Packet Reception Rate Research Articles

MACGSP6: A protocol for supporting internet of things applications with Non-Line-of-Sight links

Wireless Networks with random topologies include multipath and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) links, especially in urban environments. As the Internet of Things emerges many links will be NLOS. However, network protocols are often only evaluated using Line-of-Sight radio channels. Previous simulations of the MACGSP6 (Medium Access Control for Gossip-based Sleep Protocol Version 6) protocol demonstrate packet reception rates exceed 90% for networks of more than 1000 nodes with Line-of-Sight conditions. This paper measures the performance of MACGSP6 using a prototype testbed where all links are NLOS. Results demonstrate that MACGSP6 achieved better Average Packet Loss, Average Duplicate Packets and energy consumption than a controlled flooding protocol. Additionally, MACGSP6 made all degraded paths from nodes to sink appear as one ideal hop to the application layer. Therefore, MACGSP6 is an energy and data efficient protocol for Internet of Things networks which include NLOS links.

Evaluating the More Suitable ISM Frequency Band for IoT-Based Smart Grids: A Quantitative Study of 915 MHz vs. 2400 MHz.

IoT has begun to be employed pervasively in industrial environments and critical infrastructures thanks to its positive impact on performance and efficiency. Among these environments, the Smart Grid (SG) excels as the perfect host for this technology, mainly due to its potential to become the motor of the rest of electrically-dependent infrastructures. To make this SG-oriented IoT cost-effective, most deployments employ unlicensed ISM bands, specifically the 2400 MHz one, due to its extended communication bandwidth in comparison with lower bands. This band has been extensively used for years by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), from which the IoT technologically inherits. However, this work questions and evaluates the suitability of such a “default” communication band in SG environments, compared with the 915 MHz ISM band. A comprehensive quantitative comparison of these bands has been accomplished in terms of: power consumption, average network delay, and packet reception rate. To allow such a study, a dual-band propagation model specifically designed for the SG has been derived, tested, and incorporated into the well-known TOSSIM simulator. Simulation results reveal that only in the absence of other 2400 MHz interfering devices (such as WiFi or Bluetooth) or in small networks, is the 2400 MHz band the best option. In any other case, SG-oriented IoT quantitatively perform better if operating in the 915 MHz band.

Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 in Different NLOS Environments of Smart Grids

Background: In smart grids mainly there are two types of communications based on the paths travelled by the received signals. These are line of sight (LOS) communication and non-line of sight (NLOS) communication. These communication models are formed because of different harsh environments like 500 kV outdoor substations, main power control room and underground transformer vaults which are very difficult to access and monitor for a human being during an operational power grid. In the recent research, the network lifetime has been evaluated with respect to the arrival rate, distance and duty cycle for LOS and NLOS communication. Methods:The systematic analysis is performed to characterize the aptness of the cluster tree topology of ZigBee based wireless sensor networks in the monitoring of non-line of sight regions having different shadowing channel properties in the smart grids. Results: The performance is evaluated by thoroughly analyzing the average end-to-end delay with respect to the packet interval, throughput, energy consumption, packet reception rate and network lifetime with respect to the packet size. The simulations are performed on QualNet 6.1 simulator. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of packet interval, packet size and different NLOS environments on the performance of ZigBee based wireless sensor network deployed in smart grids and to give prominence to this field for further exploration. Conclusion: The simulation results illustrate that huge errors in packet reception and variable link capacity in complex environments of the smart grid spectrum gives rise to many challenges in the reliability of ZigBee based wireless communications in smart grids. The design and implementation of efficient algorithms and protocols to reduce the collisions and interference can be considered for the future work. Keywords: Smart grid, Wireless sensor network, Shadowing parameters, Cluster tree topology, QualNet 6.1.

RECODAN: An efficient redundancy coding-based data transmission scheme for wireless sensor networks

Data transmission reliability is under serious consideration for use in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and retransmission is the most common method for ensuring data reliability. However, in recent years, some researchers have discovered that redundancy coding is superior to retransmission in many respects. In this article, we propose an efficient REdundancy COding-based Data trAnsmission scheme for WSNs (RECODAN), which guarantees reliable data transmission through hybrid retransmission in hop-by-hop. RECODAN uses a selective Reed-Solomon coding to reduce the process of encoding in an intermediate node, and uses an adaptive codeword retransmission to improve data reliability. Furthermore, in this article, we use the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process to predict the packet reception rate, which can decrease unnecessary redundancy in code delivery and increase network lifetime. Our simulation experiments and results show that RECODAN can significantly improve data transmission reliability, and can improve task time delay and energy consumption, particularly in situations of low packet reception rate.

ORACE-Net: A novel multi-hop body-to-body routing protocol for public safety networks

With the growing increase of disasters worldwide, in terms of frequencies, intensities and unpredictability, there is currently a growing need for novel ubiquitous communication systems enabling public safety networks (PSN). Disaster operations require real-time and low latency data communication, in live video and audio streaming, as well as in integration with social networks. In this context, existing network infrastructures might be either damaged or overloaded. Thus, it is expected that wireless Body-to-Body Networks (B2Bs) could play a key role in setting-up tactical PSN deployments enabling effective and reliable disaster response and management. In addition to the challenges with radio technologies and their inter-operability, coexistence and energy consumption issues, routing is also an important and critical challenge for the PSN. In this paper we propose a novel wireless B2B routing protocol, called “Optimized Routing Approach for Critical and Emergency Networks (ORACE-Net)” to enhance routing performance in disaster relief. ORACE-Net aims to exploit dynamic B2B communications between wearable networks to establish and maintain a mobile dynamic communication backbone. Analytical evaluations are conducted to analyze the communication overheads of ORACE-Net in comparison to existing routing standards, including Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector version 2 (AODVv2), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR). Extensive simulations are then performed under realistic assumptions and synthetic mobility models, and show that ORACE-Net outperforms conventional routing approaches in terms of packet reception rate, energy consumption and fairly performed in terms of delay compared to the other approaches.

A Comparative Study of Recent Wireless Sensor Network Simulators

Over recent years, the continuous interest in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has led to the appearance of new modeling methods and simulation environments for WSN applications. A broad variety of different simulation tools have been designed to explore and validate WSN systems before actual implementation and real-world deployment. These tools address different design aspects and offer various simulation abstractions to represent and model real-world behavior. In this article, we present a comprehensive comparative study of mainstream open-source simulation tools for WSNs. Two benchmark applications are designed to evaluate the frameworks with respect to the simulation runtime performance, network throughput, communication medium modeling, packet reception rate, network latency, and power consumption estimation accuracy. Such metrics are also evaluated against measurements on physical prototypes. Our experiments show that the tools produce equivalent results from a functional point of view and capacity to model communication phenomena, while the ability to model details of the execution platform significantly impacts the runtime simulation performance and the power estimation accuracy. The benchmark applications are also made available in the public domain for further studies.

Transmission power allocation of NCSs with Markov channel assignment

This paper investigates networked control systems (NCSs) where the sensors communicate with the remote controller via a wireless fading channel. Each time the channel can accommodate just one sensor for communication and the access to the channel of the sensors is driven by a random event. When a sensor is triggered to send its measurement, it can choose to use a high power or a low power to save energy. The power level of the sensor determines the probability of successful packet reception at the controller. This paper aims to find an appropriate transmission power allocation method for the sensors jointly with a system controller so that the NCS is stabilized with a given energy budget. By introducing a Markov chain model for the medium-access constraint and modeling the packet dropout as a Bernoulli process, we derive a new model and stability conditions for the NCSs, which are given in terms of the transition probabilities of the Markov chain and different packet reception rates. An interesting power scheduling policy is obtained and two kinds of controller design schemes are given depending on whether the medium-access status of the sensors is acknowledged to the controller or not. The results are then extended to the case of large-scale systems and an optimal co-design methodology which can stabilize the whole set of systems with largest stability margin is proposed. The effectiveness of the presented method is demonstrated by numerical simulations.

Stability-Aware Geographic Routing in Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks.

A new generation of wireless sensor networks that harvest energy from environmental sources such as solar, vibration, and thermoelectric to power sensor nodes is emerging to solve the problem of energy limitation. Based on the photo-voltaic model, this research proposes a stability-aware geographic routing for reliable data transmissions in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks (EH-WSNs) to provide a reliable routes selection method and potentially achieve an unlimited network lifetime. Specifically, the influences of link quality, represented by the estimated packet reception rate, on network performance is investigated. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms an energy-harvesting-aware method in terms of energy consumption, the average number of hops, and the packet delivery ratio.

Ant-based routing and QoS-effective data collection for mobile wireless sensor network

Mobility management in mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) is a complex problem that must be taken into account. In MWSN, nodes move in and out of the network randomly. Hence, a path formed between two distant nodes is highly susceptible to changes due to unpredictable node movement. Also, due to the limited resources in WSN, the paths used for data transmission must be tested for the link quality and time consumed for data forwarding. In order to solve these issues, in this paper, an ant-based routing protocol with QoS-effective data collection mechanism is proposed. In this protocol, the link quality and link delay are estimated for each pair of nodes. Link quality is estimated in terms of packet reception rate, received signal strength indicator, and link quality index. A reliable path is chosen from the source to the destination based on the paths traversed by forward ants and backward ants. Then, if the link is found to be defective during data transmission, a link reinforcement technique is used to deliver the data packet at the destination successfully. The mobile robots collect the information with high data utility. In addition, each mobile robot is equipped with multiple antennas, and space division multiple access technique is then applied for effective data collection from multiple mobile robots. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol provides reliability by reducing the packet drop and end-to-end delay when compared to the existing protocols.

Interference Aware Reliable Cooperative Cognitive Networks for Real-Time Applications

With growing real-time traffic and limited spectrum resources, the communication system must adopt reliable and efficient spectrum sharing techniques for providing improved services to end users. Cooperative cognitive radio network (CCRN) offers a promising solution based on the principle of cooperative diversity where primary users offer transmission opportunities to secondary users in exchange for their relay services. However, existing CCRN models ignore the overhead of cooperation formation and the potential interference introduced by secondary users’ transmissions. This may hurt successful packet delivery, and therefore, they cannot be applied to real-time systems. In this paper, we propose an interference aware reliable communication system for real-time applications exploiting the flexibility of a cooperative cognitive network. We formulate the communication system as a Markov decision process and quantify the impact of cooperation overhead and secondary interference on successful packet delivery through its actions and reward functions. We present a distributed algorithm for use in a realistic multi-user setting where a user applies the algorithm to determine cooperation gain, select cooperation pairs, and schedule cooperative transmissions. The simulation results show that the proposed model improves packet reception rate with low cooperation overhead compared to an existing cooperation model.

TelG Mote: a green wireless sensor node platform for smart home and ambient assisted living

The wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensor nodes that interact with each other to collectively monitor environmental or physical conditions at different locations for the intended users. One of its potential deployments is in the form of smart home and ambient assisted living (SHAAL) to measure patients or elderly physiological signals, control home appliances, and monitor home. This paper focuses on the development of a wireless sensor node platform for SHAAL application over WSN which complies with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and operates in 2.4 GHz ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band. The initial stage of SHAAL application development is the design of the wireless sensor node named TelG mote. The main features of TelG mote contributing to the green communications include low power consumption, wearable, flexible, user-friendly, and small sizes. It is then embedded with a self-built operating system named WiseOS to support customized operation. The node can achieve a packet reception rate (PRR) above 80 for a distance of up to 8 m. The designed TelG mote is also comparable with the existing wireless sensor nodes available in the market.

Coalition Formation for Cooperative Service-Based Message Sharing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Reliable message delivery is a challenging task in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). Current literature on VANETs generalize all messages and use the same strategy to transmit them. In this paper, we model the cooperative service-based message sharing problem in VANETs as a coalition formation game among nodes. Nodes associate with a coalition based on the type of service-message they process. In the proposed model, service-messages are distinguished from one another by their types. Nodes process different types of service-messages and form a coalition based on the type of messages they process at that time. Some nodes within a coalition can work as a relay, which is modeled as a network formation game to select exactly one relay among a group of potential relay nodes to improve efficiency of the network in terms of improved packet reception rate and reducing transmission delay. The nodes form independent disjoint coalitions and tree structure is formed with the relay nodes within a coalition by using the proposed algorithm, COMES. Simulation results show that COMES, which allows nodes to form independent coalitions among themselves, improves the network performance in terms of incentive received by players by at least 40 percent compared to a non-cooperative function.

A Real-Time Routing Protocol with Controlled Dissemination of Data Queries by Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks

Objective: One of the challenges faced in wireless sensor networks is the constraints in battery power. The main objective of this paper is to address the energy efficiency issue by proposing a real-time routing protocol with controlled dissemination of data queries by mobile sink (RTCD). Methodology: Two phases namely the flooding phase and the routing phase are followed for data collection by mobile sink. A mobile sink helps in efficient data gathering compared to a static sink, reducing the total energy consumption in the network. In the flooding phase, controlled dissemination is achieved by limiting the network diameter and setting a threshold value for residual energy of the nodes. In the routing phase, routing of data is done on the basis of choosing an optimal forwarder having the maximum weighted value of composite link metric, comprising the parameters Packet Reception Rate (PRR), packet one-hop velocity and residual energy of the nodes. Realtime data delivery ensures delivery of packets within deadlines in delay- constrained applications. Findings: Simulations using Network Simulator-2 suggest that the routing phase in RTCD outperforms the reactive, proactive and hybrid routing protocols in terms of QoS parameters such as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Energy Consumption (NEC) and average end-to-end delay. The reactive, proactive and hybrid routing protocols considered are AODV, DSDV and ZRP respectively. It has been found that PDR for RTCD routing is higher than comparative protocols for large networks. RTCD routing gives intermediate results in case of average end-to-end delay and NEC. Also, the impact of network diameter on Total Energy Consumption (TEC) has been studied which shows that TEC increases with network diameter. An optimum value of 1.8J is set as the threshold value of residual energy of nodes based on the simulation results for controlling the energy consumption.

Self-learning and self-adaptive framework for supporting high reliability and low energy expenditure in WSNs

In this paper we proposed, designed and evaluated a novel decentralized and self-learning framework to support both high reliability and energy-efficiency for periodic traffic applications in WSNs. Our autonomous framework comprises three main components: estimation and identification of periodic flows, dynamic wakeup-sleep scheduling and asynchronous channel hopping. With asynchronous channel hopping the frequency hopping pattern is determined by each source node autonomously, and forwarders have to identify and follow the pattern. We also propose a light and efficient controller to eliminate the collision caused by multi-flow overlap at forwarders. We present design and evaluation of our autonomous framework using realistic trace-based simulation. The results show that our asynchronous channel hopping solution improves the packet reception rate compared to the single channel solutions without the need of an expensive signaling and time synchronization overhead. We also show that with this scheme the average energy consumption yields a $$\approx $$? 50 % lower than the single channel solutions. Furthermore, we analyze in detail the energy consumption characteristics of our autonomous framework when operated with a popular transceiver, the ChipCon CC2420 and Texas Instruments MSP430 Microcontroller. We analyze how much various factors contribute to the overall energy consumption. These insights provide valuable guidance on where to start with any effort geared towards saving energy.

FAMACRO: Fuzzy and Ant Colony Optimization Based MAC/Routing Cross-layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents Fuzzy and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based MAC/Routing cross-layer protocol (FAMACRO) for Wireless Sensor Networks that encompases cluster head selection, clustering and inter-cluster routing protocols. FAMACRO uses fuzzy logic with residual energy, number of neighboring nodes and quality of communication link as input variables for cluster head selection. To avoid “hot spots”, FAMACRO uses an unequal clustering mechanism with clusters closer to master station having smaller sizes than those far from it. Finally, ACO techinque is used for reliable and energy-efficient inter-cluster routing from cluster heads to master station. The inter-cluster routing protocol decides relay node considering its residual energy, distance from current cluster head, distance from master station and packet reception rate. A comparative analysis of FAMACRO with Distributed Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering, Unequal Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed Clustering, Energy Efficient Unequal Clustering and Improved Fuzzy Unequal Clustering protocol shows that FAMACRO is 82% more energy-efficient, has 5% to 30% more network lifetime and sends 91% more packets compared to Improved Fuzzy Unequal Clustering protocol.

Light-Weight Energy Consumption Model and Evaluation for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are comprised of low power devices with fixed energy stores. They often require long term operation for successful deployment so it is important to efficiently manage and track their energy usage. To effectively accomplish this across distributed networks requires methods which have low energy cost with minimal error. In this paper we present a straightforward model for energy consumption in wireless sensor networks which is light-weight and accurate. The model has been applied to a wireless sensor network developed by the Queen's University MEMs lab and is evaluated with a custom testbed. Through testing, the model is exposed to realistic disturbances of communication loss, battery effects and variable voltage supplies. It was shown that with 99% packet reception rates in the network, the model accurately estimates end node energy consumption with less than 5% error. These results were demonstrated across varying data rates, battery supply capacities, and runtimes up to full network lifetime.

Transmission Power Control with the Guaranteed Communication Reliability in WSN

In a wireless sensor network, sensor nodes are deployed in an ad hoc fashion and they deliver data packets using multihop transmission. However, transmission failures occur frequently in the multihop transmission over wireless media. Thus, a loss recovery mechanism is required to provide end-to-end reliability. In addition, because the sensor nodes are very small devices and have insufficient resources, energy-efficient data transmission is crucial for prolonging the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. This paper proposes a transmission power control mechanism for reliable data transmission, which satisfies communication reliability through recovery of lost packets. The proposed method calculates packet reception rate (PRR) of each hop to maintain end-to-end packet delivery rate (PDR), which is determined based on the desired communication reliability. Then, the transmission power is adjusted based on the PRR to reduce energy consumption. The proposed method was evaluated through extensive simulations, and the results show that it leads to more energy-efficient data transmission compared to existing methods.

Review of Rateless-Network-Coding-Based Packet Protection in Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent times, there have been many developments in wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies using coding theory. Fast and efficient protection schemes for data transfer over the WSN are some of the issues in coding theory. This paper reviews the issues related to the application of the joint rateless-network coding (RNC) within the WSN in the context of packet protection. The RNC is a method in which any node in the network is allowed to encode and decode the transmitted data in order to construct a robust network, improve network throughput, and decrease delays. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive discussion about RNC. To begin with, this paper briefly describes the concept of packet protection using network coding and rateless codes. We therefore discuss the applications of RNC for improving the capability of packet protection. Several works related to this issue are discussed. Finally, the paper concludes that the RNC-based packet protection scheme is able to improve the packet reception rate and suggests future studies to enhance the capability of RNC protection.

컨베어 이송장치에서의 무선 미소자기감지 시스템 구현

ABSTRACT Micro-magnetic detection system is used to detect small particles in an automatic transmission valve body, which signal noise and time-delay may occurs in process of signal transmitting and filtering. In this paper, we present the design and implement of a micro-magnetic detection system based on wireless sensor networks in conveyer belt. Micro-magnetic detection system consists of five modules which are magnetic sensor detector, signal processing unit, wireless sensor networks, system control unit and system monitoring unit. Our experimental results show that the proposed wireless micro-magnetic detection system improves both accuracy and time delay compared to the wired system; therefore, it may apply for wireless micro-magnetic detection system by analysis of packet reception rate. 키워드 : 미소자기감지, 스틸볼감지, 무선센서네트워크, 밸브바디 Key word : Micro-magnetic detection, Steel ball detection, Wireless sensor networks, Valve bodyJournal of the Korea Institute of Information andCommunication Engineering

Distributed spatial reuse distance control for basic safety messages in SDMA-based VANETs

The periodic generation and transmission of basic safety messages (BSM) place a heavy burden on the load of a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), where there also remain multiple packet collisions undetected due to the hidden terminals. In this paper, we propose a distributed scheme that controls the spatial reuse distance to improve the efficiency of BSM transmissions in space-division multiple access (SDMA) based VANETs. With the proposed SDMA structure, only vehicles located sufficiently far apart are allowed to reuse the same time slot to send their BSMs. The signal interference is thus reduced while the hidden-node problem is essentially alleviated. Multiple transmissions per SDMA road segment or ‘cell’ are also enabled using the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), giving rise to a much better use of both space and bandwidth. To guarantee that the actual number of BSM transmissions does not exceed the maximum allowable in each SDMA cell, we further devise an adaptive scheme that adjusts the spatial reuse distance in accordance with the vehicle density. Because the global information of vehicle density is not available at individual vehicles, we propose a distributed algorithm that estimates the vehicle density and makes consensus to enhance the accuracy of spatial reuse distance estimation. As the transmission range is controlled accordingly, the mutual interference among the SDMA cells is further reduced. Importantly, the developed control algorithm can be distributively implemented by each vehicle with limited information exchange. To optimize the performance of the proposed solution, we also determine the optimal bandwidth utilization that maximizes the newly-defined criterion termed as ‘safe range,’ an important figure-of-merit in vehicular safety applications. Simulation results confirm the clear advantages of our proposal over the available approaches in terms of safety range, packet reception rate, end-to-end delay and BSM inter-arrival time in realistic network scenarios.