Packet Delivery Delay Research Articles

Traffic-Aware Efficient Mapping of Wireless Body Area Networks to Health Cloud Service Providers in Critical Emergency Situations

In a post-disaster situation, increased concentration of patients in an area increases the traffic load of the network significantly, which degrades its performance with respect to mapping cost and network throughput. Therefore, to manage the increased traffic load and to provide ubiquitous medical services, we propose a disease-centric health-care management system using wireless body area networks (WBAN) in the presence of multiple health-cloud service providers (H-CSP). The theory of Social Network Analysis (SNA) is adopted to optimize the computational complexity and the traffic load of the network in an area, considering different disease types and the criticality indices of the WBANs. In such a scenario, Disease-centric Patient Group (DPG) formation among coexisting WBANs ensures optimized traffic load and reduced computational complexity. However, the formation of DPG alone is not sufficient to provide Quality-of-Service (QoS) to each WBAN. Therefore, to address these issues, we formulate a pricing model for the efficient mapping of critical WBANs from a DPG to a H-CSP to optimize the expected packet delivery delay and the network throughput. Consequently, to identify the critical WBANs from a DPG, we design a decision parameter based on an assortment of selection parameters. The performance of the Efficient Healthcare Management (HCM) scheme is analyzed based on distinct measures such as cost effectiveness, service delay, and throughput. Simulation results exhibit significant improvement in the network performance over the existing schemes.

Multi-dimensional trust aware routing for clustered IOT framework

With the increased interest in the utilization of smart applications, the IoT has gained a lot of popularity in the real world scenario. Due to the integration of different heterogeneous devices in a single network, various types of security issues will arise in the IoT. To ensure more security in IoT, this paper proposes a new trust aware routing framework based on the inherent communication and data properties of devices connected in the network. A new trust metric is derived in this paper by combining two different trusts based on the communication between nodes and the information passing through them. Further to achieve a prolonged network lifetime with optimal resource conservation, a clustering based communication strategy is accomplished. Extensive simulations are carried out by varying the malicious nature of network and the performance is measured through the metrics, packet loss ratio, packet delivery ratio, delay, network lifetime and average energy consumption.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Congestion Control Models in Wireless Sensor Networks

Congestion control is an important factor for performance improvement in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Congestion occurs due to various reasons including a variation in the data rate between incoming and outgoing links, buffer size, flooding attacks and multiple inputs and minimum output capability. Various outcomes of congestion in sensor networks include immense packet loss or packet drop, fast energy depletion, unfairness across the network, reduced node performance and increased delay in packet delivery. Hence, there is an extreme need to check channel congestion in order to enhance the performance with better congestion management. The job of choosing a suitable congestion control technique is a challenging task for the network designer. In this article, the authors traverse through the underlying conceptual ideas on congestion control schemes which come under six unique models. This article highlights a survey on the existing works done so far on congestion control domains in sensor networks. A comparative analysis based on Quality of Service parameters has been discussed.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: K-Partitioned Smallest Distance Mining Tree for Path Optimation in Wireless Sensor Network

In wireless sensor networks (WSN), energy efficiency is an important issue, since the sensor nodes act as both data originator and data router. The sink functionality typically includes mining and sensing data from sensors in the network via multihop relays performing data processing. The nodes which are closer to the sink have to take more substantial traffic load consequently reduce their energy quickly leading to energy hole around the sink. Then the energy hole may cause failure in the sensor network and create large coverage hole. Sink repositioning can be performed using multiple sink deployment and sink mobility. Relocating or repositioning the sink is very challenging during the regular network operation. It is challenging in a multi-hop network environment to find an optimal location. Most of the existing localization solutions had low accuracy in congested situations and did not consider the resource limitations of WSN. To rectify the issues of sink repositioning, this work presents a K-partitioned smallest distance tree (k-PSDT) utilizing the ideal scan for setting an ideal number of sinks in sensor networks. At first, the quantity of sinks is resolved utilizing the ideal sink algorithm fulfilling the h-jump requirement. k-PSDT is developed for situating numerous sink nodes and setting up the courses. In the wake of deciding the ideal number of sink positions and directing, best sink reposition is chosen by ideal pursuit technique. Sink development is finished by utilizing the canny development, and it confines the sinks developments while keeping up their bearing to the ideal positions. The performance of the new techniques is implemented using network simulator (NS2). Simulation results show that the proposed technology do the better performance as compared to the existing method regarding the metrics such as average packet delivery ratio, delay, and energy consumption.

Smart routing for Vehicle at optimal position with Ant Colony Optimization and AQRV in VANET

The Coimbatore is one of the leading tier two cities in India. Vehicles in this city are increasing day by day. The VANET is a self-organizing network between vehicles. There are so many interesting issues in VANET. So many routing protocols are already availing in the market. In this paper, we put forward an adaptive quality of service (QoS) based smart routing for VANETs with ant colony optimization algorithm find a smart route in Coimbatore city. This smart routing protocol is to adaptively choose the connections in the various available nodes, through which data packets clearance to reach the destination. The selected smart route should fulfill with the QoS constraints and satisfy the best QoS in terms of three metrics, namely connectivity, probability, packet delivery ratio and delay. The AQRV and Ant colony algorithm was simulated. The comparative result was studied at various optimal positions in the city.

Efficient Streaming of Video Frames over Heterogeneous Wireless Network

Transferring high quality video stream through a heterogeneous wireless network has many challenges due to the varying data rate and round trip time(RTT) involved in the network and the more stringent quality of service(QoS) requirements of the multimedia application such as on time delivery , minimum delay etc. User datagram protocol (UDP), a connectionless, unreliable transport protocol has been widely used for transferring video frames.UDP cannot guarantee reliable information delivery and may lead to packet loss. The packet loss, increases with time varying bandwidth availability in the heterogeneous wireless networks. Transmission control protocol(TCP) can be an alternate transport layer protocol to provide reliable delivery of video information. But, using TCP for wireless networks has limitations due to misinterpretation of packet loss, frequent link failure, asymmetric link behaviour etc.,. which minimizes the throughput and in turn degrades the quality of the video frames transmitted. This paper analyses an efficient scheme to use Heterogeneous Environment Retransmission algorithm with SCTP (HERTS) to transfer video data in the heterogeneous environment. By using multi-homing and multi-streaming feature of Stream control transmission protocol (SCTP), the packet delivery rate, through put and delay requirements can be optimized. The transport layer model suggested in this paper aims at reducing the occupancy of the retransmitted packets in the link, by using a separate end to end path allotted for retransmission.

A novel MILP model for timely message delivery in real-time WSNs

Packet delivery delay minimization is a critical issue in Wireless Sensor Networks. In mission-critical applications, the sensed information is highly delay-sensitive, and should be transmitted to the sink within a required delay. In this paper, we propose a new mixed integer linear programming model (MILP) to address the problem of end-to-end delay minimization of data transmission in delay-sensitive applications such as healthcare monitoring. The proposed model simultaneously guarantees (1) timely delivery data packets, (2) network reliability, (3) connectivity, and (4) flow preservation.We verify by computational experiments that the developed mixed integer linear model, using Cplex, is able to provide an optimal solution for timely data packet delivery of all our small and medium size problems.

Real-Time Intersection-Based Segment Aware Routing Algorithm for Urban Vehicular Networks

High vehicular mobility causes frequent changes in the density of vehicles, discontinuity in inter-vehicle communication, and constraints for routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The routing must avoid forwarding packets through segments with low network density and high scale of network disconnections that may result in packet loss, delays, and increased communication overhead in route recovery. Therefore, both traffic and segment status must be considered. This paper presents real-time intersection-based segment aware routing (RTISAR), an intersection-based segment aware algorithm for geographic routing in VANETs. This routing algorithm provides an optimal route for forwarding the data packets toward their destination by considering the traffic segment status when choosing the next intersection. RTISAR presents a new formula for assessing segment status based on connectivity, density, load segment, and cumulative distance toward the destination. A verity period mechanism is proposed to denote the projected period when a network failure is likely to occur in a particular segment. This mechanism can be calculated for each collector packet to minimize the frequency of RTISAR execution and to control the generation of collector packets. As a result, this mechanism minimizes the communication overhead generated during the segment status computation process. Simulations are performed to evaluate RTISAR, and the results are compared with those of intersection-based connectivity aware routing and traffic flow-oriented routing. The evaluation results provided evidence that RTISAR outperforms in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet delivery delay, and communication overhead.

Ant Based Cross Layered Optimization Protocol for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network with Fuzzy Clustering

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is embedded with large number of Audio, Video and scalar sensor nodes which can able to retrieve the multimedia information from the environment. WMSN has several challenges such as life time of the network, Memory requirement, Coverage, Bandwidth and QoS metrics. Hence selection of routing algorithm is crucial in WMSN. Again interdependencies of the protocol layer cannot be neglected to improve the network performance. Clustering in WMSN is challenging task in order to increase network lifetime and to improve the communication. Hence Fuzzy clustered Ant based cross layer protocol (FCAXL) is proposed. In this paper performance analysis of ant based cross layer optimization protocol with fuzzy clustering based on number of nodes and packet size is done. Simulation results shows that Fuzzy clustered ant based cross layer optimization protocol performs best as compared to AntSenseNet routing protocol, Cross layer routing protocol and Ant based cross layer routing protocol in terms of QoS parameters such as Throughput, Packet delivery ratio and delay. Hence the life time of the network increases.

Energy efficient and load balanced priority queue algorithm for Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a recent technology for improving the quality of life. Due to the unique requirements and specific characteristics of WBAN, monitoring the health conditions of remote patients is a critical and demanding task in recent days. During the data transmission process, MAC protocols are utilizing different standards such as IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4, but they are fail to increase data rate, energy wastage, inefficient for bursty traffic, and delay. This paper introduces a new Energy Efficient and Load Balanced Priority Queue Algorithm (ELBPQA) using IEEE 802.15.6 standard to transmit critical data with minimum delay. At first, the packet received from the personalized device is classified based on the location. If it is generated from the local, it will be scheduled based on the data priority and if it is received from the remote area, the packet will be scheduled based on its deadline. In this work, the priority is provided in three different levels including high priority, medium priority, and low priority. Based on its priority, the data is scheduled and transmitted with the help of the hardware scheduler. The experimental results show the better performance compared with the existing mechanisms in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay, and power consumption.

Ant Based Cross Layered Optimization Protocol for WMSN with Fuzzy Clustering

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is embedded with large number of Audio, Video and scalar sensor nodes which can able to retrieve the multimedia information from the environment. WMSN has several challenges such as life time of the network, Memory requirement, Coverage, Bandwidth and QoS metrics. Hence selection of routing algorithm is crucial in WMSN. Again interdependencies of the protocol layer cannot be neglected to improve the network performance. Clustering in WMSN is challenging task in order to increase network lifetime and to improve the communication. Hence Fuzzy clustered Ant based cross layer protocol (FCAXL) is proposed. In this paper performance analysis of ant based cross layer optimization protocol with fuzzy clustering based on number of nodes and packet size is done. Simulation results shows that Fuzzy clustered ant based cross layer optimization protocol performs best as compared to AntSenseNet routing protocol, Cross layer routing protocol and Ant based cross layer routing protocol in terms of QoS parameters such as Throughput, Packet delivery ratio and delay. Hence the life time of the network increases.

CCN: A novel energy efficient greedy routing protocol for green computing

SummaryWe proposed a novel Energy Efficient Greedy Routing Protocol (EEGRP) in CCN for MANETs to achieve the gaps in the existing infrastructure of Green Cloud Computing. Initially, the consumer node broadcasts the interest packet; each relay node verifies if it is already satisfied, and then it drops the packet. Otherwise, the provider node selects shortest path to unicast data packet within minimum delay. Each relay node receives a data packet, stores its content in content store, and forwards it to next node according to path mention in the hop‐count field. If the data packet custodian node does not find path mention in the hop‐count field, then it searches the routing table entries to choose the second best path to unicast the data packet. EEGRP is implemented in three scenarios using ns2 and compare its performance with AIRDrop routing protocol on bases of three performance parameters like packet delivery ratio, delay, and energy consumption. EEGRP achieves high PDR with minimum delay and less energy consumption as compared to AIRDrop. Therefore, EEGRP is feasible to use on green computing and cloud technology. This can save energy issue to secure energy for Green Computing and Cloud before moving to full‐scale virtualization and Cloud services.

The effects of an Adaptive and Distributed Transmission Power Control on the performance of energy harvesting sensor networks

The design of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been traditionally tackled by assuming battery-powered sensors, in which minimizing the power consumption was the main objective. Advances in technology and the ability to harvest energy from the environment has enabled self-sustaining systems and thus diminish the significance of network lifetime considerations in the design of WSNs. Although WSNs operated by energy-harvesting sensors are not limited by network lifetime, they still pose new design challenges due to the unstable and uncertain amount of energy that can be harvested from the environment. In this paper, we propose a new protocol for energy-harvesting sensor networks that uses adaptive transmission power to maintain the network connectivity, and distributes the traffic load on the network. Based on local information, each node dynamically adjusts its transmission power in order to maximize the network’s end-to-end performance. The simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol keeps the network connected at most of the times by using an efficient power management, outperforming greedy forwarding and dynamic duty cycle protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, and power management.

Improving QoS of VANET Using Adaptive CCA Range and Transmission Range both for Intelligent Transportation System

Connectivity and spatial frequency reuse are very important performance influencing factors in Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET). In proposed work connectivity in VANET is measured in terms of Vehicular Average Connected Coverage (VACC). Interference on road is measured in terms of Average Highly Interference Region ratio (AvgHIR). A new Adaptive Transmission and Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) Power scheme (ATCCAPsch) is proposed. ATCCAPsch varies Transmission Range (TR) along with CCA range to improve VACC, AvgHIR, spatial frequency reuse and hence overall QoS performance of VANET. ATCCAPsch performs its operations based on selected threshold “MINimum Transmission Range of Vehicle ( $$minTR_{v\_sel}$$ )” and “Required Number of Neighbours ( $$RNNgb_{sel}$$ )”. Comprisal of $$minTR_{v\_sel}$$ and $$RNNgb_{sel}$$ is done in the definition of VANET’s Multi-Objective optimization Problem (VANET-MOP). VANET Multi-Objective optimization Model (VANET-MOM) is defined and implemented to solve VANET-MOP to determine $$RNNgb_{sel}$$ and lower bound of $$minTR_{v\_sel}$$ ( $$lbhvh\_minTR_{v\_sel}$$ ). VANET-MOM incorporates ATCCAPsch in another newly proposed algorithm “VATCCAPschSim” to evaluate VACC and AvgHIR. Multi Objective Optimization (MO-Opt) tool “gamultiobj” is used to serve the purpose. Performance of proposed ATCCAPsch is verified in NS-3 simulator for single channel and infrastructureless VANET. ATCCAPsch decreased mean delay per hop by 1.86, 25.9 and 16.8% for given MAXimum Transmission Range of Vehicle ( $$maxTR_{v}$$ ) 250, 400 and 1000 m resp. as compared to Fixed Transmission and CCA Power SCHeme (FTCCAPsch). ATCCAPsch is also enhancing other Quality of Services (QoS) like packet delivery ratio, delay and jitter of VANET.

Performance Analysis of Energy Efficient Multicast Routing Protocols in Manet

Mobile ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are a collection of energy constraint mobile nodes which forms a body free network that doesn't need any centralized governance. The mobile nodes in MANETs are powered by way of a few energy sources generally a battery that can't be recharged in many actual lifestyles situations. The nodes in MANETs are liable for routing the information in the network. Untied nodes in transportable particularly appointed structures no doubt depend on the dexterous usage in their energy source. This makes the energy consumption in terms of energy saving one of the most crucial aspects of MANET that need to be taken into consideration. Several energy-aware routing protocols were proposed in this location to perform efficient usage of energy in MANET. Considered one of which is energy efficient power aware Routing y (EPAR) that prolongs lifespan of nodes in the network. The route that has nodes with maximum energy is chosen through this protocol and the information packets are transmitted with minimal energy utilization. on this paper, it examine the performances of a number of the energy aware routing protocols which includes EPAR, MTPR and DSR based totally on parameters like packet delivery ration, delay, and power consumption by using various multicast group size the use of good sized simulation.

Collaborative Link-Aware Protocols for Energy-Efficient and QoS Wireless Body Area Networks Using Integrated Sensors

Integrated sensor systems are the promising solutions to the multiprobe design of biomedical sensors for energy efficient wireless body area networks (WBANs). To improve energy efficiency and communication quality-ofservice (QoS) of integrated sensor hubs, a cross-layered energyaware resource allocation (CLEAR) is proposed to exploit the characteristics of medium access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers of WBANs. The proposed MAC protocol applies a twin-token bucket model and real-time scheduling to the active superframe interleaving and beacon shifting techniques defined in the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. In addition, the proposed period transformation controlling task end-to-end delay improves the QoS while reducing packet collisions. The proposed PHY protocol is a hybrid of the transmit power control (TPC) and link adaption (LA) strategies, which coordinates the receiver and transmitter with link parameters including data rate, bit error ratio, receiver sensitivity, transmission power, modulation, etc. It adapts the link quality due to human postures or movements to meet the required QoS while minimizing the energy consumption of the transceiver front-end. Experimental results show that CLEAR outperforms existing methods in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, bandwidth utilization, and energy consumption. In particular, CLEAR reduces average end-to-end delay by 21% as compared to existing methods, and saves an average of 18% of energy consumption over the TPC and LA-based methods at a power of -25 dBm while achieving a maximum 0.05 packet error ratio.

Analytical model for clustered vehicular ad hoc network analysis

Abstract Clustering of vehicles is an important technique to reduce the high mobility effect of vehicles. This paper proposes an analytical model to evaluate the performance of a clustered vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). The analytical model is developed to evaluate three important parameters, namely packet delivery ratio, throughput, and delay. The results obtained from the analytical model are also accompanied by simulation results. This model can be further extended by researchers working on clustered VANET scenarios and will be helpful in modeling their protocols or algorithms. Furthermore, this model can verify the simulation results obtained from any network simulator.

Drone-Based Highway-VANET and DAS Service

Wireless communications between vehicles are a focus of research in both the academic research community and automobile industry. Using unmanned aerial vehicles or drones in wireless communications and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have started to attract attention. This paper proposes a routing protocol that uses the infrastructure drones for boosting VANET communications to achieve a minimum vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. This paper also proposes a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay on a two-way highway. In addition, based on that closed-form expression, we can calculate the minimum drone density (maximum separation distance between two adjacent drones) that stochastically limits the worst case of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. Moreover, this paper proposes a drones-active service that is added to the location service in a VANET. This service dynamically and periodically obtains the required number of active drones based on the current highway connectivity state by obtaining the maximum distance between each two adjacent drones while satisfying a probabilistic constraint for vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. Our analysis focuses on two-way highway VANET networks with low vehicular density. The simulation results show the accuracy of our analysis and reflect the relation between the drone density, vehicular density and speed, other VANET parameters, and the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay.

Energy aware hybrid multicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks: Zone based approach

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are formed dynamically by an autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected via wireless radio links. Hybrid routing strategy is widely used in hierarchical routing protocols to reduce the control overheads and packet delivery delay in MANETs. In this paper, we propose zone-based energy aware hybrid multicast routing scheme (ZEHMRP) for MANET. Our scheme operates in the following phases: 1) computation of node remaining energy (RE) by designing energy model; 2) prune the nodes having remaining energy less than predefined threshold value; 3) discovery of multiple routes using request and reply packets; 4) selection of stable route among multiple routes by considering node remaining energy and density; 5) route maintenance for route breaks and node failures; 6) simulation evaluation for various parameters. It is observed that ZEHMRP outperforms the zone routing protocol (ZRP) for various parameters like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, jitter, and control overheads.

A novel multi-objective hybrid QoS optimisation technique for MANETs

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) requires the support of optimisation techniques for improving the quality of service (QoS) it delivers. Optimisation becomes mandatory due to the autonomous and infrastructure less characteristics of the network. This manuscript formulates a hybrid optimisation by assimilating ant colony optimisation (ACO) and fitness distance ratio (FDR)-based particle swarm optimisation (PSO) to improve the performance of the network. For ensuring better QoS, ACO is aimed at optimal solution based on throughput maximisation. Contrarily, the FDR PSO considers overhead and residual energy for precising the optimal solution further. The proposed hybrid technique is implemented in a scenario consisting of 100 mobile nodes and the performance of the proposed technique is investigated using the metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay, overhead and energy.