Packaging Color Research Articles

A study on impacts of packaging on otop products among tourists in phitsanulok

OTOP product is one of the significant products that help to increase the income of local people. Tourists usually buy OTOP products as gifts for their families and friends. However, many of OTOP products are in simple styles of packaging which may not attract customers. The purposes of this study were to recognize the impacts of packaging on sale of OTOP products and understand whether packaging can create value on OTOP products. This quantitative study collected information from tourists in Wat Yai, Phitsanulok, Thailand. The respondents were customers who bought OTOP products. The results of this study showed that the respondents agreed that packaging color, packaging material, and packaging innovation affected their decision to buy OTOP products.

Packaging strategies in Gayo arabica ground coffee

Coffee has become a distinctive feature of the Province of Aceh, so many shops have made coffee a commodity that is traded, packaging is one of the things that are attractive to consumers to buy coffee that is available. The packaging has several parameters that are considered, including writing design, packaging form, trademark, packaging color, packaging material and other parameters. The purpose of this study is to obtain a sequence of packaging parameters that are important to consider when making coffee packaging so that it attracts consumers. The research was conducted by direct interview with the owner and shopkeeper and questionnaires. The results showed that the trademark is the coffee consumer's first consideration in choosing packaged coffee, further researched, the trademark which included the name of a place famous for coffee became the first consideration.

On distance dominator packing coloring in graphs

Let G be a graph and let S = (s1,s2,..., sk) be a non-decreasing sequence of positive integers. An S-packing coloring of G is a mapping c : V(G) ? {1, 2,..., k} with the following property: if c(u) = c(v) = i, then d(u,v) > si for any i ? {1, 2,...,k}. In particular, if S = (1, 2, 3, ..., k), then S-packing coloring of G is well known under the name packing coloring. Next, let r be a positive integer and u,v ? V(G). A vertex u r-distance dominates a vertex v if dG(u, v)? r. In this paper, we present a new concept of a coloring, namely distance dominator packing coloring, defined as follows. A coloring c is a distance dominator packing coloring of G if it is a packing coloring of G and for each x ? V(G) there exists i ? {1,2, 3,...} such that x i-distance dominates each vertex from the color class of color i. The smallest integer k such that there exists a distance dominator packing coloring of G using k colors, is the distance dominator packing chromatic number of G, denoted by ?d?(G). In this paper, we provide some lower and upper bounds on the distance dominator packing chromatic number, characterize graphs G with ?d?(G) ? {2,3}, and provide the exact values of ?d?(G) when G is a complete graph, a star, a wheel, a cycle or a path. In addition, we consider the relation between ?? (G) and ?d?(G) for a graph G.

A color study on the packaging design of Korean brand cosmetics -Focusing on affordable brands for female consumers-

Cosmetics are essential items in the daily life of modern women. With the improvement of living standards, people have higher and higher requirements for cosmetics. Color is the most sensitive part of people's visual experience. Color design plays an important role in many fields. For successful product packaging, the perfect combination of physical and psychological functions perfectly reflects the characteristics of the product and can attract consumers' attention. In the face of fierce competition, only outer packaging with clear visual characteristics can attract consumers. This research mainly studies the color design of cosmetic packaging design from the perspective of female consumers, and analyzes and summarizes the color design of Korean cheap cosmetics packaging. Use the KSCA program to analyze the color design of the brand, and then perform further analysis by displaying the extracted color values on the IRI image scale. After selecting the cosmetic brand to be studied, use the KSCA program to analyze the color design of the brand, and then perform further analysis by displaying the extracted color values on the IRI image scale. The research results show that: (1) There is no significant difference in the packaging color design of the three brands, and the essence is the brand concept. The color vision rate is not high. The three brands are mainly large and bright background colors, and are designed with fresh green, yellow and orange to bring consumers a clean, natural and bright feeling. The design of these three cosmetics brands has left a deep impression on consumers through the design and impression of cosmetics. (2) In terms of vision and wisdom, the most common color scheme of Korean cosmetics brands is to separate colors similar to complementary colors. Mainly used in warm color series. According to different series, different colors are designed, and the young series usually use bright and bright colors as the primary colors, giving people a fresh, cute, natural and soft feeling. Series emphasizing individuality and efficiency usually use dark colors such as black, red and purple as primary colors, giving people a sense of elegance, mystery and nobility. These color designs can help consumers intuitively choose the attributes of their products through color.

True colors: Consumers’ packaging choices depend on the color of retail environment

Color is one of the most elementary techniques used in marketing and produces behavioral effects reflecting purchase attitudes. However, packaging color has seldom been investigated in-context. Additionally, color research mainly focuses on individual colors, instead of color combinations. Here, we aim to study the putative effect that dominant retail environment colors might produce on attractiveness and product purchase intention, when products use similar store colors, and when products use complementary colors to those of the store. Moreover, we investigate if these choices are product dependent (e.g., do food and non-food products evoke the same packaging color choices in a given retail color context). A total of 653 participants were recruited to participate in two experimental studies disseminated through online platforms. Study 1 showed an interaction between store and product color significantly affecting both product attractiveness and purchase intention. Importantly, we found that the product category might modulate the complementary color-effect, in terms of attractiveness and purchase intention. Study 2 revealed that product-type subtends sensorial experience or semantic derivation mechanisms for preferred color choices. Together these studies unveil a complex relation between product type, context and color that possibly subtend different cognitive decision-making mechanisms. As such, colors cannot be considered as standalone variables in consumer decision making strategies. Here, we shed light into color perception and product strategy, thus helping marketers, retailers and designers to communicate more efficiently and to define a successful brand strategy.

Novel Biodegradable Starch Film for Food Packaging with Antimicrobial Chicory Root Extract and Phytic Acid as a Cross-Linking Agent.

The aim of the study was to obtain and evaluate the properties of biodegradable starch film with the addition of phytic acid (0.05%) as a cross-linking agent and chicory root extract (1–5%) as an antimicrobial agent. To prepare biodegradable film, extracts from chicory root obtained with water or methanol were used. The content of bioactive compounds (sesquiterpene lactones and total polyphenols) was evaluated in chicory extracts. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) using the microculture method. The extracts acted as bacteriostatic agents, decreasing the growth rate (µmax), and extending the lag phase (tlag). The most sensitive bacterium in terms of film bacteriostatic activity was P. fluorescens; all extracts, irrespective of the solvent used, decreased its µmax value. S. aureus was the least sensitive. The obtained films were tested for their properties as food packaging (color, thickness, permeability, mechanical strength). Phytic acid improved the tensile strength and barrier properties of the films. The antimicrobial activity of the films was studied by the disk diffusion method against Gram-negative (P. fluorescens, E. coli) and Gram-positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus) bacteria, as well as fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger). The growth-inhibiting activity of each obtained film was observed for all tested microorganisms, and the most beneficial effect was observed for films with the 5% level of added extracts obtained with water. The growth-inhibiting activity for fungi, in particular for the yeast C. albicans, was low.

From brain variations to individual differences in the color–flavor incongruency effect: A combined virtual reality and resting-state fMRI study

When consumers are searching for a packaged food with a certain flavor label, they are slower and less accurate when the target’s packaging color and flavor label are incongruent than when they are congruent. Here, we conducted a combined virtual reality (VR) and resting-state fMRI study to investigate the spontaneous neural basis of individual differences in this color–flavor incongruency effect. Our results revealed a positive correlation between the behavioral effect and the local synchronization for the left fusiform, a brain area associated with the retrieval of color information. The results also revealed a positive correlation between this behavioral effect and the intrinsic neural interactions between the left fusiform and the left putamen, a brain area associated with the processing of expectation. These findings revealed the role of expectation violation in in-store product searches. The potential implications of these findings for packaging design in the food industry are discussed.

The color-flavor incongruency effect in visual search for food labels: An eye-tracking study

Consumers tend to associate stimuli across different senses, such as the color and flavor of foods or drinks. After repeated exposure to the packaging of mainstream food products, consumers can even associate a certain packaging color and a given flavor label. Previous research has demonstrated the influence of these packaging color-flavor label associations on the visual search for a certain flavor label. Here we report an eye-tracking study designed to investigate the mechanisms of this behavioral effect. The participants were cued by a flavor word before they searched for a food packaging with this flavor label. The behavioral results revealed that they were slower to find a color-flavor incongruent target than a color-flavor congruent one, indicative of a color-flavor incongruency effect. The eye-movement results suggested that the participants might rely on color when searching for a packaging labeled with a certain flavor, and switch back to word-based search if the target was not found via color-based search. These findings demonstrate the importance of color-flavor congruency in packaging design, and shed some light on how to use color-flavor incongruency in packaging design for new flavors to attract consumers’ attention in-store or online.

On the packing coloring of base-3 Sierpiński graphs and H-graphs

For a nondecreasing sequence of integers $$S=(s_1, s_2, \ldots )$$ an S-packing k-coloring of a graph G is a mapping from V(G) to $$\{1, 2,\ldots ,k\}$$ such that vertices with color i have pairwise distance greater than $$s_i$$ . By setting $$s_i = d + \lfloor \frac{i-1}{n} \rfloor $$ we obtain a (d, n)-packing coloring of a graph G. The smallest integer k for which there exists a (d, n)-packing coloring of G is called the (d, n)-packing chromatic number of G. In the special case when d and n are both equal to one we obtain the packing chromatic number of G. We determine the packing chromatic number of base-3 Sierpinski graphs and provide new results on (d, n)-packing chromatic colorings for this class of graphs. By using a dynamic algorithm, we establish the packing chromatic number for H-graphs.

Cannabis packaging: An opportunity for facilitating informed decisions

AbstractPolicy surrounding cannabis legalization is gaining popularity. Legalization must be prescriptive to protect public health. Current Canadian legislative frameworks do not include clear regulations for cannabis package labeling. Regulating cannabis package colors, descriptors, and other brand imagery, as well as using health warnings, are crucial to control cannabis consumption levels. Based on an assessment of the harms linked to cannabis use, an evaluation of existing cannabis and tobacco legislations with respect to packaging labeling, and an extraction of examples from the tobacco labeling literature, this commentary highlights the need for further cannabis legislation in Canada and provides recommendations for cannabis labeling policy.

Adolescents' Health Perceptions of Natural American Spirit's On-the-Pack Eco-Friendly Campaign

PurposeNatural American Spirit (NAS) cigarettes, which have recently grown in popularity, are marketed as eco-friendly and natural. The present study examined whether NAS's on-the-pack messaging influences adolescents' health perceptions of the brand. MethodsIn a mixed-factor design, adolescent participants (N = 1,003, ages 13–17, 75% female) were randomized to one of the six exposure conditions. All viewed images of an NAS and a Pall Mall (comparison brand) cigarette pack, but differed in pack color (blue, green, or gold/orange) and brand viewed first. Perceptions of pack logos, addictiveness, harms to the smoker, others, and the environment were assessed directly after viewing pack images for each brand. ResultsAdolescents who perceived NAS as more pro-environment tended to perceive NAS cigarettes to be less addictive, r = −.19, p < .01. NAS cigarettes also were perceived as less addictive and better for the environment than Pall Mall. Most (90%) participants provided nature-friendly words (e.g., environment, recycle) when asked to describe logos on the NAS packs. In adjusted models, relative to Pall Mall, NAS was perceived as healthier for smokers, healthier for smokers' family and friends, and safer for the environment. Findings did not differ by pack color and ever tobacco use. ConclusionsAdolescents perceived a health advantage for NAS cigarettes with its on-the-pack, eco-friendly and pro-health marketing. The findings are consistent with prior research with adults. Given the accumulating evidence of consumer misperceptions, eco-friendly messaging on cigarettes is a public health concern that warrants further consideration for regulatory intervention.

The Determinants of Purchasing Decisions: The Case of Snack Products

Parents’ decisions to buy snacks are likely influenced by packaging designs, the colors of the snack packagings, and their children. Children are unique influencers because they cannot afford to buy snacks they desire, but they can influence and even direct their parents to buy the desired snacks. In this article, I investigate how snack packaging designs and colors attract consumers’ attention and affect their purchasing decisions. In particular, this study seeks to analyze the effects of snack packaging design and snack packaging color on parents’ purchasing decisions. The data was generated by using questionnaires that asked 90 parents who have children aged 4-7 years old. Findings. The Study demonstrate that snack packaging designs and colors affect parents’ purchasing decisions.

Factors that Influence the Perceived Healthiness of Food-Review.

The interest of consumers is the consumption of healthy food, whereas the interest of food manufacturers is that consumers recognize the produced “healthier” food items on the shelves, so they can satisfy their demands. This way, identifying the factors that influence the perceived healthiness of food products is a mutual interest. What causes consumers to consider one product more beneficial to health than another? In recent years, numerous studies have been published on the topic of the influence of several health-related factors on consumer perception. This analysis collected and categorized the research results related to this question. This review collects 59 articles with the help of the search engines Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, MDPI and Emerald Insight between 1 January 2014 and 31 March 2019. Our paper yielded six separate categories that influence consumers in their perception of the healthiness of food items: the communicated information—like FoP labels and health claims, the product category, the shape and colour of the product packaging, the ingredients of the product, the organic origin of the product, and the taste and other sensory features of the product.

Impact of Product Packaging on Consumer Buying Decision

Packaging is an integral part of any product that attracts consumer. Many firms have used packaging as a promotional tool in their marketing campaigns. Hence, this research aims to explore the key factors of packaging that influence consumers in Fast Moving Consumer Goods industry of Bangladesh. Data was collected via structured questionnaire from 338 respondents and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences to evaluate the strength of hypothesized relationship, if any, among the constructs, which include Color of Packaging, Materials of Packaging, Attractiveness of Wrapping Design, Labeling, and Innovative Packaging as independent variables or predictors and Consumer Buying Decision as the dependent variable. The results provide enough evidence to support the hypothesized relationship and useful information for managers in formulating strategies to influence consumers regarding buying decision behavior.

The Effect Of Packaging Design Elements On Youth Purchase Intention Of Junk Food

This research provides new knowledge on the purchase intention towards junk foods. The main purpose of this research study is to examine the packaging design elements as a determinant factor to purchase junk food among youth consumer that might be one of the most essential variable in marketing field. One of the aims of this study is covering the shortcomings of previous studies that didn't observe main factors that influence the consumer purchase intention toward junk food. The various packaging elements (packaging colour, packaging graphic, packaging size, packaging material and packaging label) have been conceptualized into integrated frameworks to investigate the factors that influence consumer purchase intention toward junk food products amongst youth. Data were collected from sample size of 322 respondents mainly degree students from the faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism, and Faculty of Engineering in Universiti Teknologi MARA, Penang. This study is further validated through a survey method used of questionnaire distribution. The data were further process and analyse using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. The findings revealed that only four elements which are packaging colour, packaging graphic, packaging size and packaging label are positively significant with consumer purchase intention toward junk food while the packaging material was not significant with the consumer purchase intention toward junk food.

Packing colorings of subcubic outerplanar graphs

Given a graph $G$ and a nondecreasing sequence $S=(s_1,\ldots,s_k)$ of positive integers, the mapping $c:V(G)\longrightarrow \{1,\ldots,k\}$ is called an $S$-packing coloring of $G$ if for any two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ in $c^{-1}(i)$, the distance between $x$ and $y$ is greater than $s_i$. The smallest integer $k$ such that there exists a $(1,2,\ldots,k)$-packing coloring of a graph $G$ is called the packing chromatic number of $G$, denoted $\chi_{\rho}(G)$. The question of boundedness of the packing chromatic number in the class of subcubic (planar) graphs was investigated in several earlier papers; recently it was established that the invariant is unbounded in the class of all subcubic graphs. In this paper, we prove that the packing chromatic number of any 2-connected bipartite subcubic outerplanar graph is bounded by $7$. Furthermore, we prove that every subcubic triangle-free outerplanar graph has a $(1,2,2,2)$-packing coloring, and that there exists a subcubic outerplanar graph with a triangle that does not admit a $(1,2,2,2)$-packing coloring. In addition, there exists a subcubic triangle-free outerplanar graph that does not admit a $(1,2,2,3)$-packing coloring. A similar dichotomy is shown for bipartite outerplanar graphs: every such graph admits an $S$-packing coloring for $S=(1,3,\ldots,3)$, where $3$ appears $\Delta$ times ($\Delta$ being the maximum degree of vertices), and this property does not hold if one of the integers $3$ is replaced by $4$ in the sequence $S$.

PENGARUH KEMASAN, LABEL HALAL, LABEL IZIN P-IRT TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN KONSUMEN UMKM KERUPUK IKAN

The role of SMEs (Small Medium Enterprise) in the economic development of a region is very important, as is the case with Rembang Regency. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence consumer decisions in making purchases so that business people can find out the factors that play an important role in achieving customer satisfaction. Therefore, researchers see the most important thing in a product that will be perceived first by consumers, namely or packaging, halal label and P-IRT label from the Health Office. This type of research used in this research is quantitative research with this research approach is explanatory research. This research was conducted in June-August 2019 to consumers of fish crackers in Rembang Regency. Data collection techniques in this study using a questionnaire. Questionnaire Data analysis techniques in this study used multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the analysis in this study concluded that the product packaging is very influential on the purchasing decision of consumers of fish crackers in Rembang Regency. Packaging attributes such as packaging shape, type of size, the color of packaging, packaging motif and logo packaging are able to convince consumers to buy fish crackers. In contrast to the halal label attribute and permit label from the Dinkes P-IRT which does not have an effect on the fish cracker purchasing decision .

Impact of Colours of FMCG Packaging on Consumer buying Behavior

Colour influences human perceptions and invokes feelings and emotions in them. Around the globe, the meaning of colours changes according to cultures, places, traditions and other demographics. Colour preferences develop in humans from a very young age and change with age. Different colours have different emotions associated with them. Warm colours tend to increase arousal than cool colours. Colour is an important factor as far as branding is considered. The packaging colours of products speak for the product itself. Different products have stereotypical colours associated with them. Colours of FMCG product which are mostly bought on impulse based need to call out for customers. In this research, we have studied how colour influences the buying behavior of the consumers. Through this research, the colours tend to influence consumers based on different age groups has also been studied. This study can be used as an essential tool for FMCG businesses to increase the reach of their products among customers.

Consumer Preferences on Traditional Fisheries Processing Product to Support Sustainable Fisheries Business in Lampung Province

Pilihan strategi pemasaran sangat ditentukan oleh persepsi konsumen. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis preferensi konsumen terhadap pembelian produk hasil olahan tradisional perikanan dengan jenis hasil olahan penggaraman ikan, pengasapan ikan, fermentasi ikan dan pemindangan ikan. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah konsumen di Pasar Kota Agung Kabupaten Tanggamus, Pasar Sukadana Kabupaten Lampung Timur, dan Pasar Gintung Kota Bandar Lampung. Penentuan responden menggunakan metode accindental sampling dengan 99 orang. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai September 2017. Data di analisis dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif.Hasil penelitian memberikan gambaran bahwa konsumen lebih banyak membeli produk hasil olahan tradisional perikanan pada week end (Sabtu-Minggu) dibandingkan week days (Senin-Jumat). Preferensi konsumen dalam memilih mutu hasil olahan tradisional penggaraman ikan, pemindangan ikan, pengasapan ikan, dan fermentasi ikan adalah sama. Secara berturut-turut dari yang paling dipertimbangkan sampai dengan yang kurang dipertimbangkan adalah: rasa, harga, warna produk, jenis kemasan, warna kemasan. Tingginya penilaian konsumen memberikan dampak pada usaha olahan tradisonal perikanan akan berkembang dan berkelanjutan. Konsumen menilai produk olahan rasanya enak, memiliki aromanya harum yang khas, penampakkan produk olahan terlihat segar, warna ikan hasil olahan mengkilat, dan tekstur produk olahan padat.

The Effect of Packaging Color and Health Claims on Product Attitude and Buying Intention

Packaging design is an important factor when consumers look out for healthy food. The study tested for effects of packaging color and health claims of a fictional fruit yoghurt package on attitude towards the product and subsequently, consumer’s buying intention, using a 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design. We also tested whether interest in healthy food is a moderating factor. We found no evidence to support that visual cues (color) and textual cues (health-related advertising claims) are effective in influencing consumer attitude towards the product. Consumers did not show a more positive attitude towards products presented in low-arousal packaging colors (green/blue) compared to high arousal packaging colors (red/yellow). Also, the claim “palatability” did not result in a more positive attitude towards the product than the claim “healthy”. A moderating role of interest in healthy food could not be confirmed. The results confirmed, however, a significant relation of attitude towards the product and buying intention. Thus, buying intention could be explained mostly by whether consumers had a positive or negative attitude towards the product, which confirms that people’s attitudes are powerful predictors of buying decisions.