Package Shape Research Articles

Factors that Influence the Perceived Healthiness of Food-Review.

The interest of consumers is the consumption of healthy food, whereas the interest of food manufacturers is that consumers recognize the produced “healthier” food items on the shelves, so they can satisfy their demands. This way, identifying the factors that influence the perceived healthiness of food products is a mutual interest. What causes consumers to consider one product more beneficial to health than another? In recent years, numerous studies have been published on the topic of the influence of several health-related factors on consumer perception. This analysis collected and categorized the research results related to this question. This review collects 59 articles with the help of the search engines Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, MDPI and Emerald Insight between 1 January 2014 and 31 March 2019. Our paper yielded six separate categories that influence consumers in their perception of the healthiness of food items: the communicated information—like FoP labels and health claims, the product category, the shape and colour of the product packaging, the ingredients of the product, the organic origin of the product, and the taste and other sensory features of the product.

The Strength of Egg Trays under Compression: A Numerical and Experimental Study.

This work concerns the analysis of egg packages subjected to compression. Experimental investigations were carried out to determine the curves of compression and maximum loads. To compare packages accessible on the market, several different shapes of egg packages were tested after being conditioned in air with a relative humidity of 50%. Several paper structures in stock were compressed. By validating the experiment results, numerical computations based on the finite element method (FEM) were executed. The estimations of a numerical model were performed with the use of the perfect plasticity of paper and with the assumption of large strains and deflections. Our own two structures of egg packaging were taken into account: basic and modified. The material of the packages was composed of 90% recovered paper and 10% coconut fibres. This paper involved the numerical modelling of such complex packaging. Moreover, our research showed that introducing several features into the structures of the packaging can improve the stiffness and raise the maximum load. Thanks to the application of ribs and grooves, the strength ratio and compression stiffness, in comparison to the basic tray, increased by approximately 23.4% and 36%, respectively. Moreover, the obtained indexes of modified trays were higher than the majority of the studied market trays.

PENGARUH KEMASAN, LABEL HALAL, LABEL IZIN P-IRT TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN KONSUMEN UMKM KERUPUK IKAN

The role of SMEs (Small Medium Enterprise) in the economic development of a region is very important, as is the case with Rembang Regency. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence consumer decisions in making purchases so that business people can find out the factors that play an important role in achieving customer satisfaction. Therefore, researchers see the most important thing in a product that will be perceived first by consumers, namely or packaging, halal label and P-IRT label from the Health Office. This type of research used in this research is quantitative research with this research approach is explanatory research. This research was conducted in June-August 2019 to consumers of fish crackers in Rembang Regency. Data collection techniques in this study using a questionnaire. Questionnaire Data analysis techniques in this study used multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the analysis in this study concluded that the product packaging is very influential on the purchasing decision of consumers of fish crackers in Rembang Regency. Packaging attributes such as packaging shape, type of size, the color of packaging, packaging motif and logo packaging are able to convince consumers to buy fish crackers. In contrast to the halal label attribute and permit label from the Dinkes P-IRT which does not have an effect on the fish cracker purchasing decision .

Analyzing the environmental sustainability of packaging for household appliances: A test case

Nowadays, packaging represents around 35% of the total municipal solid waste yearly generated. This paper aims at analyzing a methodology to support the redesign of a sustainable packaging for the household appliances. The approach considers the environmental impacts related to geometrical parameters and materials. In particular, here the test case is focused on the packaging for kitchen hoods. Through the proposed method, based on the use of virtual prototyping tools, an eco-design approach has been identified to analyze the main environmental impacts. A packaging redesign has been performed to reduce waste and increase the use of the components from the perspective of the circular economy. This study has been performed in accordance with the international standards ISO 14040/14044, by using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) from Cradle to Gate. The integration with a CAD tool has been considered to redefine the packaging shape, materials, and internal composition, keeping the same standard requirements (performance, security, etc.). LCA software SimaPro 8.5 has been used to carry out the life cycle assessment, and ReCiPe method has been chosen for the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). A comparison has been proposed between a traditional packaging for household appliances and a new solution which integrates an interior part in molded pulp. The results show the possibility to cut down the environmental impacts of approximately 15% by a redesign with a molded pulp interior and avoiding EPS structures.

Shape Matters: Package Shape Informs Brand Status Categorization and Brand Choice

Ten studies examine package shape as a cue for brand status categorization. The authors show that products in tall, slender packages are more likely to be categorized as high-end products (high brand status) than those in short, wide packages (low brand status; studies 1a&b). This effect is driven by a Shape-SES lay theory (a person's body shape is associated with his or her socioeconomic status) that consumers apply to categorize products as high versus low in brand status (studies 2a–c), and this application process occurs spontaneously (studies 3a–b). The authors showcase the retailing implications of this work in two contexts—when consumers get free-sample products (study 4a) and when they engage in conspicuous consumption (study 4b). The theoretical contributions, retailing implications, and directions for future research are discussed.

Shaping up: How package shape and consumer body conspire to affect food healthiness evaluation

Integrating research on human body shapes with studies of health cues in food package design, this research explores how food packages resembling humanoid shapes impact consumers’ evaluation of food healthiness. Adopting a self-referencing perspective, two studies show that packages resembling slim humanoid shapes lead to foods being evaluated as healthier, especially with female consumers whose bodily characteristics mark them as being not thin. Study 1 uses packages designed to mimic humanoid body shapes and shows that slimness effects depend on consumer gender and body mass index (BMI): The heuristic that slim packages contain more healthy foods is more pronounced with women and increasing BMI. Study 2 replicates these findings and offers process evidence for self-referencing as a mediator of the package slimness – healthiness evaluation. Together the findings highlight package shape as an important cue to food healthiness evaluation and aid marketers and designers in better matching packages to target audiences and products.

PENILAIAN RANCANGAN KEMASAN BAKPIA BERBENTUK RANTANG MENGGUNAKAN METODE QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT (QFD)

Bakpia is one food product that uses duplex cardboard as packaging material. Buying bakpia both in a small or big amount of packages need secondary packaging such as plastic bags and cardboards. “Rantang”-shaped packaging is designed to get practical, enviromental friendly, and attractive packaging. The objective of this research is to find out the importance level of customer attribute (Whats) against “rantang”-shaped packaging and to find out the technical responses that must be carried out by a manufacturer in order the packaging design is accepted by consumers. QFD method is used to find out consumers’ needs and desires as well as to systematically evaluate packaging capabilities sampled from 30 respondents. QFD method comprises of 7 phases, namely, collecting consumer voice, organizing House of Quality (HoQ), creating technical response, determining the technical response relationship to consumer needs, determining technical relations, benchmarking, and target. Results show the highest scores for importance level of consumer attribute go to packaging shape and packaging design with Importance to customer score of 4,67 dan 4,43 which are above average. Manufacturers should pay more attention to visual packaging design, packaging convenience while carrying, practical, varius number of stack, maximum limit of stack, appropriate cardboard, and precise packaging size as technical responses.

Investigation of Conductor Packages and Contact Geometries for Stranded Copper Wires

For electrical connections, stranded copper wires are commonly used. Solid wires form one contact resistance between the conductor and the busbar. In contrast, stranded wires additionally give rise to inner cross resistances between the individual strands. The total resistance of stranded wires depends on the shape of the conductor package, which influences the number of vertical and horizontal strands. In this paper, the conductor package of stranded wires is investigated with analytical methods. A model for calculating total resistances is presented. Measurements with different conductor packages are carried out and compared to calculated values. For wide conductor packages, the lowest resistances are found. In addition, the impact of contact geometries is examined; beads with low contact radii tend to show the lowest resistances.

‘Shaping perceptions’: Exploring how the shape of transparent windows in packaging designs affects product evaluation

Much previous work has demonstrated that the shape of different design elements, when viewed in relation to food, can influence consumers’ evaluations, perceptions, and intentions regarding the food viewed. However, relatively few studies have focused specifically on packaging design and, to date, just one has considered the shape of transparent packaging, a prevalent feature of modern packaging designs. We report the results of two within-participants online studies aimed at rapidly exploring the consequences of any crossmodal correspondences elicited by shape in the novel context of transparent windows on packaging design. Across both experiments, 209 participants viewed a subset of 7 window shapes, across 4 ‘faux’ brands in different product categories. Each packaging design was rated for expected overall liking of the product; willingness to purchase, tastiness, sourness, and sweetness, design innovativeness, and design attractiveness. Certain previous findings were replicated, in that a preference for circular (vs. rectangular) windows, and for upwards- (vs. downwards-)pointing triangles, was found. However, crossmodal correspondences between circular shapes and sweetness, and angular shapes and sourness, were not robustly observed. Explanations for this unpredicted finding are suggested. Furthermore, implications and recommendations for commercial practitioners of packaging design are made.

Pulsation behavior of a bubble generated by a deep underwater explosion

This paper reports on experiments involving deep underwater explosion (UNDEX) that were conducted in a pressure container. The bubble pulsation behavior due to the deep UNDEX is recorded by a high-speed camera for equivalent depths up to 350 m. The bubble images show that although the shape of the explosive package affects the bubble shape at the initial moment, the bubble easily becomes spherical in shallow water which is 0.8m and 100m depth, but never becomes spherical during the whole first pulsation in deep water which is 200m, 300m and 350m in this paper. Solutions of the Rayleigh–Plesset equation fit well with the experimental data, and the value of the polytropic index γ of the gaseous detonation products changes from 1.25 to 1.3 as the depth is increased. Finally, empirical laws governing the pulsation of a deep-UNDEX bubble are established. The experimental pulsation period and that from the Rayleigh–Plesset equation agree with that obtained empirically, but the maximum radius is smaller than the empirical one. This phenomenon shows that the water depth not only creates a high hydrostatic pressure for the bubble but also changes the energy-release process of a deep UNDEX.

PENGARUH PROMOSI DAN KUALITAS PRODUK TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN DENGAN BRAND IMAGE SEBAGAI VARIABEL MEDIASI

The level of product sales / sales turnover can indicate purchasing decisions by consumers. Based on data from CV Champion, the sales turnover of Frisian Flag product sales in the Madiun area fluctuates and never reaches the target. Based on interview resut can be known if there is a problem of public perception of the quality of Frisian Flag products and the lack of promotional activities for Frisian Flag purefarm ready-to-drink milk causes the brand image of Frisian Flag purefarm ready-to-drink is not strong, resulting in the level of sales has not reached the target. This type of research is explanatory research. Sampling using techniques is incidental sampling of 100 respondents. This research uses the IBM SPSS version 16.0 assistance program and analysis for intervention intervention variables. Based on the results of research that shows a positive and significant promotion of brand image, product quality affects positively and significantly on brand image, positive and significant promotion of purchasing decisions, positive and significant product quality on purchasing decisions, positive and significant brand image on purchasing decisions, there is a positive and significant influence on purchasing decisions through brand image, there is a positive and significant influence on purchasing decisions through brand imageSuggestions are given in order to improve purchasing decisions with improvement efforts on promotional variables, product quality and brand image. In the aspect of promotion can increase the frequency of sales promotion, make ads more attractive so that messages can be more talked about by consumers and make consumers interested in buying products. In the aspect of product quality, the company can develop products to provide more nutrition, make packaging shapes more attractive, and provide more attractive and diverse packaging colors. In the aspect of brand image can give a message to consumers who are trying to make consumers loyal to the product.

Construction of algorithms to automatically determine individual indicators when assessing the shape quality of cross-wound packages

The paper addresses issues related to the selection of individual indicators to estimate the shape quality of cross-wound packages, as well as the construction of algorithms to determine them automatically. We have developed a method for evaluating the quality of shape of cross-wound packages based on the integrated indicator. To substantiate individual indicators, an expert poll was performed to rank defects in the shape of packages according to the degree of their influence on the suitability of packages for processing at subsequent technological transitions. To quantify each of the specified defect in the shape of a bobbin, we defined individual indicators that make it possible to quantify their impact. We have developed decisive rules and algorithms to calculate them based on the earlier obtained array of data on the coordinates of points at the bobbin’s surface. We have determined a score-based estimate of the influence of each indicator, which characterizes defects in winding, on the suitability of packages for processing at subsequent technological transitions. A comprehensive assessment of the package shape could be obtained using a method of weighted index. The mean weighted index is constructed as a dependence whose arguments are the individual quality parameters and their weighted parameters. Given this, we derived a dependence to calculate the integrated quality indicator of the bobbin’s shape. The higher the value for this indicator, the higher the quality of the controlled package. We have assessed the applicability of the constructed integrated quality indicator to analyzing the shape of packages. To this end, we analyzed a batch of packages, which confirmed the reproducibility of the process of analysis of the package shape using the proposed integrated indicator; as well as correspondence between estimates, derived using the proposed procedure, and visual assessments. A method for the integrated quantification of package shape makes it possible to conduct optimization experiments and to assign, based on them, such adjustable parameters for winding mechanisms that would ensure that packages of the required quality are received. The process of designing new winding equipment could be based on the necessary means to regulate a winding process

ВПЛИВ ЗОВНІШНЬОГО ВИГЛЯДУ УПАКОВКИ ТОВАРІВ НА ПОВЕДІНКУ ПОКУПЦЯ

The packaging of goods is one of the elements of management in the marketing product policy of the enterprise. It plays an important role in providing the competitiveness of the product. Packing the product influences on the consumer behavior at all the stages consumer decision-making process – at the first glance, which attracts attention to the vivid packaging of the product from the seller's website to its recycled or reused. Marketers at the stage of product packaging development and modification take various decisions regarding its attributes, such as color, shape, aesthetics, ergonomics, informativeness, quality of raw materials for packaging and its safety, durability and methods of using packaging, transportation, its utilization, etc. This determines the relevance of our research. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the shape of the package and its color on the behavior of the buyer, the reason for changing behavior due to consumption of goods with a certain shape and color of the package. Based on the generalized scientific concepts of packaging influence on consumer behavior, its shape and color, on the example of several well-known brands, the influence of packaging cosmetic products on the behavior of consumers is shown, namely, how packaging determines the demand for products depending on the age, consumer's attitude of life style. The article shows how the shape and color of packaging determine the psycho-emotional state of the consumer, his desire for life, tastes and preferences. Such information is valuable to marketers when defining the target audience of a brand, developing new packaging, and identifying sources for increasing the consumer value of a product. Not only high-quality packaging values in terms of storage, transportation, informing, etc. but above all, its attractiveness combined with harmonious geometric shapes can enhance the competitiveness of the product on the market.

The Influence of Color and Shape of Package Design on Consumer Preference: The Case of Orange Juice

Building on existing research regarding product packaging and the factors that have the most notable influence on buying preference, pricing and other elements of bottled orange juice, this study expands understanding of how two key factors, color and shape, build synergy and influence consumer attention and ultimately their purchasing choices. This research used three field studies to isolate and test the effect of color and shape on the product’s perceived quality, consumer’s preference and pricing. The results presented here, and the consequent discussion may provide useful insight for design and marketing managers when setting prices and selecting packaging color and shape for creating synergy and augmenting quality perception and buying preference.

Influences of visual attributes of food packaging on consumer preference and associations with taste and healthiness

AbstractTwo experiments designed to investigate how the shape and colour of packaging, and product category, conjointly impact consumers’ product and packaging expectations are reported. In Experiment 1, the shape (rounded vs. angular) and visual appearance (greyscale, red‐to‐yellow and blue‐to‐green colour schemes) of the packaging were manipulated. Dependent measures were preference (willingness to purchase the product, how attention‐capturing the packaging is, and the pleasantness of the design) and any taste associations. In Experiment 2, shape (rounded vs. angular), colour (red‐to‐yellow vs. blue‐to‐green colour schemes), and product category (buttery vs. cereal cookies) were manipulated. In this case, the dependent measures were the perceived product healthiness and the preference of consumers. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that packaging colour influenced product preference. Red‐to‐yellow and blue‐to‐green colour schemes and angular packaging were preferred over greyscale and round packaging. Colour also influenced taste associations, while shape only influenced ratings of expected sweetness. In Experiment 2, packaging shape and product category influenced product preference. In particular, rounded packaging and the packaging of buttery cookies were preferred over angular packaging and the cereal cookies packaging. The healthiness of the product was rated higher for the rounded and red‐to‐yellow packaging containing a buttery product. Taken together, these results highlight the important role played by colour, shape, and category on the expectations and associations elicited by viewing product packaging.

Effects of packaging parameters on the inactivation of Salmonella contaminating mixed vegetables in plastic packages using atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma treatment

Effects of packaging parameters on the inactivation of Salmonella contaminating mixed vegetables in plastic packages using atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma treatment (ADCPT) were investigated. The inactivation rate of indigenous aerobes of grape tomatoes in low density polyethylene packaging (1.2 log CFU/tomato) was higher than that in polyethylene terephthalate packaging (0.8 log CFU/tomato). Increasing oxygen concentration in the package headspace by 85% did not affect the Salmonella reduction rate. However, an increase in the volume ratio of headspace to sample from 30:1 to 43:1, a change from indirect treatment to direct treatment, and the use of secondary packaging led to an increase in the Salmonella reduction rates by 1.2, 2.3, and 0.7 log CFU/tomato, respectively. The water vapor permeability of the tested packages increased after ADCPT by 16.7–41.7%, while tensile properties, transparency, glass transition temperature, and surface morphology did not change. Differences in inactivation effects according to package shape were eliminated by shaking during treatment. The results demonstrated the packaging parameter-dependent efficacy of in-package ADCPT and effective ADCPT for mixed vegetable decontamination with minimal package property modification.

Consumers’ perception of usability of product packaging and impulse buying

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the impact of consumers’ perception of usability of product packaging on impulse buying in terms of its shape, color, material, label and size.Design/methodology/approachA structural equation model was used for testing the conceptual model. The present research is an applied research and a descriptive survey. By using non-probability sampling, 388 customers of different malls in Shiraz City (Iran) were selected and surveyed by using questionnaires.FindingsResults showed that appropriate material, shape and labeling of packaging have a significant positive influence on consumers’ perception of usability of product packaging, while color and size of packaging do not have an impact on consumers’ perception of a product usability. Moreover, results showed that consumers’ perception of the usability of packaging has a significant positive influence on impulse buying. Consumers’ mood and time pressure had also positive influence on impulse buying, but their moderating role in their influence of consumers’ perception on impulse buying decision was not supported.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough this research contributes to the product management literature, it has some limitations. For instance, the research model was tested in only one city in Iran (Shiraz). Besides, it is specific to only two product categories and concentrates mainly on consumers’ mood and time pressure as moderating factors.Originality/valueTo the best of authors’ knowledge, this study is the first research which examines the structural relationship of packaging elements on consumers’ perception of reusability of packaging and impulse buying while considering consumers’ moods and time pressure as moderator variables.

Look at that body! How anthropomorphic package shapes systematically appeal to consumers

ABSTRACTThe manuscript identifies how anthropomorphized packages elicit aesthetic appeal. Specifically, we shed light on the effectiveness of applying evolutionary relevant shapes, which are figures of attractive female (i.e. hourglass-shaped) and male (i.e. V-shaped) bodies, to consumer goods’ package design. Results of two lexical decision tasks (Study 1a and 1b) show that when consumers observe a package shaped after an ideal body figure, the mental schema of the human body spontaneously becomes activated. In turn, accessible knowledge of the activated schema influences consumer responses. Two studies (Studies 2a and 2b) demonstrate that packages of gender-neutral consumer goods shaped after an ideal body figure generate aesthetic appeal and favourable product evaluations. A final study (Study 3) reveals that when the package of a gender-specific consumer good is being anthropomorphized, a gender-schema congruity effect occurs: aesthetic appeal is elicited when the package shape is congruent with the target user's ideal body figure.

THE MARKETING RESEARCH OF MILITARY SERVICE PEOPLE’S CONSUMER PREFERENCES OF DRY PRODUCT PACKAGES AND WAYS OF THEIR IMPROVEMENT

Basing on the survey of respondents, a marketing research was carried out on military service people’s consumer motivations and benefits for the existing dry product package and ways to improve it, as well as on the attitude towards the consumption of instant cereals. The results of the survey showed that military service people were not satisfied with the existing daily field product package; the majority were not comfortable with the sameness of the assortment, cooking time, inconvenient packaging, and lack of individual flatware. It is found that the most important factors for military service people when choosing instant cereals are taste, composition/safety, nutritional and energy value, and the least important are the shape and design of packaging. The analysis of the responses about the nature of the most common negative body changes resulting from the respondents’ professional activity indicates that the development of instant cereals on the basis of natural components is promising, as these components can prevent fatigue and certain diseases. 68% of the people interviewed are already comfortable with the inclusion of instant cereals with improved consumer properties into the daily field product package, and other consumers’ attitude to them can be significantly improved by explaining to them the benefits of this product. A potential consumer wants to get a product that has a meat and fruit flavor with improved consumer properties, and what is the most important, the product should be tasty, of high quality, and harmless. Military service people will be the main consumers, regardless of their age, occupation, and education.The application of the marketing research on servicemen’s consumer preferences made it possible to identify those consumer preferences that must be taken into account when improving the set of dry products and developing new instant cereals in order to meet the potential consumers’ demand for these products

Experimental and numerical studies for the air cooling of fresh cauliflowers

The fresh vegetable farm produce needs to be cooled after the harvest before the shipment and the sale. The cooling duration is very sensitive to several parameters: foodstuffs nature (size, weight, properties), harvest period, packaging shapes, climatic conditions … In this paper, experimental and numerical investigations focused on forced air-cooling and room cooling of fresh cauliflowers are presented. For this vegetable, the optimal storage conditions are 4–7 °C and 90–98% relative humidity. As cauliflower is a voluminous (15–20 cm diameter) and heavy vegetable (600 g to more than 2000 g), the cooling process lasts generally several hours (>10 h) in the case of conventional room cooling. In order to apprehend the cooling kinetics of these products, some experiments carried out on a laboratory experimental set-up and on industrial site are presented. A 1D numerical model is firstly implemented to predict the temperature field and the mass loss of a single product. Several heat transfer mechanisms occur at the surface: convection, evaporation and long-wavelength infrared radiation. Based on in-situ experiments during which product temperature, air temperature and hygrometry were monitored, a second model is developed to simultaneously determine the temperature and the mass loss of several products placed in conventional room cooling. Comparisons between simulations and experiments show relevant results.