Packet Transmission Research Articles

Energy consumption reduction in OFDMA wireless sensor networks in existence of interference hazards

Energy consumption reduces Wireless Sensor Network’s (WSN’s) lifetime. Hence, this paper addresses energy saving problematic in cooperative Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA) systems for WSNs (COFDMA-WSN). Analytical handlings are implemented. The performance improvement of COFDMA-WSNs is executed by considering two different COFDMA-WSNs schemes. These schemes represent classical COFDMA-WSNs and Relay Supported (R-S) COFDMA-WSNs. Additionally, there are different pondered configurations due to these schemes. These configurations denote classical OFDMA network with classical WSN, R-S OFDMA network with classical WSN, classical OFDMA network with R-S WSN, and R-S OFDMA network with R-S WSN. Moreover, each configuration is applied with four different fractional frequency reuse (FrFR) techniques. These techniques represent strict (St) FrFR technique with Frequency Reuse Factor (FReF) = 3, St FrFR technique with FReF = 4, sectored (Sc) FrFR technique and soft frequency reuse (SoFR) technique. Consequently, there are sixteen different patterns of COFDMA-WSNs are considered. Moreover, closed-form terms (CFTs) for cluster-head’s (C-H’s) signal to interference ratio (SIR) and sensor node’s (SN’s) SIR are presented. Additionally, different metrics are evaluated to contrast the performance of altered patterns using the obtained CFTs. The outcomes demonstrate, that St FrRF4 system outperforms other systems in prime and ensuing links. The cause of this outcome can be credited, to the frequency reuse process decrement due to FReF increment. As a result, the interference sources decrease. Hence, the interfering signals drop. Consequently, St FrRF4 system achieves the highest values of SIR. Moreover, St FrRF3 technique has the second usage priority in the prime link. But, it losses this preference in the ensuing link and SoFR technique that applied in the fourth configuration takes this significance. The work outcomes attain much higher C-H's and SN’s SIR improvements. Accordingly, the packet transmission and protocol behaviour are enhanced. So, the energy consumption is reduced. Consequently, WSN’s lifetime is maximized.

A novel and distributed three phase consensus based secured data sharing in internet of things environment

The most essential part of any internet of things (IoT) model is the wireless sensor networks (WSN); latest technologies are combined with the applications of WSN results in fast, efficient, flexible as well as economical models. These networks are highly prone to attacks considering their characteristic nature, which includes self-organization, a topology that is dynamic, large-scale and constrained on the resources. Various models have been proposed for the detection of attacks in these wireless sensor networks. This research work proposes three-phase consensus based secured data sharing (TCSDS) in IoT environment. TCSDS adopts the consensus-based protocol for designing the security model in this research. Furthermore, TCSDS comprises three distinctive phases, each phase consisting of novel algorithm. First phase includes the setting up threshold value for sensor nodes. Second phase includes the efficient data packet transmission and third phase includes the efficient and secure routing, which tends to discard the unsecured nodes. TCSDS is evaluated considering the different parameter like energy consumption, malicious packet detection and throughput. Further comparison with the existing model is carried out based on the classified and misclassified packet; through the comparative analysis, it is observed that the TCSDS approach simply outperforms the existing model.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Energy-efficient and sustainable communication in optical networks for eliminating path reservation criteria and providing guaranteed packet transmission between nodes

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Energy-efficient and sustainable communication in optical networks for eliminating path reservation criteria and providing guaranteed packet transmission between nodes

Energy-Efficient Optimization in Distributed Massive MIMO Systems for Slicing eMBB and URLLC Services

The fifth generation (5G) communication system aims to support diverse services such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC). In order to enable the coexistence of eMBB and URLLC services on a common physical infrastructure, network slicing incorporated in the distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (DM-MIMO) system is regarded as a promising solution. In this paper, a non-orthogonal slicing scheme is proposed to improve the spectral efficiency, and the short packet transmission is adopted for URLLC to meet the low latency requirement. Through a joint optimization of beamforming and remote radio unit (RRU) selection, we investigate the energy efficiency (EE) maximization problem for the downlink DM-MIMO system. The formulated problem is a mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP) that we solve by applying some efficient approaches, such as the Dinkelbach method, the reweighted <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{1}$</tex-math></inline-formula> -norm and difference of convex (DC) programming. By combining these approaches in one iteration, a double-loop procedure based on semi-definite relaxation (SDR) and successive convex approximation (SCA) is employed to find the suboptimal solution of the problem. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly improves the EE of the DM-MIMO system and efficiently manages resource allocation.

Reliability analysis for NOMA‐based UAV assisted short packet communication

AbstractThis paper introduces the short packet transmission in non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)‐based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assisted relay communication system. Short packet transmission has considerable potential to decrease the transmission latency of UAV communication, and NOMA can effectively enhance the spectrum efficiency and fairness. To improve the reliability of the system, an effective packet error rate (PER) minimization problem within short packet transmission is proposed by jointly optimizing the packet length, UAV placement, and power allocation under the reliability requirement and total power constraints. To address the intricate PER minimization problem, the optimization problem is firstly decomposed into three sub‐problems, and the corresponding monotonicity and convexity are analyzed, respectively. Then, an overall iterative optimization algorithm for PER minimization based on alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm and optimal solution algorithm is formulated by solving the three sub‐problems in an iterative manner. Simulation results validate the effectiveness and convergence of the proposed NOMA scheme and overall iterative optimization algorithm, respectively.

An authentication scheme for FANET packet payload using data hiding

Flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) are gaining much traction in recent years due to their wide range of applications, resulting in the emergence of a number of studies on the facilitation of their widespread adoption. One of the key areas being investigated is the establishment of security strategies to combat the large amount and variety of security threats that they inevitably face when they are operating in the field. Since a majority of FANET’s operations involve the transmission of network packets containing both instructions and sensitive data, the protection of these packets is critical. This paper proposes an authentication scheme to protect the payload of the packets being transmitted within the FANET. Since FANETs are highly resource-constrained, we opted for a lightweight and energy-efficient approach. The proposed scheme essentially encodes the payload of a physical layer data frame into a compact bit stream, which is subsequently embedded into the cyclic prefix (CP) at the physical layer. The encoding process includes the XOR-operation and JBIG2 lossless compression. At the receiver’s end, the hidden authentication data is extracted and decoded for comparison against the payload of the received data frame. Two enhancements are introduced to further enhance robustness against masquerade attack. The proposed scheme is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER) under different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) settings. In all considered SNR settings, the proposed authentication scheme achieves BERs of <0.7∗10−4 when 7-bit Hamming code is implemented. Experiment results also confirm that proposed scheme is able to localize the tampered data frames.

Resource allocation for URLLC and eMBB traffic in uplink wireless networks

In this paper we consider two resource allocation problems of URLLC traffic and eMBB traffic in uplink 5G networks. We propose to divide frequencies into a common region and a grant-based region. Frequencies in the grant-based region can only be used by eMBB traffic, while frequencies in the common region can be used by eMBB traffic as well as URLLC traffic. In the first resource allocation problem we propose a two-player game to address the size of the grant-based region and the size of the common region. We show that this game has specific pure Nash equilibria. In the second resource allocation problem we determine the number of bits that each eMBB user can transmit in a request-grant cycle. We propose a constrained optimization problem to minimize the variance of the number of bits granted to the eMBB users. We show that a water-filling algorithm solves this constrained optimization problem. From simulation, we show that our scheme, consisting of resource allocation according to Nash equilibria of a game, persistent random transmission of URLLC packets and allocation of eMBB packets by a water-filling algorithm, works better than four other heuristic methods.

DESLR: Energy-efficient and secure layered routing based on channel-aware trust model for UASNs

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have garnered significant interest and have found widespread applications in smart ocean applications and auxiliary navigation. Nevertheless, UASNs encounter a multitude of challenges due to the constraints of the underwater environment, such as high energy consumption, secure transmission, and dynamic network topology in uncertain conditions. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient and secure layered routing method (DESLR) for UASNs to enhance energy efficiency and improve transmission reliability. The DESLR establishes a channel-based trust model which considers factors of direct trust and indirect trust to describe the behaviors of nodes. In order to effectively identify malicious nodes, great consideration is given to the state of the acoustic channel’s reliability, as varying channel conditions can significantly impact packet transmission. An improved Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm (ACOA) is introduced to discover energy-efficient and low-latency routing paths by balancing energy consumption and routing distance. Additionally, DESLR utilizes a Layered Clustering method to group nodes into clusters and a two-layer fuzzy logic approach to select cluster heads (CH) that avoid hotspots and ensure uniform energy distribution. Simulation results demonstrate that DESLR can effectively detect defective nodes by analyzing anomalous behaviors and outperforms other related work in terms of energy consumption, average end-to-end delay, and packet loss.

Outage Analysis of Sparse Vector Coding-Based Downlink Multicarrier NOMA for URLLC

Ultra-reliable and low latency communication (uRLLC) is a promising use case in the fifth generation and beyond systems for critical and delay-sensitive applications with aid of short packet transmission. Nevertheless, multi-carrier non-orthogonal multiple access (MCNOMA) is a promising technique to achieve spectral efficiency and massive connectivity, however, inter-carrier interference (ICI) stands out to be a major downside. Recently, sparse vector coding (SVC) is proposed to fulfill the trade-off between reliability and latency, thereby achieving the benchmarks of uRLLC. In this paper, SVC based downlink MCNOMA (SVC-MCNOMA) system is considered and first it is shown that SVC-MCNOMA is free from ICI due to the sparse nature of the information. Further, compressed sensing-based recovery at the receiver end helps in reducing the latency as well as enhances reliability. Moreover, to study the system performance, this paper derives the closed form outage expressions of the SVC-MCNOMA system over the Rician fading channel and through Monte-Carlo simulation, the analytical results are validated. The analyses demonstrate that SVC-MCNOMA outperforms conventional MCNOMA (C-MCNOMA), thereby achieving spectral efficacy, ultra-reliability with low latency and eradicates the effect of ICI.

A Novel Cryptography-Based Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Communications

Communication in a heterogeneous, dynamic, low-power, and lossy network is dependable and seamless thanks to Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). Low power and Lossy Networks (LLN) Routing Protocol (RPL) has been designed to make MANET routing more efficient. For different types of traffic, RPL routing can experience problems with packet transmission rates and latency. RPL is an optimal routing protocol for low power lossy networks (LLN) having the capacity to establish a path between resource constraints nodes by using standard objective functions: OF0 and MRHOF. The standard objective functions lead to a decrease in the network lifetime due to increasing the computations for establishing routing between nodes in the heterogeneous network (LLN) due to poor decision problems. Currently, conventional Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is subjected to different security issues. Weathering those storms would help if you struck a good speed-memory-storage equilibrium. This article presents a security algorithm for MANET networks that employ the Rapid Packet Loss (RPL) routing protocol. The constructed network uses optimization-based deep learning reinforcement learning for MANET route creation. An improved network security algorithm is applied after a route has been set up using (ClonQlearn). The suggested method relies on a lightweight encryption scheme that can be used for both encryption and decryption. The suggested security method uses Elliptic-curve cryptography (ClonQlearn+ECC) for a random key generation based on reinforcement learning (ClonQlearn). The simulation study showed that the proposed ClonQlearn+ECC method improved network performance over the status quo. Secure data transmission is demonstrated by the proposed ClonQlearn + ECC, which also improves network speed. The proposed ClonQlearn + ECC increased network efficiency by 8-10% in terms of packet delivery ratio, 7-13% in terms of throughput, 5-10% in terms of end-to-end delay, and 3-7% in terms of power usage variation.

QEHLR: A Q-Learning Empowered Highly Dynamic and Latency-Aware Routing Algorithm for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks

With the growing utilization of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) clusters in both military and civilian domains, the routing protocol of flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs) has promised a crucial role in facilitating cluster communication. However, the highly dynamic nature of the network topology, owing to the rapid movement and changing direction of aircraft nodes, as well as frequent accesses and exits from the network, has resulted in an increased interruption rate of FANETs links. While traditional protocols can satisfy basic network service quality (QoS) requirements in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) with relatively fixed topology changes, they may fail to achieve optimal routes and consequently restrict information dissemination in FANETs with topology changes, which ultimately leads to elevated packet loss and delay. This paper undertakes an in-depth investigation of the challenges faced by current routing protocols in high dynamic topology scenarios, such as delay and packet loss. It proposes a Q-learning empowered highly dynamic, and latency-aware routing algorithm for flying ad-hoc networks (QEHLR). Traditional routing algorithms are unable to effectively route packets in highly dynamic FANETs; hence, this paper employs a Q-learning method to learn the link status in the network and effectively select routes through Q-values to avoid connection loss. Additionally, the remaining time of the link or path lifespan is incorporated into the routing protocol to construct the routing table. QEHLR can delete predicted failed links based on network status, thereby reducing packet loss caused by failed route selection. Simulations show that the enhanced algorithm significantly improves the packet transmission rate, which addresses the challenge of routing protocols’ inability to adapt to various mobility scenarios in FANETs with dynamic topology by introducing a calculation factor based on the QEHLR protocol. The experimental results indicate that the improved routing algorithm achieves superior network performance.

Performance Analysis of Centroid-based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, a clustering-based energy-efficient routing protocol is designed to overcome the hotspot problem in Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs). We have divided the sensor nodes into several clusters, each cluster having a Cluster Head (CH) or a leader node and also implemented a centroid-based mobile sink. The sink moves to a location called “Energy Dependent Centroid Point” where the CHs need minimal energy to transmit data to the sink. We have defined this “Centroid Point” by an equation where the residual energies of CHs are used as a “weight factor” on a normal centroid equation. We have simulated the proposed algorithm and analyzed the results by varying the values of the energy weight factor in the centroid equation up to certain limits (α = 0, 1, 2, and 3). The simulation results are compared with WSN’s existing routing protocols having a mobile sink and a static sink. The comparison results show that our proposed centroid model with α = 0, where the mobile sink moves independent of the residual energies of CHs gives better performances in terms of network lifetime, energy loss, and total data packet transmission.

SOHCL-RDT: A self-organized hybrid cross-layer design for reliable data transmission in wireless network

In this paper, we propose “SOHCL-RDT” which stands for a self-organized hybrid cross-layer design for reliable data transmission in wireless network. The communication paradigm is changing and new approach related to machine learning or other optimization algorithms are being introduce rapidly. The TCP/IP or OSI model is not at all equipped to accommodate such a vast changes in its established protocol stacks. Considering this, we have proposed the hybrid cross layer design where the communication or transmission will be handle using two set of protocol stack. One set for the established classical network, and another using cross layer approach. Our design leverages the strengths of both the physical and MAC layers to optimize packet transmission and minimize energy consumption. An optimization algorithm based on gradient descent is also developed to adjust transmission parameters in real-time. The objective is to invoke the classical model only when it needed; it means until unless gradient descent is able to make classification regarding the node scheduling and achieve the acknowledgment, the TCP/IP protocol stack will be in deactivation. Using this method, we have performed our experiments mainly on two parameters named as packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay (E2ED); because these are important aspect of reliability. In addition to that, the energy consumption of network is also compared with the existing algorithms. The results show that the proposed hybrid cross-layer design outperforms the existing algorithms. The performance gain can be attributed to the cross-layer approach and the use of the optimization algorithm. Overall, the proposed hybrid cross-layer design is a promising solution for reliable data transmission in wireless sensor networks, with the potential to improve network performance and prolong network lifetime by reducing energy consumption.

Age of Information in Downlink Systems: Broadcast or Unicast Transmission?

We analytically decide whether the broadcast transmission scheme or the unicast transmission scheme achieves the optimal age of information (AoI) performance of a multiuser system where a base station (BS) generates and transmits status updates to multiple user equipments (UEs). In the broadcast transmission scheme, the status update for all UEs is jointly encoded into a packet for transmission, while in the unicast transmission scheme, the status update for each UE is encoded individually and transmitted by following the round robin policy. For both transmission schemes, we examine three packet management strategies, namely the non-preemption strategy, the preemption in buffer strategy, and the preemption in serving strategy. We first derive new closed-form expressions for the average AoI achieved by two transmission schemes with three packet management strategies. Based on them, we compare the AoI performance of two transmission schemes in two systems, namely, the remote control system and the dynamic system. Aided by simulation results, we verify our analysis and investigate the impact of system parameters on the average AoI. For example, the unicast transmission scheme is more appropriate for the system with a large number of UEs. Otherwise, the broadcast transmission scheme is more appropriate.

Packet-Level Throughput Analysis and Energy Efficiency Optimization for UAV-Assisted IAB Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

In this paper, we investigate the packet-level throughput and energy efficiency of millimeter-wave unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted integrated access and backhaul (IAB) heterogeneous cellular networks with spatiotemporal traffic. Specifically, we develop a theoretical framework to analyze the mean packet throughput and energy efficiency of the network based on stochastic geometry and queueing theory, whereby the spatial randomness of network deployment and the temporal randomness of network traffic can be appropriately characterized. Different from the traditional network performance metrics emphasizing transmission and resource consumption, the packet-level performance helps to better understand the impact of not only packet transmission but also packet waiting time in a multihop network. Simulation results demonstrate that the assistance of IAB-based UAVs can efficiently relieve the load of terrestrial macro- and small-cell networks, and the appropriate network deployment parameters play pivotal roles in improving both the packet-level throughput and energy efficiency performance. By jointly optimizing the key network parameters, the packet energy efficiency can be significantly improved while ensuring the required mean packet throughput of the network.

MLRS-RL: An Energy-Efficient Multilevel Routing Strategy Based on Reinforcement Learning in Multimodal UWSNs

In recent years, Multimodal Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (M-UWSNs) have attracted widespread concern in academia. Due to the complex underwater communication environment and the increasing marine applications, it is a crucial issue for M-UWSNs to design an energy efficient routing strategy that can satisfy multiple transmission latency requirements of different marine applications. Reinforcement learning (RL) approaches with distributed dynamic optimization ability provide a prospective way to solve the aforementioned problem. Therefore, we propose an improved RL framework and then design an energy efficient multi-level routing strategy (MLRS-RL) based on this framework for multiple transmission latency requirements. In MLRS-RL, a method of model knowledge collection based on the time backoff principle is proposed to preliminarily learn the network environment information before network operates. The convergence speed of the RL framework can be accelerated by utilizing the model knowledge. Then, underwater nodes use the improved RL model to calculate the transmission rewards that data packets with different transmission latency requirements are sent to different candidate relay nodes. Finally, a cooperative transmission strategy using multiple relay nodes is designed to further improve the reliability of data transmission. We verify the effectiveness of the MLRS-RL strategy in terms of packet delivery ratio, transmission latency, energy efficiency, network lifetime, and delivery quantity.

OPBRP - obstacle prediction based routing protocol in VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are recently getting high attention from different researchers due to increasing traffic problems, especially in densely populated countries. Increasing rates of accidents call for an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) with efficient performance to reduce and mitigate this trend. The required enhancement of the ITS can be more focused on traffic performance, integrity, and reduction of the vehicles’ CO 2 emissions. Existing routing protocols for VANETs consider different situations and methods to establish reliable communication between the vehicles and infrastructures. However other situations have not been addressed carefully like the link stability between vehicles during packet exchange. This paper develops an Obstacle Prediction Based Routing Protocol (OPBRP) for vehicle detection, packets transmission to Roadside Units (RSU) and choosing a better route in terms of reliability via using vehicle's Kinematics and Mobility prediction in VANET. Two fundamental contributions are included in this paper: (1) Upgrading prediction routing protocol to transfer packets using a reliable path, and (2) Adding new logic in choosing the intermediate nodes to the destination to achieve a higher Packet delivery ratio (PDR). The OPBRP uses the predictive greedy as forwarding algorithm and the predictive perimeter forwarding as recovery algorithm after introducing enhancements to both algorithms to meet the requirements of VANETs environment. To materialize the value achieved from the mentioned contributions we tested the newly developed OPBRP against the existing routing protocols using Vehicle in Network Simulation (Veins) which shows that our proposed protocol outperformed current existing routing protocols in terms of PDR by achieving 18.46% improvement, end-to-end delay (E2E-Delay) by achieving 10.51% improvement, and total power consumption used in transmission by achieving 23.80% improvement.

Bi-Usage Energy Efficient Techniques (BUEET) for Energizing the Vehicle and Broadcasting the Information in Highway Scenario

The proposed technique BUEET is introduced mainly for two major reasons such as (i) RSU broadcast the emergency messages and the energy status to the vehicles without any interruption. It helps to shake hands with the neighboring node for energy sharing and (ii) RSU boost up the energy efficiency level with the help of energy sharing by the adjacent vehicles. Most of the self-organizing protocols in wireless sensor networks considers only initial energy consumption phase and neglects the maintenance phase of topology. The vehicles are cooperatively interacted to form a reliable network structure. RSU’s are placed in the roadway infrastructure and On-Board Units (OBU’s) are placed in the vehicles, then the communication takes place with the help of these devices. Therefore, this provides the clear roadmap structure by receiving the information from various sources of vehicles. If the information received from the RSU is not relevant to the vehicles then it automatically transmits the information to the adjacent vehicles travelling in the highway. The adjacent vehicle checks the information and transmits to another vehicle if it is relevant. Therefore, the proposed method considers two parameters such as packet transmission and energy efficiency on NS3 simulation. Packet transmission among the vehicles plays a vital role in the proposed technique and the nodes without any route breaks and the loss of connection leads to a strong network. Energy efficiency is analyzed and compared with other existing schemes; in result it is proved that BUEET’s energy efficient is higher in all the nodes. It helps to communicate among the nodes without energy loss. When the energy among the nodes in the network is high, then the performance of the nodes also good. The maximum number of Hop’s helps to transmit the information without any delay.

Improvement of the Location Update Delay and Packet Transmission of MH Movement on the Mobile IP Network Mobility Management Server

Improvement of the Location Update Delay and Packet Transmission of MH Movement on the Mobile IP Network Mobility Management Server

Comparative Study in Enhancing AES Algorithm: Data Encryption

Abstract: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is defined as the standard algorithm for the encryption of transmitted data packets specially over cloud computing. Therefore, this review was conducted with the aim of studying its enhancing trials based on different methodologies. eleven published review articles were reviewed, these articles have compared encryption standards with respect to certain transmission parameters. The results have clearly concluded that the transmission of data packets over the Internet is considered as a major threat, especially when we talk about the evolution of computation power and quantum computers near epoch, therefore, new solutions have been developed to maintain the issue of authentication and protect data by simultaneous encryption procedures. In addition, the comparative study concludes that enhancing AES algorithm is a promising field for data encryption. The study aims to provide academics with a better awareness of new encryption methods to enhance the performance of data encryption algorithms.