Pack Carburizing Research Articles

Low-carbon steel fatigue behavior after pack carburizing with buffalo bone charcoal and barium carbonate media

The pack carburizing method is a technique that can be employed to enhance the surface hardness of Low-Carbon Steel (LCS). This method can potentially improve the hardness of the material while maintaining its strength. This study aims to investigate how different carburizing media, specifically varying percentages of Buffalo Bone Charcoal (BBC) powder as a carbon source, impact the mechanical properties of LCS. The temperature in the carburizing process ranges from 850°C and 950°C while maintaining a holding time of 2 hours. The carbon derived from buffalo bone charcoal is finely ground and mixed with barium carbonate (BaCO3) as the energizer during this process. This study used different ratios of BBC powder and BaCO3 as carburizing mediums. The ratios tested were 60% BBC + 40% BaCO3, 70% BBC + 30% BaCO3, and 80% BBC + 20% BaCO3, based on the weight of the BBC powder used in the carburizing process. The steel will be combined with BaCO3 and powdered BBC for this research. Next, the fatigue test was examined. BBC in the pack carburizing process increases LCS carbon content by 0.735% from 0.268%. This change alters the steel's microstructure, possibly increasing its hardness and wear resistance. The direct link between BBC concentration and LCS carbon enrichment shows the process's efficiency. Pack carburizing also improves LCS fatigue strength. This improvement is due to higher BBC concentration, smaller carburizing medium particles, and higher processing temperatures. After carburizing, the LCS can resist 36,625 to 61,435 cycles.

Wear and corrosion resistance behavior of Zr-2.5Nb by pack carburizing and boronizing

In this work, carbonized and boronized layers of 4–9 μm were prepared by high temperature pack carburizing and boronizing in Zr-2.5Nb alloys, respectively. Differences in phase composition, elemental distribution, wear resistance and corrosion resistance between carburized and boronized layers were compared. The results showed that the carbonized layer was mainly composed of ZrC and NbC, and the boronized layer was composed of ZrC and ZrB2. Both carburizing and boronizing treatments enlarged the corrosion potential in 3.5 % Nacl and 5 % HCl solutions, and the pitting potential is also higher than that of the substrate sample. Among all the treated samples, the 1000 °C-C1 sample had the lowest corrosion current density of 9.81 × 10−6 A/cm2 in 3.5 % NaCl solution, but they are all slightly higher than substrate. And their wear volume was only 16 % -50 % of that of the substrate.

Hardness and Microstructural Characterization of Pack Carburizing AISI 1020 Low-Carbon Steel by Temperature and Holding Time Variations

Recently, low-carbon steel is often used as a basic material for automotive spare parts on the market. This study aims to improve the quality of carbon steel which is not inferior to that made by manufacturers where the price is relatively affordable by carrying out pack carburizing. This study used the pack carburizing method, AISI 1020 low-carbon steel as a starting material and used fine coconut shell charcoal powder as a carbon source mixed with Na2CO3 as an energizer. Pack carburizing uses temperature variations of 850oC, 875oC and 900oC, aims to find out how the results of hardness and microstructure values for variations of temperature and holding time. And also use SAE 20w-40 oil as a quenching medium. The highest hardness results were obtained on specimens with a heating temperature of 900oC with a holding time of 60 minutes, with an average hardness value of 54.21 HRC. Accompanied by the phase formed, namely 61% pearlite 39% ferrite.

Increased hardness value due to the diffusion of low-temperature carburizing process

This research to determine the effect of the tensile load on the carburizing process and the heating temperature lower than the normal carburizing temperature on the hardness of carbon steel with a percentage of 80% buffalo bone charcoal and 20% BaCO3, 20 mesh grain size, 4 hours holding time, and slow cooling with a tensile load of 1/4σp 1/2σp 3/4σp, and σp (proportional stress). The heating temperatures below normal carburizing temperatures, namely 6000C, 6500C, 7000C, and 7500C while being pulled by 1/4σp, 1/2σp, 3/4σp, and σp. After reaching the heating temperature, the material is held in the furnace for 4 hours and cooled slowly. After the material is cold, mechanical testing is carried out with Vickers microhardness. Hardness value at a temperature of 6000C is 103.93 HRB, at a temperature of 6500C is 104.33 HRB, at a temperature of 7000C is 104.80 HRB, and at a temperature of 7500C is 106.60 HRB, while the process of pack carburizing without tensile at a heating temperature of 8000C is 105.2 HRB. This proves that the application of loads at lower heating temperatures during the heating process can exceed the hardness value without tensile loads at higher temperatures of 8000 C.

ANALISA PENGARUH HOLDING TIME DAN TEMPERATUR PADA PACK CARBURIZING MENGGUNAKAN LIMBAH KULIT SINGKONG TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK BAJA 1020

The purpose of this study to determine the effect holding time on increasing the surface hardness of AISI 1020 steel material and analyzing the physical and mechanical properties of the results pack carburizing cassava peel waste on AISI 1020 steel. Process pack carburizing in this study have variations temperature 875oC and 900oC withholding time 60 minutes, 80 minutes, 100 minutes and 120 minutes. The catalyst used in this study was a carbonate compound, namely 20% BaCo3 to accelerate the reaction of adding carbon. The research results show that pack carburizing from cassava peel waste carbon can increase the surface hardness of AISI 1020 steel or part of the mechanical properties of the material. Testing at a temperature of 875oC withholding time 60 minutes which is 10.7 HRC and is the lowest value in the study while the highest hardness value occurs at a temperature of 900OC withholding time 120 minutes is 48.2 HRC. Microstructure observation results (metallography) on the edges indicates the martensite phase. The more martensite phase, the higher the value of the surface hardness of the steel material in the same direction as the effect of the length of holding time(holding time)

Identifying of chemical composition changes during the carburizing process of carbon steel under tension

Carburizing is a commonly employed technique used to improve carbon steel’s surface characteristics, specifically its hardness and ability to resist wear. The introduction of tension during the carburizing process adds complexities that affect the distribution of elements in the material. The research methodology includes subjecting carbon steel samples to carburizing temperatures and applying tensile stress. This approach allows for analyzing the effects of carburization and stress on the carbon steel samples. The focus of the investigation was to analyze the use of the pack carburizing technique at lower temperatures, specifically 700 °C and 750 °C, while also applying proportional-voltage tensile stresses. The study focuses on conducting a comprehensive analysis of changes in the chemical composition throughout the cross-section of the material. Advanced analytical techniques perform mapping and elemental spectrum analysis, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). These techniques enable a thorough investigation of the distribution and composition of elements such as carbon, iron, silicon, magnesium, and phosphorus. According to the research findings, carbon elements were added within the temperature range of 700 °C to 750 °C during the carburization process. The carbon content in the material increased from 0.15 % in its unprocessed state to 0.73 % at a temperature of 700 °C, followed by a further increase to 1.26 % at a temperature of 750 °C. According to the study, it was found that applying tensile loads and reducing carburizing temperatures can enhance the carburizing process and result in higher carbon steel content. This can bring about cost savings and improve overall industrial efficiency

Making of Pressure Springs From Low Carbon Steel St 37 Material as an Alternative to Standard Pressure Springs in Mold Construction Through Solid Carburation Processes

Compression Spring is one of standard components type that are widely used in machinery construction, as well as in mold construction that serves to restore the position of the ejector mould into position. This study aims to find alternative materials for standard compression spring using specimen test of low carbon steel St 37 in the form of a compression spring is made by using coiling process followed to heat treatment processes such as pack carburizing, hardening, quenching and tempering. To ensure the quality process, the tests should be done in the laboratory such us the hardness test, the distribution of hardness, microstructure and deflection of the spring test. The pack carburizing is done at a temperature of 925ºC with a holding time of 2.5 hours, followed by a case hardening process at a temperature of 870ºC with a holding time of 12.5 minute and quenched on medium oil and tempered at a temperature of 350ºC. The results of this research show that the method used to generate the average value of 456.57 HV and have ? – martensite microstructure and also the compression spring deflection average value of 18.625 N/mm on 613.9 N. Those data approaches the compression spring standard value of hardness, microstructure and deflection. Based on the data analysis, low carbon steel St 37 can be used as alternative material for standard compression spring.

Pengaruh Variasi Holding Time pada Proses Pack Carburizing dengan Arang Tempurung Kelapa Barium Carbonat Terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Mekanik Baja ST 42

Iron-based production machine components are chosen to support productivity. Steel is a metal material that is easily found on the market, but it has not fulfilled the desires of consumers in the market. This steel can be hardened by heat treatment (heat treatment). The surface treatment process is carried out to obtain the desired hardness, this can be done by increasing the carbon (C) element in the steel material, the carbon content in the standard steel structure is 0.3% - 0.59% the carbon content will have an effect. on hardness, one way to increase the element carbon (C) in steel and increase the hardness on its surface is by carburizing. This research will examine the hardness level of low carbon steel by using a pack carburizing process with different times of 2; 2.5 and 3 hours and the quenching process with pure water media.. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of holding time on the pack carburizing process with coconut shell charcoal - barium carbonat on the hardness value of ST 42 steel. Besides that for effect of holding time on the pack carburizing process with coconut shell charcoal on the microstructure. There are differences in the surface hardness and microstructure values ​​ before and after the carburizing process. Where the highest hardness value occurs at a holding time of 3 hours with a hardness value of 872.9 HVN or an increase of 382% of the raw material and is supported by the dominance of the martensite phase which is more and more evenly distributed. Compared to the ST 42 steel raw material before the pack carburizing process was carried out, the hardness value was 174.8 HVN. A dominant microstructure consisting of a ferrite phase and a little bit of pearlite dominance.

Characteristics of ASTM A36 steel mechanical properties in pack carburizing with carburizing agent coconut shell charcoal and goat bone powder mixed

In the study the specimens were ASTM A36 low carbon steel pack carburizing at 950℃, soaking time variations of 1, 2 and 3 hours. The carburizing agent is a mixture of coconut shell charcoal and goat bone powder (Capra aegagrus hircus). The size of the powder is 100 mesh, with variations in weight percentage between goat bone powder and coconut shell charcoal: 10%:90%, 20% : 80%, and 30% : 70%. Furthermore, the impact test, hardness, microstructure test and composition test were carried out, to determine the mechanical properties of the specimens. The results of the study show, soaking time and the composition of the carburizing agent affect the mechanical properties of the specimen The lowest impact toughness of 0,0576 joules/mm2 was obtained by the specimen at a soaking time of 1 hour, the composition of the carburizing agent (% wt goat bone powder: coconut shell charcoal) 20% : 80%. The highest surface hardness value was 854.734 Kg/mm2 at 3 hours soaking time with 10%:90% carburizing media composition. The results of microstructure observations showed that in specimens treated with pack carburizing ferrite structure, pearlite turned into martensite.

Mechanical Properties Of Pack Carburized AISI 4340 With Variation Energizer Composition of Barium Carbonate (BaCO3) And Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="right"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>The aim of this research was to determine the mechanical strength of AISI 4340 steel after pack carburizing with variation of barium carbonate (BaCO<sub>3</sub>) and sodium carbonate (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) as energizer. The various ratios of energizer: 40/60, 50/50 and 60/40 w/w%. Mechanical test was conducted to determine tensile (ASTM E-8), impact charpy strength (ASTM E-23), rockwell hardness number (ASTM E-18) and microstructure characterization (ASTM E-3). Both type specimens were temperature pack carburized is 950ºC and holding time is 3 hours. Results showed that specimen C has a lowest ultimate tensile strength mean values than the other specimens, which is 333.43±30.22 MPa. The results of the impact test showed that the lowest impact energy value is found in specimen C, which is 4.32 joules and the highest impact energy value is found in specimens without treatment, which is 15.80 joules. Based on microscope observation indicated that microstructure of specimen was martensite structure increase and the results of the hardness test was influenced by martensite phase, specimen C has the highest hardness compared to other specimens, which is 80.70 HRC while the untreated specimen is 56.90 HRC.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

Pengerasan Permukaan Baja Karbon Rendah Melalui Proses Pack Carburizing Dengan Menggunakan Arang Cangkang Kemiri

The easiest and most frequently used way to increase the surface hardness of the steel while maintaining its inner ductility is the Pack Carburizing process. By using a carburizer from candlenut shell charcoal as a carbon source, sodium carbonate as a catalyst and SAE 20 oil as a cooling medium. The research variables were T1 = 850o C, T2 = 900o C, T3 = 950o C, T4 = 1000o C while the holding time used was 120 minutes. The highest hardness from the research results was found at T3 900o C = 543.8 HV followed by T2 950o C = 542.8 HV, T1 850o C = 529.2 HV, and T4 1000o C = 527.4 HV

Peningkatan Nilai Kekerasan Baja Karbon Rendah AISI 1018 melalui Proses Pack Karburizing dengan Media Batok Kelapa

Low carbon materials are one of the steels which have a composition of carbon ranging from 0.005 to 0.3%. Generally, these materials have good ductility and flexibility so they are good enough to be applied for automotive industry’s components. Unfortunately, they do not possess an excellent hardness as well as wear resistance. Thus, in order to enhance the hardness and wear resistance, carburizing is obligatory required. The carburizing process is a diffusion of carbon from the higher to lower concentration in a high temperature condition, following the gradient concentration. In addition, the process demands a source of active carbons and energizer. In this study, the coconut shells are possibly harnessed as a high-rich carbon material besides charcoals due to its availability and environmentally-friendly materials. Hardness test is measured in ten distinct points by using vicker-hardness scale in accordance with ASTM E 384. The hardness of the AISI 1018 increases after pack carburizing process by nearly 20 HVN. It grows from 131 HVN before the process to 150 and 165 HVN after the heating by 900°C and 950°C respectively. The increase is affected by the diffusion of carbon from coconut shells into the layer of AISI 1018 in which the coconut shells are having a higher carbon content compared to the layer. Furthermore, the higher heating temperature will accelerate the diffusion rate of carbon. As a result, the hardness of AISI 1018 at the higher heating temperature will also become larger.

PERBAIKAN SIFAT MEKANIK DODOS KELAPA SAWIT PRODUK LOKAL MELALUI PROSES PACK CARBURIZING DAN MODIFIED MARTEMPERING

This paper aims to enhance the quality and service life of local product oil palm harvesting chisels so that they can compete with imported products, which until now are mostly used by oil palm harvesters in Indonesia. To achieve these objectives, the method of improving the mechanical properties of chisels was chosen through the pack carburizing and modified martempering processes. Chisels of local products can be improved in quality, especially their hardness and impact strength through the modified martempering or pack carburizing heat treatment process followed by modified martempering. Heat treatment of modified martempering at an oil cooling temperature of 1250 C followed by tempering at a temperature of 4500 C can increase the impact strength of chisels up to 12% higher than chisels without heat treatment, while its hardness can increase up to 29%. Heat treatment of pack carburizing followed by modified martempering at an oil cooling temperature of 1750 C and tempering at a temperature of 4500 C can increase the impact strength up to 65% and the hardness increases up to 27%.

Effect of pack carburizing and viscosity of quenching media on AISI 1010 steel

Pack carburizing is a method of surface hardening of steel which is carried out by diffusing carbon into the material where the carbon is initially solid. This study aims to determine the effect of pack carburizing treatment on the microstructure and hardness of AISI 1010 steel. The material was then cooled slowly in the oven to a temperatur of 150oC which was then followed by air cooling. Single Quenching is then carried out by reheating the carburizing material to a temperature of 870oC and then holding it at that temperature for 60 minutes. Quenching is done by cooling the material quickly using a cooling medium of varying viscosity. The results of the composition test showed an increase in carbon content to 4.1159%. The results of microstructure observations showed that a massive pearlite structure was formed to a depth of ± 0.794 mm on the surface of the carburizing specimen. The results of the hardness test using the Vickers method showed that the hardness value of the raw material increased after carburizing to 217.88±5.13 HV due to the formation of a pearlite structure. With this increase in hardness, the application of AISI 1010 Steel material becomes wider.
 Keywords: Carburizing, Quenching, Viscosity, Hardness, Microstructure

The analysis of carbon carburizing of ST 60 steel with 80 mesh due to hardness and microstructure

ST 60 steel is a steel with a medium carbon content of about 0.56% by weight. The process will affect the amount of carbon that will be diffused on the surface when the carburizing process is carried out. Different types of carbon from materials and finer carbon grains, it is hoped that carbon diffusion will easily occur. In this study, carbon grains were made with a mesh size of 80, from variations of coal, coconut shell carbon, mangrove tree carbon to microstructure and hardness in ST60 steel material. The method carried out is to heat the ST 60 steel which is inserted in a pack of carbon powder until 900 °C is held for 60 minutes. After that, room temperature cooling is carried out so that carbon atoms are still diffused until the temperature is completed. The tests carried out microstructure (SEM) on raw materials formed pearlite and ferrite phases, after pack carburizing the phase formed pearlite, ferrite and coated by graphite from carbon atoms caused the hardness of the specimen to increase in the pearlite phase exposed to carbon. The results of the Rockwell Hardness test on raw material 52.3 HRA after the pack carburizing process, the hardness of the material has increased which is found in coal carbon of 62.2 HRA, coconut shell carbon of 64.8 HRA and mangrove carbon of 60.7 HRA from the test. The chemical composition of the results obtained in the raw material condition of 0.404 when in pack carburizing increased each material’s coal carbon by 0.829, coconut shell carbon by 0.88, mangrove carbon by 0.76. The largest intake of carbon when pack carburizing compared to the largest is in the pack carburizing with coconut shell charcoal.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Pack Carburized AISI 1020 Steel Using Na2CO3 and CaCO3 Catalysts

AISI 1020 steel is categorized in low carbon steel which widely used for automotive parts industry and construction because its characteristic like high ductility, relatively low hardness value, and high formability. In continuously usage for long time, this steel tends to be worn down because its low surface hardness value. The surface hardness is congruity to wear resistance of AISI 1020 steel. In this research, the experimental method of pack carburizing process was carried out by heating AISI 1020 steel samples packed along charcoal with catalysts variation of Na2CO3 and CaCO3 till temperature 900 oC and hold it for 4 hours to effect diffusion carbon mechanism in surface treatment. Thereupon, AISI 1020 steel samples was fast cooled by using distilled water. The selection of different catalyst variation according to diffusion capability which will be expected to enhance AISI 1020 steel’s microstructure and mechanical properties. From this research, it obtained that pack carburized AISI 1020 steel using Na2CO3 possesses significant microstructure transformation which will affect to the highest hardness value increment (505,4 HV) and the lowest wear rate decrease (0,00821 mm3/minute). Thereby, pack carburized AISI 1020 steel using Na2CO3 also exhibits good wear resistance characteristic so that can be used in long lifetime.

EVALUATION OF COW BONE AND SNAIL SHELL FOR SURFACE TREAMENT OF LOW CARBON STEEL

Purpose: In this study, selected calcareous wastes (cow bone and snail shell) were evaluated for use in surface carburizing of low carbon steel.
 Methodology: Pack carburization process was used for the surface hardening of mild steel at 800 oC as the carburizing temperature. The soaking period of 2 hours was used and water was used as quenching medium. The specimens were subsequently tempered at 500. Mechanical tests such as hardness, impact, microstructural and wear resistance were carried out on the samples using standardized methods.
 Results: The results obtained showed that the sample carburized with snail shell gave a higher hardness value than sample carburized with cow bone and untreated sample. In the charpy impact test carried out, it was observed that the sample carburized by snail shell has higher energy value than sample carburized with cow bone. For microstructural analysis test, it was seen that sample carburized by cow bone gave equiaxed and finer grains than sample carburized with snail shell and untreated sample, and for wear rate test, sample carburized by snail shell, has a better wear rate than sample carburized by cow bone and untreated sample.

Influence of Lubrication on the Friction and Wear Characteristics of Low Carbon Steel under Sliding Reciprocation Conditions

Lubrication plays a crucial role in minimizing the losses associated with wear by decreasing the mating surface friction. In this regard, the present study focusses on the wear and friction characteristics of mating steel surfaces under the influence of different lubricants. Steel, being the second most important structural material has innumerable applications in various industries. The main objective of this work is to investigate the tribological properties of mating steel surfaces under linear reciprocation in the presence of different lubricants. This paper is based on the study and analysis of a low carbon steel specimen subjected to tests under dry and lubricated conditions to study the behaviour of the tribo-elements and surface which may significantly affect the tribological performance of the surface in contact. The low carbon steel specimens are case hardened by pack carburizing to improve the hardness of the steel surface. The effect of parameters such as applied load, sliding distance, case hardening and lubricant have been studied to investigate the effect on the friction characteristics. Post tribology worn surface characterization has been carried out the estimate the wear rate and mechanism of wear.

Study on mechanical properties of pack carburizing ASTM A36 steel with energizer pomacea canalikulata lamarck shell powder

In the present study material low carbon steel ASTM A36 were treated with pack carburizing with carburizing agent, a mixture of gigantochloa apus (Schult.F.) Kurz charcoal (GAC) and pomacea canalikulata Lamarck shell powder (PCSP). The composition of carburizing agent PCSP-GAC was varied at 10%: 90%, 15%: 85%, and 20%: 80%. The process done at carburizing temperature various 875, 900, 930 ℃ and soaking time for 2 hours. The surface hardness test and an impact test was carried out to determine changes in the surface hardness number and impact toughness. From the results of the study, it was concluded that pack carbrizing with carburizing agent, a a mixture of PCSP and GAC increased the hardness number but decreased the impact toughness of the specimen. The highest hardness number is 537.48 Kg/mm², the lowest impact toughness is 158.33 Joules, at a pack carburizing temperature of 930 ⁰C, the composition of the carburizing agent 20% PCSP : 80% GAC. Microstructural characterization indicates that high toughness of the carburizing steel subjected to the cooling heat treatment process results from a proper multiphase microstructure transition from the surface to the matrix of the steel.

Pengaruh waktu tahan pack carburizing dan penggunaan media quenching cane molasses terhadap sifat mekanik dan struktur mikro baja karbon rendah

Pack carburizing is one of the methods used to increase the carbon content in steel by using solid media. In this study, the addition of carbon elements was carried out using teak wood charcoal and cow bone powder, after that in quenching using cane molasses. Variations used for holding time are 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours, variations in cane molasses content used 10%, 20%, 30%, and the percentage comparison between cow bone powder and teak wood charcoal is 50%:50%. The results of this study show that the pack carburizing resistance time factor is more influential on the mechanical properties and microstructure of low carbon steel. The highest hardness value is found at a holding time of 6 hours with quenching cane molasses 20% of 799.95 kg/cm 2 and the lowest hardness value is found without treatment of 162.62 kg/cm 2 . For the highest impact toughness is found without treatment of 2.02 Joule/mm 2 and the lowest impact toughness value is found at holding time of 6 hours with quenching cane molasses 20% of 1.12 7 Joule/mm 2 . For microstructures formed after treatment, martensite structures are formed due to rapid cooling.