smoking in the presence of informal markets? A choice experiment in Colombia

BackgroundDespite progress made by many countries on the adoption of plain tobacco packaging laws over the last years, low- and middle-income countries, with a large supply of loose cigarettes via informal vendors, remain far behind. AimTo study the potential effectiveness of plain tobacco packaging and dissuasive cigarette sticks, via willingness-to-pay estimates, when illicit cigarette options are available. MethodsWe conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) in which respondents chose licit and illicit products with three attributes: packaging (standard vs. plain packaging), stick design (branded stick vs. stick with warning), and price level. The sample, collected on 12/2021, consisted of 1761 respondents from an internet panel involving smokers and nonsmokers. Conditional logit and latent class models were used to estimate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) to avoid restrictive packaging elements. ResultsNonsmokers are willing to pay USD $5.63 for a pack of cigarettes to avoid plain packaging, which is higher than the actual commercial price of illicit cigarettes (USD $2.40). The WTP increases to USD $12.14 in the presence of illicit alternatives. Smokers are also willing to pay to avoid illicit options, which they also deem riskier, and the presence of such options increases the WTP to avoid plain packaging. However, nonsmokers do not perceive the illicit option as riskier. The dissuasive stick (stick with warning) does not affect perceptions of risk and plays a small role in terms of choice for both smokers and nonsmokers. ConclusionsEven in the presence of illicit tobacco alternatives, plain packaging seems to be as effective in reducing the attractiveness of tobacco products in Colombia as in other countries that have already adopted it. Given conflicting results on the case for dissuasive sticks, there is a need for more research.

Self-reported attention and responses to cigarette package labels at the end of a two-week randomized trial of cigarette package labeling configurations.

Cigarette package inserts that describe quitting benefits and tips may promote cessation; however, research is needed to understand better their effects, including potentially enhancing the effects of pictorial health warning labels (PHWLs). A randomized trial with a 2×2 factorial design was conducted with adult smokers (n=356) assigned to either small text-only health warning labels (HWLs; control); inserts with cessation messages, and the small text-only HWLs (inserts-only); large PHWLs (PHWLs-only); both inserts and PHWLs (inserts + PHWLs). Participants received a 14-day supply of their preferred cigarettes with packs labeled to reflect their group. Upon finishing the trial, participants reported their past 14-day frequency of noticing, reading, thinking about smoking harms and cessation benefits, talking about labels, and forgoing cigarettes because of the labels. Ordered logistic models regressed these outcomes on labeling groups, and mediation analyses assessed whether attention (i.e. noticing, reading) to labels mediated effects of labeling exposure on other outcomes (i.e. thinking about harms/benefits, talking, forgoing). The inserts + PHWLs group reported higher frequencies than the control group for all outcomes. Compared to the control group, both the inserts-only and PHWLs-only groups reported higher frequency of noticing (AOR=3.53 and 2.46, respectively) and reading labels (AOR=2.89 and 1.71), thinking about smoking risks because of the labels (AOR=1.93 and 1.82), and talking about labels (AOR=2.30 and 2.70). Participants in the inserts-only group also reported more frequent thinking about quitting benefits (AOR=1.98). Attention mediated all labeling effects except for the contrast between PHWLs only and control. Compared to text-only HWLS, cigarette labeling that involves inserts, PHWLs, or both appears more effective at drawing attention to warnings, which mediated the effects on cessation-related psychosocial and behavioral outcomes.

Are Tobacco Companies in Nigeria Complying With Health Warning Label Regulations on Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products?

BACKGROUND: Nigeria has approved 50% coverage of text and images of pictorial health warning labels (PHWLs) on packages of cigarettes and other tobacco products such as cigars, smokeless tobacco, and loose tobacco. While there is knowledge on the extent to which LMICs like Nigeria adopt the WHO Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC), there is need to examine the compliance with adopted packaging and labeling policies to generate knowledge for strengthening existing policies and efforts at enforcement. We assessed agreement with FCTC regulations as well as compliance with Nigerian requirements which are not adequate and do not effectively capture all FCTC requirements to identify the gaps being explored by these companies in an environment of poor regulation in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted in Lagos State, Nigeria, from October 2022 to January 2023. A multistage random sampling method was utilized. Four local government areas (LGAs) with a combined population of 16 million, accounting for 70% of the population in Lagos, Nigeria were selected while three points‑of‑sale were randomly picked from two selected wards in each LGA. Empty discarded packs of cigarette and other tobacco products were collected from these outlets. The pack dimensions were measured and assessed for PHWLs, health warning manipulations and cessation assistance. Findings were assessed for compliance with the FCTC and national legislation. For each compliance feature, we calculated the frequencies and percentages of the packs that were compliant. RESULTS: 704 packs: 434 packs of 22 cigarette brands and 270 packs of 17 different tobacco products including cigars, snuff and loose tobacco were included in the study. Of 434 cigarette packs assessed, 50.3% were compliant with 9 indicators measured. These ranged from 48.8% to 55.5% for individual brands. For cessation assistance, image variability and image manipulation, compliance was 0% across all cigarette packs. Out of 270 tobacco product packs assessed, 10.6% were compliant with the 9 indicators assessed. Of the 12 multinational parent companies and product distributors assessed, the overall level of compliance among them was 24.9%. Level of compliance was noted to very low for companies involved in marketing other tobacco products, ranging from 0% to 20% but moderate for those marketing cigarettes, ranging from 37% to 55.5%. Companies that had no presence or subsidiaries in Nigeria but only export their products were highly non-compliant. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco companies had low compliance with PHWL on cigarettes and negligible compliance on other tobacco products like cigars, loose and smokeless tobacco. The government should expand and strictly enforce all regulations applying to health warnings, especially on non-cigarette tobacco products and closely monitor companies that merely export their products to the country.

Differential Responses to Cigarette Package Labeling Alternatives Among Adults Who Smoke: Results From a Randomized Trial

Abstract Introduction Little experimental research has evaluated whether the effects of cigarette package inserts with efficacy messages and/or pictorial health warning labels (PHWLs) differ across key subgroups of adults who smoke. Aims and Methods Adults who reported currently smoking (n = 367) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Small text-only HWLs on pack sides (control); inserts with efficacy messages and small HWLs (inserts-only); PHWLs showing harms of smoking (PHWLs-only); both (inserts + PHWLs). Participants received a 14-day supply of cigarettes labeled to reflect their group. Every evening over 2 weeks, participants reported forgoing and stubbing out cigarettes before they finished smoking over the prior 24 hours, combined into a binary indicator of either behavior (eg, forgoing/stubbing). Separate mixed-effects logistic models were estimated to evaluate moderation of labeling group contrasts (ie, PHWLs vs not; inserts vs. not; inserts-only vs. inserts + PHWLs; PHWLs-only vs. inserts + PHWLs) by baseline covariates (self-efficacy to quit, intention to quit, education, health literacy, and time discounting), predicting day-level forgoing/stubbing. Results Education moderated PHWL effects, with PHWLs predicting more forgoing/stubbing only among those with low education (OR = 4.68, p < .001). Time discounting moderated insert effects, with inserts promoting forgoing/stubbing only among those with low time discounting (ie, lower impulsivity; OR = 4.35, p < .001). Conclusions Inserts with efficacy messages appear effective mostly among people with low time discounting, whereas PHWLs appear most effective among those with low education, suggesting their potential to address education-related disparities. Labeling strategies appeared equally effective across subgroups defined by self-efficacy to quit, quit intention, and health literacy. Combining inserts with PHWLs did not appear to mitigate moderation effects. Implications This randomized trial with adults who smoke suggests that cigarette packs with inserts describing cessation benefits and tips can promote cessation-related behaviors (ie, forgoing or stubbing out cigarettes) among those with low-time discounting (ie, low impulsivity). Alternative interventions may be needed for people with high-time discounting, as found in cessation trials. PHWLs appear most effective among those with low education, potentially addressing education-related disparities. No differential effects were found for those with different levels of self-efficacy to quit, quit intentions, or health literacy. Combining inserts and PHWLs may not be more effective than either alone.

Impact of New York City Cigarette Floor Price Policy on Reducing Smoking Disparities.

In 2017, New York City (NYC) passed a minimum floor price law (MFPL) to raise the minimum price of a pack of cigarettes to $13.00. Evaluation of the MFPL in NYC is limited and has yet to examine its potential as a proequity policy. Data (n = 20 241; prepolicy n = 15 037, postpolicy n = 5204) were obtained from the New York State Adult Tobacco Survey, a quarterly repeated cross-sectional survey. Using the Difference-in-Differences approach, we compared changes in reported cigarette prices, cigarette consumption, and smoking status among NYC residents before and after policy implementation to changes in the same outcomes among residents in the rest of the state (ROS) over the same period. For some smokers, cigarette price increased in NYC for the postpolicy period; moreover, prices increased more in NYC than in ROS. NYC smokers who reported higher income, more education, or White or "Other" race, reported a bigger price increase than their ROS counterparts. Cigarette consumption decreased more in the postpolicy period for people in the ROS, in general and among certain groups. Everyday smoking status decreased similarly in both NYC and ROS, whereas someday smoking status decreased primarily in the ROS during the analysis period. Cigarette prices in NYC increased after the 2017 MFPL; these increases were greater than those occurring elsewhere in the state, suggesting the policy might be a factor in the change. However, the increases were concentrated among relatively higher-priced purchases, and groups with lower smoking prevalence. Changes in smoking status and cigarette consumption did not correspond to study hypotheses. This study provides an empirical analysis of a real-world policy in tobacco control. It examines the potential of the MFPL in NYC as a proequity policy. Findings extend the current MFPL literature and suggest that they may be able to raise cigarette prices for some purchases, but also may have a limited impact on smoking behaviors.

Comparison of Tobacco Product Prices at Fort Liberty Army Installation and Surrounding Community Areas, 2021.

High rates of tobacco use persist in the U.S. military, with 18.4% of service members smoking cigarettes in 2018. The Department of Defense's (DoD) 2017 policy required that tobacco retailers on military installations set tobacco product prices equal to the most common community price, including tax, but there is limited evidence confirming whether local retailers are adhering to this policy. We examined tobacco product pricing in tobacco retailers on- and off-post at the largest U.S. Army installation, Fort Liberty, and Cumberland County, North Carolina. Between June and August 2021, we collected data on tobacco product availability, price, and promotions from retailers on Fort Liberty (n = 14) and a random sample of off-post retailers within 10 miles of installation gates (n = 52). We calculated the mode, mean, and median price of each product, plus the difference in these prices at on- and off-post retailers. We used Welch's t-test to test differences in mean prices between on- versus off-post retailers. The mode, mean, and median prices of cigarette packs and cartons were lower on-post than off-post (eg, $0.51-$0.55 cheaper for Marlboro cigarette packs on-post). However, the mode, mean, and median prices of smokeless tobacco products and little cigars were higher on-post than off-post (eg, $0.82-$0.89 more costly for Swisher Sweets 2-packs on-post). Results highlight the need for continued enforcement to ensure compliance with the 2017 DoD policy. Comprehensive policy action to reduce tobacco price disparities on- and off-post is critical to reducing high rates of tobacco use among service members. Despite the implementation of the 2017 DoD pricing policy, some tobacco products remain cheaper at tobacco retailers on-post compared to off-post retailers. Our results highlight the need for greater routine surveillance to increase implementation of the policy-particularly for cigarettes-to reduce high rates of tobacco use among service members.

Factors Determining the Risk Level of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) in Smokers in Bandung City: A Secondary Data Analysis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major contributor to illness and death. COPD can result in the obstruction of airflow and disturbance of the respiratory system. These symptoms have a tendency to be enduring and progressively worse. In Indonesia, the number of persons affected by COPD is estimated to be 9.2 million, with smokers being the primary cause of COPD cases. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the risk variables linked to the occurrence of COPD among smokers in Bandung City in 2022. This study employed a cross-sectional design, with a sample size of 189 smokers aged over 40 years in Bandung City. The participants were selected via total sampling. This study employed secondary research methodology, utilising chi-square and binary regression analysis for data analysis. The findings indicated that the prevalence of high-risk COPD cases in Bandung City in 2022 was 12.7%. An relationship was seen between age, smoking intensity, namely 20-30 packs of cigarettes per year, and level of physical activity. After controlling for age, physical activity, and degree of smoking, the primary cause of the increased risk of COPD was the consumption of 20-30 packs of cigarettes per year (PR= 11.34; 95% CI = 1.65 to 77.67). This study highlights the significance of lifestyle interventions, such as smoking cessation programmes and CERDIK's behaviours, in managing COPD.

Are Tobacco Companies in Nigeria Complying With Health Warning Label Regulations on Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products?

BACKGROUND: Nigeria has approved 50% coverage of text and images of pictorial health warning labels (PHWLs) on packages of cigarettes and other tobacco products such as cigars, smokeless tobacco, and loose tobacco. While there is knowledge on the extent to which LMICs like Nigeria adopt the WHO Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC), there is need to examine the compliance with adopted packaging and labeling policies to generate knowledge for strengthening existing policies and efforts at enforcement. We assessed agreement with FCTC regulations as well as compliance with Nigerian requirements which are not adequate and do not effectively capture all FCTC requirements to identify the gaps being explored by these companies in an environment of poor regulation in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted in Lagos State, Nigeria, from October 2022 to January 2023. A multistage random sampling method was utilized. Four local government areas (LGAs) with a combined population of 16 million, accounting for 70% of the population in Lagos, Nigeria were selected while three points‑of‑sale were randomly picked from two selected wards in each LGA. Empty discarded packs of cigarette and other tobacco products were collected from these outlets. The pack dimensions were measured and assessed for PHWLs, health warning manipulations and cessation assistance. Findings were assessed for compliance with the FCTC and national legislation. For each compliance feature, we calculated the frequencies and percentages of the packs that were compliant. RESULTS: 704 packs: 434 packs of 22 cigarette brands and 270 packs of 17 different tobacco products including cigars, snuff and loose tobacco were included in the study. Of 434 cigarette packs assessed, 50.3% were compliant with 9 indicators measured. These ranged from 48.8% to 55.5% for individual brands. For cessation assistance, image variability and image manipulation, compliance was 0% across all cigarette packs. Out of 270 tobacco product packs assessed, 10.6% were compliant with the 9 indicators assessed. Of the 12 multinational parent companies and product distributors assessed, the overall level of compliance among them was 24.9%. Level of compliance was noted to very low for companies involved in marketing other tobacco products, ranging from 0% to 20% but moderate for those marketing cigarettes, ranging from 37% to 55.5%. Companies that had no presence or subsidiaries in Nigeria but only export their products were highly non-compliant. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco companies had low compliance with PHWL on cigarettes and negligible compliance on other tobacco products like cigars, loose and smokeless tobacco. The government should expand and strictly enforce all regulations applying to health warnings, especially on non-cigarette tobacco products and closely monitor companies that merely export their products to the country.

Assessment of compliance to packaging laws in Pakistan by local and international tobacco manufacturing companies

Background: Tobacco control law is one of the most effective means of controlling the widespread use of tobacco. However, enforcement of this law in Pakistan is weak. Aim: To analyse compliance to cigarette packaging laws by tobacco brands in Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in August and September 2022. We collected data on tobacco packaging of 100 cigarette brands from 24 outlets selling cigarettes in different parts of Karachi, Pakistan. To assess compliance, we scored the products on a scale of 0–5, based on regulations issued by the Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordinations. Results: Fifty-five of the 100 assessed brands were manufactured locally and 45 were imported. Only 28% of the brands fully complied to the packaging law. Although 54.5% of the brands had a 4/5 score for the presence of pictorial warnings on the packaging, the sizes of pictorial warnings did not cover up to 60.0% of the total package area in most cases. More than 85.0% of the brands severely lacked the placement of a small health warning on the side of the box, and 5 products did not have this warning at all. Conclusion: Adherence to tobacco packaging law in Pakistan is poor, as majority of the brands lacked at least one component of the regulations. Pakistani authorities need to strengthen monitoring and enforcement of the law to ensure compliance by tobacco manufacturing companies.

Students Perceptions of Cigarette, Graphic Health Warnings, Fast Food Consumption, and Gadget Use On Physical Activity (Evidence-Based For Health Promoting University Program Recommendations)

Based on BPS data, consumption of cigarettes and e-cigarettes by teenagers over 15 years old decreased by 2.62% from the previous year, but it still has the potential to be dangerous. Adolescent health is quite worrying considering that teenagers are the main figures who can carry forward the vision for the future. The aim of this research is to obtain empirical evidence and appropriate strategies for implementing the HPU program. The method used is quantitative, through a survey with Franken-wallen incidental sampling, respondents are students pursuing higher education in 3 districts/cities, namely Banjar Regency, Banjarmasin City and Banjarbaru City. The survey was conducted from September to October (2 weeks) online. The results of this study show that cigarette and e-cigarette consumption is quite low, but respondents' perceptions regarding are still comprehensive (71%), including regarding graphic health warnings on cigarette packaging (80.1%). Interest in consuming fast food tends to be high (64.2%), who regularly consume fruit and vegetables (37.5% and 33.5%). The use of gadgets among students is very high (58%) and complaints regarding CVS also appear (45.5%). To support HPU, a specific action plan is needed, especially to strengthen understanding of the impact of consumption of cigarettes and so on.

Does Cultural Embeddedness on Cigarette Packages Mitigate Environmental Information Credibility? Evidence from China

ABSTRACT Drawing on the behavioral consistency theory, we examine whether cultural embeddedness on cigarette packages as a sinful behavior window dressing affects environmental information credibility, and further investigate the moderating role of high-quality external audit (Big4 auditors). Using hand-collected data from China, our findings reveal that cultural embeddedness on cigarette packages at the province level is significantly negatively associated with corporate environmental information credibility, suggesting that cultural embeddedness on cigarette packages shapes unethical social atmosphere around firms, triggers managers to cover up environmental misconducts, and eventually mitigates environmental information credibility. Moreover, Big4 auditors weaken the negative relation between cultural embeddedness on cigarette packages and environmental information credibility. Above findings are robust to a variety of sensitivity tests using alternative proxies for cultural embeddedness on cigarette packages and environmental information credibility, and further our conclusions are still valid after using the propensity score matching method, two-stage instrumental variable OLS-TOBIT regression procedures, and Heckman two-stage regression approach to address the endogeneity issues. Furthermore, cultural embeddedness on cigarette packages significantly positively induces greenwashing. Lastly, our main findings are more pronounced for firms without pollution control departments, with lower investment in environmental technologies, with less media coverage and in provinces with lower legal enforcement.

Intelligent Detection and Odor Recognition of Cigarette Packaging Paper Boxes Based on a Homemade Electronic Nose.

The printing process of box packaging paper can generate volatile organic compounds, resulting in odors that impact product quality and health. An efficient, objective, and cost-effective detection method is urgently needed. We utilized a self-developed electronic nose system to test four different cigarette packaging paper samples. Employing multivariate statistical methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Statistical Quality Control (SQC), and Similarity-based Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), we analyzed and processed the collected data. Comprehensive evaluation and quality control models were constructed to assess sample stability and distinguish odors. Results indicate that our electronic nose system rapidly detects odors and effectively performs quality control. By establishing models for quality stability control, we successfully identified samples with acceptable quality and those with odors. To further validate the system's performance and extend its applications, we collected two types of cigarette packaging paper samples with odor data. Using data augmentation techniques, we expanded the dataset and achieved an accuracy rate of 0.9938 through classification and discrimination. This highlights the significant potential of our self-developed electronic nose system in recognizing cigarette packaging paper odors and odorous samples.

Pictorial Health Warning and Intention to Quit Smoking in Smokers in an Urban Campus Jakarta

Background: Research on eye-tracking among active smokers shows they avoid the health warnings on cigarette packages, which still occur even without prominent imaging information. Aims: To evaluate the reactions and perceptions to pictorial health warning (PHW) labels by measuring eye-tracking devices and knowing their relationship to smoking cessation intention. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design with measurements of PHW on cigarette packs by eye-tracker tools of type Tobii-data collection. With a non-random sampling technique, 50 respondents were from civitas academics on Campus-A UHAMKA. Samples were selected based on inclusion criteria: men, active smokers, not colorblind, and who didn't intend to stop smoking three months before the study. Results: The number also shows that most respondents already have strong intentions. The majority of respondents (64%) want to improve their health. However, 20% of those surveyed have no reason to quit smoking. That might represent the respondent's low intention to quit smoking. A bivariate test showed no significant association between respondents' attitudes toward smoking cessation intention (p-value: 0.706) and subjective norms for smoking cessation intention (p-value: 0.706). The eye-tracking results found that the different gaze plots and heatmap results on cigarette packets showing smoking-related diseases were more directed to the PHW area of interest. However, on smoking behavior images, the gaze plot and heatmap showed scattered results for PHW and cigarette brands. Conclusion: Although it has not been proven significantly related to smoking cessation intention, PHW has been the respondents' focus. We need further research on the shape and size of PHW.

Tobacco packaging littering behaviours among Australian adults who smoke: findings from cross-sectional and observational studies to inform the implementation of cigarette pack inserts

BackgroundCigarette pack inserts are small cards that highlight the benefits of quitting and promote use of smoking cessation support. With evidence from Canada that they increase self-efficacy to quit, quit...

Emotional Design of Packaging: A Bibliometric Analysis

This study aims to explain the present research status and trends in the field of Emotional Design of Packaging (EDOP). A total of 129 scholarly articles were selected from high-quality journals in the Web of Science (WoS) database, and a systematic review of the EDOP field was undertaken, utilising a combination of CiteSpace and VOSviewer for bibliometric analysis. The findings reveal substantial advancements over the past two decades, with prospects for continued expansion. There exists a pressing requirement for enhanced collaboration across countries, institutions, and authors within this field. The core research themes in this area are Emotional Communication of Brand Packaging, Emotional Triggers for Packaging Design, Emotional Experience and User Satisfaction, and Emotional Design and Consumer Behaviour. It is worth mentioning that these four research themes correspond to the evolutionary trend of EDOP research history, with crossovers between periods arranged in an overlapping relationship. Additionally, Sensory Characteristics of Food Packaging and Emotional Measurement of Users, Modelling the Relationship between Packaging Design, Branding and Consumer Behaviour, and the Role of Cigarette Packaging Design in Tobacco Marketing collectively form the fundamental knowledge base in this area. This study not only addresses the current research gap in this field but also provides valuable references and guidance for future researchers.

Tobacco research and public health messaging needs to be realigned to support more effective FDA rulemaking – A commentary on Shadel, et al., “Doing more with less: A proposal to advance cigarette packaging labeling in the United States”

Tobacco research and public health messaging needs to be realigned to support more effective FDA rulemaking – A commentary on Shadel, et al., “Doing more with less: A proposal to advance cigarette packaging labeling in the United States”

Perceptions of health warnings on cigarette sticks among the adult population in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional survey.

Health warnings on cigarette sticks are emerging as a tool to control tobacco consumption; hence, understanding how they are perceived is valuable in determining their effectiveness. Our study aimed to evaluate the perception of health-related messages and warnings on individual cigarette sticks. It also aimed to evaluate the perceptions of the effectiveness of cigarette packaging warnings and the acceptance level for the inclusion of health warnings on cigarette sticks. This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 285 individuals in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed online using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the association of sociodemographic characteristics and smoking-related variables with participants' perceptions of health warnings on cigarette sticks and packaging. The responses were also assessed qualitatively using conceptual content analysis. In all, 18.6% of participants perceived that the package warnings were either 'quite effective' or 'very effective' in prompting smokers to quit. For health warnings on cigarette sticks, 28.1% of participants perceived that the theme of statistics on mortality was either 'quite effective' or 'very effective' in prompting smokers to quit, compared to 35.0 % for the theme of social and financial consequences. Respondents who had secondary education and lower were almost two times more likely to support the inclusion of health warnings than those who had a university education and higher (OR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.02-3.7, p=0.042). Most of the comments were positive for the inclusion of health warnings on cigarette sticks. Most participants perceived that package warnings were ineffective, but warnings on cigarette sticks were effective methods of dissuasion of cigarette use. Smokers were almost twice as likely to perceive as effective supportive messages to quit than non-smokers. The majority of participants 'agreed' or 'strongly agreed' to the inclusion of health warnings on cigarette sticks.

Knowledge of smoking and influencing factors among school-going adolescents in Timor-Leste.

Knowledge of smoking is a protective factor for adolescent smoking. This study is the first to examine sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with adolescents' knowledge of smoking in Timor-Leste. It is also a pioneering investigation into the ways in which exposure to anti-tobacco messages and health warnings on cigarette packages, and involvement in smoking-related education at schools and home mediate the relationship between school grade levels and smoking knowledge. Data were obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey Timor-Leste. Ordered logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between knowledge of smoking and sociodemographic, and lifestyle factors. Structural equation modelling was utilized to explore the mediating effects. Adolescents were less likely to have high knowledge of smoking if they were lower-secondary students, were males, had unemployed parents and had no closest friends who smoked. The relationship between grade levels and smoking knowledge was partly mediated by awareness of anti-tobacco messages on mass media, school education about the dangers of smoking and family discussion about smoking. Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors play an important role in determining knowledge of smoking among adolescents. To some extent, awareness-, education- and family-related variables explain how grade levels affect smoking knowledge.