Package Board Research Articles

High-performance naphthalene-based photocurable epoxy resin for advanced printed circuit boards coatings by optimizing fluorodiamine-mediator extension chemistry

Despite the great progress in alkali developing photocurable resins for electronic packaging, the continuous development of high-frequency communication technology still poses a great challenge to the high heat resistance, toughness, robustness, and dielectric properties of photocurable resins. In this paper, a simple and feasible method is proposed to prepare a series of naphthalene-based photocurable resins with excellent thermal/mechanical properties and performance by introducing four selected fluorodiamine molecules into 1,6-naphthalene diglycidyl ether (NDE), respectively, and employing maleic anhydride (MA) as the alkali developing functional component. Among them, the effects of MA on the photocuring kinetics and thermo-mechanical properties of the resins were systematically investigated. Most importantly, the high functionality molecules obtained by diamine chain extension effectively improved the properties of the photocured films. As a result, two of the cured films exhibited excellent toughness (3.00 ± 1.39 MJ cm−3 and 4.55 ± 1.16 MJ cm−3), excellent heat resistance (212 and 195 °C), low dielectric constants (2.84 and 3.25), and low dielectric losses (0.0024 and 0.0068). Finally, the fast alkali development capability possessed by these two resins was verified, demonstrating their potential for technical application in real packaging boards and providing an effective strategy for the design and manufacture of high-performance naphthalene-based inks.

High gain D‐band hybrid integrated on‐chip antenna based on low‐cost printed circuit board packaging technology

AbstractA high gain D‐band hybrid integrated on‐chip antenna (OCA) based on a low‐cost printed circuit board (PCB) packaging technology is analyzed and designed in a standard 40‐nm CMOS process in this paper. The proposed OCA is a hybrid structure of a slotted patch OCA with off‐chip PCB ground and off‐chip dielectric resonator (DR). The proposed OCA exhibits a simulated gain of 3.5 dBi and 53% radiation efficiency at 150 GHz. The simulated impedance bandwidth is 20 GHz. The radiation performance and impedance bandwidth of the OCA are observably improved with the proposed techniques. The proposed OCA occupies 0.52 × 0.56 mm2, and addresses the highly desirable yet challenging overall design of future low‐cost integrated millimeter‐wave (mm‐Wave) and terahertz (THz) systems, which hit the mark on cost and compatibility.

Solvent-targeted recovery of all major materials in beverage carton packaging waste

Liquid packaging boards are widely used for beverage packaging, but their complex composition poses challenges for recycling. These composites are occasionally recycled through hydropulping. However, this method only allows for partial recovery of the paperboard and produces a reject mixture of aluminium, plastics, and residual paper fiber. This study demonstrates the first process to purify all main components of beverage carton packaging waste derived from a commercial pulp mill using solvent-targeted recycling with multiple green solvents, such as p-cymene and ionic liquids. By utilizing this solvent-based process, all major components from the waste were recycled to their original forms in excellent purity, particularly aluminum—an essential industrial metal typically obtained through energy-intensive methods. Furthermore, the solvents used in our material recycling system can be recycled in high purity and reused in the fractionation process. The recovered paper fiber could be converted to the versatile platform chemical levulinic acid in good yield.

Case study: The paper and packaging board’s highly successful experiential activation

Sustainability is no longer a choice but a necessity, and there is starting to be a shift in consciousness that is putting pressure on both individuals and organisations to share responsibilities and intervene. This paper will explore how the Paper and Packaging Board (P+PB) and its partner Stein IAS found the most successful strategies to educate as many consumers as possible on the best ways to recycle paper and paper-based packaging. They realised that in order to communicate with consumers effectively and economically, a traditional business-to-consumer framework would not suffice. Instead, P+PB and Stein IAS embarked on a mission to follow a B2B2C framework, focusing on engaging packaging manufacturers and their e-commerce clients to reach a broader consumer audience. They understood that they had to convince box manufacturers and e-commerce brands to join the programme, known as ‘Box to Nature’, which aimed to inspire consumers to recycle boxes correctly, emphasising the exponential effect of proper recycling. The strategy involved showing up where the majority of the target audience was engaged, creating a relevant and bold experience. The launch of the initiative at PACK EXPO, one of the industry’s largest trade shows, was a significant step in this direction. The team found a unique, powerful and relevant way to connect with the desired audience in unexpected ways, resulting in a big success that has led to a significant increase in the number of organisations wanting to join the programme.

Increased recyclability of wet strengthened liquid packaging board, through synergetic effects of combining CMC and PAE – a case study in full scale

Abstract There is an ever-increasing demand for renewable, recyclable and biodegradable packaging solutions, from consumers, producers of goods, and producers of packaging materials. Closing the material loop and increasing recyclability of fiber-based package materials is one of the keys to move forward towards a more sustainable future. While the recyclability rates of fiber-based packaging are high, packaging boards with high wet-strength can pose problems due to problems with repulping. This manuscript investigated the possibilities to reduce the use of polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins (PAE) by supporting the process system with carboxy-methylated cellulose (CMC) through machine trials in mill scale production. The focus of the investigation was on the wet-strength of the board product and the repulpability value. The results given from the full-scale trial were positive, indicating a potential in using CMC while reducing the PAE addition. The results showed that wet tear strength and wet tensile strength of the board were maintained, while higher repulpability rates were given, encouraging better recyclability of the board material. This will be beneficial to the environment both with lower use of non-renewable chemicals and possibilities for higher degrees of recycling of the board products.

Package Board Co-Simulation Using Equivalent Circuit Modeling Method for High-Speed System

This research paper focuses on the challenges of system-level simulations for high-speed data transfer and the importance of modeling methodology in achieving accurate results. The simulating of PCB alone without considering the package model is not enough. Instead, to ensure optimal system performance, simulating the packages and PCBs together is essential. When simulating the high-speed parallel bus at the PCB level, it's crucial to consider the package model. If the package model is missing, achieving successful results can be challenging. In this paper, a method is proposed for developing a package model that is specific to the nets required for simulation purposes. The paper explores the challenge of simulating high-speed interfaces with a DDRx example that includes an RLC package model. An interconnect model technique is developed to apply the package RLC model through the equivalent circuit modeling method for the high-speed DDRx test board. This solution aims to simplify the co-design process by using simulation and verifying the model with the assistance of an eye diagram of the data bus. The proposed package model reduces jitter in co-simulation and ensures timing compliance for high-speed interfaces.

Lignin fractionation towards improved rosin emulsification behavior and advanced liquid packaging board sizing performance

The heterogeneity of lignin, due to its intricate chemical composition and inconsistent molecular weight distribution across various sources, would result in inconsistent materials with unpredictable characteristics, thus presenting a significant obstacle and impeding the advancement of lignin-based products. The need for innovative rosin/lignin-based sizing agents for liquid packaging board (LPB) products has yet to be fulfilled, stimulating ongoing research efforts in this area. Herein, to tackle the urgent challenge posed by the lignin inhomogeneity and its effect on sizing performance, we propose a comprehensive approach for the production of fractionated lignin-modified rosin sizing agents for liquid packaging board (LPB) with improved sizing characteristics. This study first fractionated three lignin components from wheat straw-derived lignin and utilized them as adaptable surfactants in the manufacture of cationic dispersion rosin sizing agents. The resulting agents were analyzed and evaluated for their utilization in LPB sizing process, exhibiting improved homogeneity, molecular weight, and hydrophilic group content. The obtained fractionated lignin-modified rosin sizing agents displayed outstanding sizing performance and desirable stability. Additionally, these agents enhance the mechanical and optical properties of LPB products. This study proposed a novel and valorized approach to apply lignin biomass with a fractionation and sustainable method to prepare series lignin-modified rosin sizing agents and their great potential in liquid packaging board applications.

The influence of creases on carton board package behavior during point loading

Abstract Carton board packages with different creases have been manufactured and loaded with point loads to see if there is a difference in point load behavior depending on crease. A carton board was creased in four different ways. The differences of the creases were judged according to appearance and residual moment. Three of the four creases showed divergent appearances. The residual moment was as expected lowest for the hardest creased sample and vice versa. The packages with the different creases were loaded with a point load. The registered force – displacement curves were analyzed according to stiffness and collapse load. No statistically significant difference could be seen in the collapse load of the package or in the stiffness measured, indicating that with a standard point load measurement it was hard to distinguish a difference in packaging behavior due to creasing. In future work it might be interesting to further study the average stiffness, since a trend of higher average stiffness for lower matrix channel depth exists in the measurements, however not statistically ensured. One possibility to discern possibly existing differences in the resistance of packaging to point load due to crease differences could be to study the interaction in more detail.

Brazil sets limit to colorant migration for food-contact paper & board packaging & equipment

Brazil sets limit to colorant migration for food-contact paper & board packaging & equipment

A Simplified Dynamic Strength Analysis of Cardboard Packaging Subjected to Transport Loads.

The article presents a simplified method for determining the strength of corrugated board packaging subjected to dynamic transport loads. The proposed algorithm consists of several calculation steps: (1) a static analysis of the compressive strength of the package, (2) an analysis of random vibrations in the frequency domain used to determine the resonance frequencies and (3) a dynamic analysis of the package loaded with computed resonant frequencies. For this purpose, numerical models of the static compression test of the packaging before and after the dynamic analysis of the package subjected to general transport loads were developed. In order to validate the model, laboratory packaging compression tests were also performed for samples of boxes using three-layer cardboard. Due to this, it was possible to verify the numerical simulation results of the compression tests for several box geometries. This, in turn, allowed for the development of a method based on dynamic and post-dynamic (static) numerical analyses, permitting a high-accuracy determination of the resistance of the selected packaging to vibrations and dynamic loads. The results of the (experimentally validated) numerical analysis proved the usefulness of the simplified method presented herein for precise estimation of the load capacity of various packages dynamically loaded during transport.

Processing and characterizing repulping reject of liquid package board

AbstractLiquid package board (LPB) packages typically have the smallest global warming potential compared to other package solutions, but recycling of the integrated plastic and aluminum fractions of the packages is still limited. In the fiber recycling process the plastic and aluminum fractions with some residual fibers are concentrated to the repulping reject (Polyal). This study investigates composition and properties of repulping rejects from recycling of separately collected LPB packages. The rejects were modified in different ways, hot pressed, grinded and finally compounded with a twin screw extruder. Compositions of the compounds were characterized with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and their properties were studied with tensile testing and melt flow rate (MFR) measurements. All studied compounds had relatively good processability and mechanical properties. Properties of compounds were improved by extraction of residual fibers and melt filtering of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flakes. Especially melt filtering offered a significant improvement in strain at break from 11% to 33%. It was also found that high density polyethylene (HDPE) should be extracted from the reject and recycled separately since the extraction is relatively easy, does not cause drastic changes in the compound properties and recycled HDPE has more potential applications than the Polyal compounds.

Biotechnological methods in pulp and paper production from an alternative source of raw materials - the savior of the ecosystem

The pulp and paper industry is at its peak due to the annual growth in demand for paper products which includes packaging board, hygienic paper products, printing papers and the list is endless. To date, the main source of raw materials for pulp and paper production is wood. However, its use and the use of standard flow charts in pulp and paper production creates environmental problems. For example, deforestation to obtain raw materials leads to a disruption of biogeocenoses, and technology using alkalis and acids are sources of toxic wastewater that pollute the hydrosphere and lithosphere. In order to avoid the above environmental problems, other options for sustainable sources of raw materials can be considered, such as agricultural waste - straw. By its natural origin, straw is a non-woody plant, which will significantly simplify the flow chart of pulp and paper production, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the use of straw in production will help to reduce the risks of early global warming, since most of the straw is burned in the fields. As far as toxic wastewater emissions are concerned, they can be drastically reduced through the biological degradation of straw lignin to produce pure pulp. Biodegradation of lignin can be produced by widespread wood-destroying fungi due to their ability to synthesize lignin-degrading enzymes. Thus, the use of biological agents in pulp and paper production will make it possible to eliminate the use of caustic acids and alkalis.

Chemical imaging of contaminated recycled paper and board: Towards identification of the causality of food contamination

Contamination of recycled paper and board food packaging by mineral oil hydrocarbons caused several crises in the past years. Although the migration from paper and board to foodstuffs has been proved many times, the contamination mechanisms and causalities remain undetermined and face unresolved issues. This study takes part in the collaborative project FoodSafeBioPack, which aims at evaluating the migration of potentially carcinogenic polyaromatic molecules from recycled paper and board packaging to food. New chemical imaging methods are used to follow this contamination at the microscopic scale (fibers and fibrous network). The first images acquired of polyaromatic molecules distribution on fibers were used to develop a methodology that will help to follow their migration. The influence of using different solvents and molecules on the initial chemical potential is discussed. The description of the paper structure and initial conditions of transfer will support the development of a microscopic mass transfer model.

Consequential life-cycle assessment of treatment options for repulping reject from liquid packaging board waste treatment

Liquid packaging board is one of the highly demanded packaging mediums for liquid food and beverages, generating substantial waste each year. Even though the fibre part of the liquid packaging board is recycled through a repulping process, the plastic and aluminium are usually used for energy recovery and as alternative raw materials in cement factories. This practice reduces the life span and economic value of plastic and aluminium, which does not fit within a circular economy. The plastic and aluminium from liquid packaging board waste can be recycled mechanically and chemically. This study used the consequential life-cycle assessment method to compare the environmental impact of the recovery options of rejected materials from liquid packaging board waste treatment. Four scenarios were established: (1) energy recovery by waste incineration, (2) composite pallet production by mechanical recycling, (3) plastic pallet production by mechanical recycling, and (4) plastic pallet production by chemical recycling. The study showed that when the consumed energy was supplied from renewable sources, plastic pallet production by mechanical recycling process had the lowest environmental impact, and energy recovery by waste incineration had the highest impact. A sensitivity analysis revealed that composite pallet production by mechanical recycling process showed the best impact if the energy was sourced from the average production mix, and plastic pallet production by chemical recycling had the lowest impact when mechanically recycled plastic substituted for 0%, 30%, and 50% of virgin plastic. These results should be of interest to liquid packaging board manufacturers and other related stakeholders.

Effect of saturation adsorption of paper strength additives on the performance of paper

AbstractThe use of paper dry strength additives is one of the methods for producing packaging boards with a lower grammage while maintaining mechanical properties. In the present work, papers were formed using dissolving grade kraft fibres, kraft fibres and carboxymethylated cellulose (CMC) modified kraft fibres (C-kraft fibres), with either cationic starch (CS), anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) or anionic polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). Fibres and sheets were characterized to evaluate how the saturation adsorption of the different strength additives influences the properties of the treated fibres and the final handsheets. The tensile index of papers made from C-kraft fibres was the highest due to the highest adsorption capacity of strength additives. Moreover, the strength additives increased the tensile index by 33–84 %, while z-directional tensile strength was increased dramatically by 46–139 %. Bending stiffness was improved by 2.6–25 %, and the combination of CS and APAM or PECs resulted in a significant improvement in bending stiffness compared to the addition of CS alone. Importantly, the strength improvement did not sacrifice the density significantly. In summary, the knowledge gained from the current study expands the understanding of strength additives and their relationship with fibres of different surface charge and the overall paper properties.

Lignin emulsifying rosin for improved sizing performance and mechanical properties of liquid packaging board

Global liquid packaging industry has been greatly spurred by the rapidly growing food & beverage industry all over the world. Liquid packaging board (LPB), as the main composition (75–80 %) of laminated liquid packaging cartons, must possess high-quality of hydrophobicity and physical properties for excellent leak-proof and protecting the packaged commodity. Herein, in this study, lignin is selected to prepare lignin cationic surfactant (LCS) by quaternary ammonium modification. Then cationic lignin modified rosin size ( L -CDRS) with uniform microsphere structure and high colloidal stability is successfully synthesized via a phase inversion process to improve the sizing performance and mechanical properties of LPB. The cation modified LCS presents improved amphipathicity of rich cationic charges and hydrophobic benzene ring skeleton, thus enhancing the electrostatic interactions between LCS and pulp fibers and improving the sizing performance of L -CDRS. The sizing performance of LPB is evaluated by varying the LCS dosages within L -CDRS and concluded that the edge penetration value and Cobb value of LPB handsheets exhibit an improved size performance with 2 % LCS within L -CDRS, implying the formation of homogeneous hydrophobic surface layer induced by the well-distribution of L -CDRS. In addition, the tensile index of LPB increased from 19.74 N·m/g to 25.96 N·m/g assisted by 2 % LCS emulsified L -CDRS, indicating an improved mechanical property. This study puts forward a practical and facile strategy to improve the sizing performance and mechanical properties facilitated by lignin enhanced rosin size and will further broaden the application range of traditional rosin size and lignin in LPB products. • Lignin was modified into quaternary ammonium etherified cationic surfactant with improved emulsifying ability. • Cationic lignin can emulsify rosin to prepare L -CDRS with uniform microsphere structure and high colloidal stability. • L -CDRS exhibited a significantly improved sizing performance of LPB compared with the control rosin size. • The addition of L -CDRS contributed greatly to the enhanced mechanical properties of LPB. • The mechanism of improved sizing performance and mechanical properties of LPB induced by L -CDRS size agent was proposed.

STBEAT: Software Update on Trusted Environment Based on ARM TrustZone

In recent years, since edge computing has become more and more popular, its security issues have become apparent and have received unprecedented attention. Thus, the current research concentrates on security not only regarding devices such as PCs, smartphones, tablets, and IoTs, but also the automobile industry. However, since attack vectors have become more sophisticated than ever, we cannot just protect the zone above the system software layer in a certain operating system, such as Linux, for example. In addition, the challenges in IoT devices, such as power consumption, performance efficiency, and authentication management, still need to be solved. Since most IoT devices are controlled remotely, the security regarding system maintenance and upgrades has become a big issue. Therefore, a mechanism that can maintain IoT devices within a trusted environment based on localhost or over-the-air (OTA) will be a viable solution. We propose a mechanism called STBEAT, integrating an open-source project with ARM TrustZone to solve the challenges of upgrading the IoT system and updating system files more safely. This paper focuses on the ARMv7 architecture and utilizes the security stack from TrustZone to OP-TEE under the STM32 board package, and finally obtains the security key from the trusted application, which is used to conduct the cryptographic operations and then install the newer image on the MMC interface. To sum up, we propose a novel software update strategy and integrated ARM TrustZone security extension to beef up the embedded ecosystem.

Aluminum nanoparticles from liquid packaging board improve the competitiveness of (bio)diesel

Aluminum nanoparticles from liquid packaging board improve the competitiveness of (bio)diesel

Press-forming molded pulp from repulped liquid packaging board: Role of heat input, pressing force, and defect formation

Laboratory sheets were prepared from repulped liquid packaging board (LPB) for press-forming experiments and tensile tests to study convertibility and mechanical properties of molded pulp material developed from the repulped LPB. Maximum forming depth was utilized as a convertibility indicator, and defect formation in press-formed molded pulp samples was observed with a visual analysis. Female mold temperature and pressing force were altered among press-forming parameters. The results showed that the laboratory sheets had a limited convertibility. The fragile structure of the laboratory sheets was connected to negative effects from the presence of plastic particles in the material. Increased heat input and decreased pressing force improved the convertibility, and the defect formation during the press-forming was aggravated by flattening of the material in flange and bottom regions of the samples. The use of repulped LPB as the raw material in the manufacturing of molded pulp by press-forming was found viable, and the presented solution offers an ecological alternative to conventional recycling of LPB.

Optimal Design of Double-Walled Corrugated Board Packaging.

Designing corrugated board packaging is a real challenge, especially when the packaging material comes from multiple recycling. Recycling itself is a pro-ecological and absolutely necessary process, but the mechanical properties of materials that are processed many times deteriorate with the number of cycles. Manufacturers are trying to use unprecedented design methods to preserve the load-bearing capacity of packaging, even when the material itself is of deteriorating quality. An additional obstacle in the process of designing the structure of paper packaging is the progressive systematic reduction of the grammage (the so-called lightweight process) of corrugated cardboard. Therefore, this research presents a critical look at the process of optimal selection of corrugated cardboard for packaging structures, depending on the paper used. The study utilizes analytical, simplified formulas to estimate the strength of cardboard itself as well as the strength of packaging, which are then analyzed to determine their sensitivity to changes in cardboard components, such as the types of paper of individual layers. In the performed sensitivity analysis, numerical homogenization was used, and the influence of initial imperfections on the packaging mechanics was determined. The paper presents a simple algorithm for the optimal selection of the composition of corrugated cardboard depending on the material used and the geometry of the packaging, which allows for a more conscious production of corrugated cardboard from materials derived, e.g., from multiple recycling.