Pacific Coast Of South America Research Articles

Terrestrial and maritime taphonomy: differential effects on spatial distribution of a Late Pleistocene continental drowned faunal bone assemblage from the Pacific coast of Chile

Site GNL Quintero 1 (GNLQ1), located on the central coast of Chile, is the only documented Late Pleistocene drowned terrestrial site along the Pacific Coast of South America. Faunal evidence at the site is varied, and so far, remains of the following taxa have been found: extinct Camelidae, Cervidae, Equidae, Mylodontidae, Xenarthra, but also Myocastoridae, Canidae and Octodontidae. Both geological and paleoenvironmental data indicate that GNLQ1 developed in a floodplain or low-energy environment during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Prior to the post-glacial rising of the sea level, the site would have been located several kilometres inland as the paleoshoreline was farther out on the continental shelf. In accordance with this background, the present study addresses the analysis of the spatial distribution of the bone deposits of GNLQ1 by considering both scenarios, the terrestrial phase related to the formation and modification of the fossil assemblage prior to the transgression, and the marine phase, subsequent to inundation. Results indicate modifications related to low-energy flow environment and carnivore activity dominated during the terrestrial phase and the action of marine organisms during the marine phase. Other taphonomic modifications are not easily attributable to either one or the other environmental context.

Intraspecific variability and systematics in South American Syrotrigoniinae (Trigoniida, Bivalvia)

The systematics of the genus Syrotrigonia is revised in the light of the intraspecific variability of a large sample of Syrotrigonia sigeli from the Valanginian from Neuquén Basin, Argentina. The genus can be recognized by the presence of concentric or subconcentric costae surrounding the umbo, later on developing an inflection and finally resulting in a set of anterior horizontal to commarginal costae and another set of posterior sub-vertical costae. The anterior part of the area bears transverse, usually anteriorly concave, costae which direct towards the umbo on the escutcheon; initially they are continuous with those on the flank, but later on they usually alternate. General shell shape, the presence of an antecarinal sulcus, the junction pattern between both sets of costae and the number of horizontal costae relative to vertical costae are variable among species, while costae width or density and the development of horizontal vs. commarginal costae may vary highly within species. The presence of commarginal rugae developed on the whole surface of the shell is interpreted as a result of environmental perturbations. A brief biogeographical interpretation of the family Buchotrigoniidae is also outlined. Syrotrigonia probably originated in North America in the Tithonian, being widespread in the Pacific coast of South America by Early Cretaceous times; at least six (probably seven) South American species could be recognized. By Aptian times the taxon reached the Tethyan realm, its last record being Aptian or Albian in age. The frequent presence of different species in marginal marine deposits suggests a euryhaline lineage adapted to salinity variations, this may also be the cause of the frequent presence of commarginal rugae. Considering the high variability displayed in the analyzed material, large samples are needed to characterize new species within the group.

Early Archaic Fishing (12,600–9,200 cal yr BP) in the Semiarid North Coast of Chile

ABSTRACTWe present the results of the analysis of fish remains from an archaeological context (Punta Ñagué) associated with the earliest settlers in the semiarid northern coast of Chile and dated to the end of the Pleistocene (12,916–11,043 cal yr BP). The great majority of the species identified are fish that can be captured with nets in the nearshore sub-tidal and inter-tidal zones. These results, along with evidence from other early archaeological sites in northern Chile, demonstrate the early systematic exploitation of fish species, particularly Sciaenidae. These fish constituted an abundant and reliable resource, which contributed significantly to the subsistence of these early maritime-adapted settlers who populated the Pacific coast of South America.

New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

Boobies and gannets (family Sulidae) are the most specialized plunge divers among seabirds. Their fossil record along the Pacific coast of South America extends to the early Middle Miocene. Here we describe three new species of sulids: Sula brandi sp. nov., Sula figueroae sp. nov., and Ramphastosula aguirrei sp. nov., from the early Late Miocene of the Pisco Formation (Peru). Two of them are relatives of the living genus Sula, which represents medium and large-sized boobies. A new species of the extinct genus Ramphastosula is also described, adding to the discussion of possible alternative feeding strategies among sulids. The fossil record suggests that sympatric sulids exhibit different body sizes at least since the Oligocene epoch, a strategy related with resource partitioning. Furthermore, we find current analysis and knowledge of the fossil record unsuitable to evaluate properly seabird diversity changes through time.

A new record of Notocetus vanbenedeni (Squalodelphinidae, Odontoceti, Cetacea) from the Early Miocene of Peru

An almost complete skull with associated periotics and one cervical vertebra from the Early Miocene strata of the Chilcatay Formation (Pisco Basin, Peru) is described here and referred to Notocetus vanbenedeni, a species previously recorded from Argentina, belonging to the extinct odontocete family Squalodelphinidae (Platanistoidea). The fossil was collected in the same locality and approximately the same stratigraphical horizon as Huaridelphis raimondii, suggesting the sympatric coexistence of two squalodelphinids during the Early Miocene along the Pacific coast of South America. Considering the new record here described, N. vanbenedeni lived both along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America, two marine areas in wide contact during the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene. Despite the relative commonness of squalodelphinids in the Chilcatay Fm., the worldwide record of this family remains globally rather scarce and significant specimens were only found in Italy, France, along the East Coast of USA, Argentina, Peru, and possibly New Zealand.

Misidentification ofDiphyllobothriumSpecies Related to Global Fish Trade, Europe

Misidentification of<i>Diphyllobothrium</i>Species Related to Global Fish Trade, Europe

Distribution extension and new record of Myotis atacamensis (Lataste, 1892) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Chile

Myotis atacamensis is a poorly known bat species endemic to the central portion of the pacific coast of South America, where it is known from the province of Lambayeque, Peru (latitude 5° S), to the province of Elqui (latitude 30° S), Chile. Here, we report the first record of M. atacamensis for the province of Choapa (latitude 31° S, Coquimbo Region) in Chile. This is the southernmost record of the species within Chile and South America, extending its geographic range ca. 200 km southward.

The description of a new species of the Neotropical land crab genus Gecarcinus Leach, 1814 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Gecarcinidae).

In this contribution a new species of the land crab genus Gecarcinus Leach, 1814, from the Neotropical Pacific coast of South America is described and illustrated. In addition to its unique body color, Gecarcinus nobilii sp. n. is distinguished from congeners by a distinctly wider carapace front and differences in the shape of the infraorbital margin. The new species is not isolated from Gecarcinus populations from the Pacific coast of Central America by an insurmountable geographic barrier. Considering the closure of the Panamanian Isthmus as a calibration point for morphological divergence between the trans-isthmian mainland populations of Gecarcinus, the virtual lack of morphological differentiation (other than color) between them and the distinctness of G. nobilii sp. n. suggests that G. nobilii sp. n. evolved from a common ancestor before the Isthmus closed.

Characterising the phytophagous arthropod fauna of a single host plant species: assessing survey completeness at continental and local scales

Quantifying survey completeness is a key step in designing and interpreting biodiversity assessments. To date this has only been examined either at a local scale through repetitive sampling, or across broader geographic areas through multiple survey sites. In this paper, we determine the completeness of sampling at both local and continental scales, of the phytophagous arthropod assemblage on the Neotropical shrub Parkinsonia aculeata (Leguminosae). We used survey gap analysis (SGA) to determine whether existing surveys adequately sampled the diversity of environments and geographic space covered by the plant. Within defined geographic regions, we determined survey completeness at a local scale with species accumulation curves. SGA identified the highest priority sites for future sampling in the Sonoran Desert and the Pacific Coast of South America. The arthropods sampled on P. aculeata differed significantly between seasons, highlighting the importance of including surveys throughout the year. At the local scale, surveys in most regions were estimated to have sampled <50 % of all species. Only the Mexican Gulf, following 84 samples including 902 individuals, had a reasonably complete sample of all species (more than 50 %). As in other studies, rare species will continue to be detected even after extensive surveying, and it is likely that close to 100 samples or 1,000 individuals will be needed to attain 50 % survey completeness in a region. However, if the objective is to document close “host-associations” then effort may be better directed at surveying ecologically distinct new areas rather than exhaustive sampling in existing ones. Methods such as SGA can direct such surveys, and in conjunction with species-richness estimates, can be used to assess the adequacy of existing surveys.

Older than the islands: origin and diversification of Galápagos leaf‐toed geckos (Phyllodactylidae: Phyllodactylus) by multiple colonizations

AbstractAimWe re‐examine the biogeography of the leaf‐toed geckos (Phyllodactylus) endemic to the Galápagos Islands. Our aim was to (1) test the multiple‐colonization hypothesis against the single‐colonization scenario proposed for most terrestrial organisms in the archipelago, (2) estimate the age of colonization of Phyllodactylus, and (3) evaluate the roles of dispersal and vicariance in the evolution of these lizards.LocationGalápagos archipelago, Ecuador.MethodsPhylogenetic relationships were evaluated with maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian methods, including the estimation of divergence times and species trees. Previous biogeographical hypotheses were evaluated with tree‐topology tests.ResultsOur results support a multiple‐colonization scenario: all but one species of Phyllodactylus in the Galápagos Islands belonged to a single radiation. The founders of this radiation colonized the archipelago 13.2 Ma when the islands currently above water had not yet emerged. Ten million years later, the ancestors of Phyllodactylus darwini colonized San Cristóbal.Main conclusionsAs with other Galápagos organisms, the Pacific coast of South America seems to have been the source for the founders that led to the oldest radiation of leaf‐toed geckos. Unlike most Galápagos endemics, however, P. darwini might have originated in the Andes. Our phylogenetic hypotheses and recent palaeogeographical data support both dispersal and vicariance as mechanisms leading to the radiation of leaf‐toed geckos in the Galápagos Islands.

First Report of Orange Rust of Sugarcane Caused by Puccinia kuehnii in Ecuador.

Orange rust, Puccinia kuehnii (W. Krüger) E.J. Butler, is an important disease of sugarcane (complex hybrid of Saccharum L. species) that causes up to 53% yield loss (3), and can eliminate sugarcane clones in breeding programs. Initially confined to the Asia-Oceania region, P. kuehnii was reported in Florida in June 2007 (2) followed by confirmation in Central and South America. Orange rust pustules were observed on August 5, 2011, in commercial sugarcane fields located in the Ecuadorian Pacific coast of South America. Pustules were observed on cultivar SP79-2233 and sugarcane clones of the CINCAE breeding program (EC06-351, EC06-340, and EC01-744). Low levels of disease incidence and severity were observed in the sugarcane germplasm. Observation under a light microscope showed typical irregularly echinulate urediniospores that were pale in color with thickened apices and paraphyses inconspicuous to absent, such as those reported to be P. kuehnii (4). DNA of urediniospores were extracted and amplified using Pk1F and PK1R qPCR primers (5). Additionally, the 28s large ribosomal subunit DNA was sequenced (1), resulting in a qPCR and 100% sequence identity with a partial sequence of the P. kuehnii 28S ribosomal RNA gene, accession GU058010 (932/932 base pairs, GenBank Accession No. KF202306). Based on urediniospore morphology, DNA amplification, and sequence analysis, the causal agent of the rust observed in Ecuador was confirmed to be P. kuehnii. Commercial varieties have not yet shown symptoms of infections. However, a survey conducted in 2011 and 2012 showed an increase of disease severity from 3% to 28% in the susceptible cv. SP79-2233. Disease symptoms were evident from stalk growth to maturity (7 to 12 months), especially at the beginning of the harvesting season. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence, distribution, and disease spread by the sugarcane orange rust pathogen P. kuehnii in Ecuador.

The evolution of seabirds in the Humboldt Current: new clues from the Pliocene of Central Chile.

BackgroundDuring the last decade, new Neogene fossil assemblages from South America have revealed important clues about the evolution of seabird faunas in one of the major upwelling systems of the world: the Humboldt Current. However, most of this record comes from arid Northern Chile and Southern Peru and, in consequence, our knowledge of the evolutionary history of seabirds in the temperate transitional zone is negligible. A new Late Pliocene assemblage of fossil birds from the coastal locality of Horcon in Central Chile offers a unique opportunity to fill this gap.Principal FindingsIsolated bones of a medium-sized penguin are the most abundant bird remains. Morphological and cladistic analyses reveal that these specimens represent a new species of crested penguin, Eudyptes calauina sp. nov. Eudyptes is a penguin genus that inhabit temperate and subantarctic regions and currently absent in central Chile. Additionally, a partial skeleton of a small species of cormorant and a partial tarsometatarsus of a sooty shearwater have been identified.Conclusion/SignificanceThe Horcon fossils suggest the existence of a mixed avifauna in central Chile during the Pliocene in concordance with the latitudinal thermal gradient. This resembles the current assemblages from the transitional zone, with the presence of species shared with Northern Chile and Southern Peru and a previously unrecorded penguin currently absent from the Humboldt System but present in the Magellanic region. Comparison of Pliocene seabird diversity across the Pacific coast of South America shows that the Horcon avifauna represents a distinctive assemblage linking the living faunas with the Late Miocene ones. A comparison with the fossil record near the Benguela Current (west coast of southern Africa) suggests that the thermic gradient could play an important role in the preservation of a higher diversity of cold/temperate seabirds in the Humboldt Current.

Rise and fall in diversity of Neogene marine vertebrates on the temperate Pacific coast of South America

Even though Neogene outcrops along the temperate Pacific coast of South America harbor a rich marine vertebrate fossil record, no studies have examined the diversification patterns of these taxa. Here, we analyze diversification trends based on the stratigraphic ranges of 86 genera of marine vertebrates, including sharks, rays, chimaeras, marine mammals, and seabirds. The richness of genera shows a hump-shaped trend, with maximum values around the late Miocene, driven by a large pulse of origination during mid-Miocene and higher extinction rates during the Pliocene. Trends varied markedly among taxa and departed largely from expectations based on global diversification patterns. Moreover, these trends cannot be explained solely as a sampling artifact derived from sampling intensity (i.e., number of occurrences) or sedimentary rock availably (i.e., number of geologic maps). A large fraction of genera (42%) went globally extinct by the late Pliocene–Pleistocene, and the extinction was highly selective according to different ecological and life-history traits. An analysis using “randomForest” showed that taxonomic structure and the geographic midpoint of distribution could explain up to 83% of extinction of genera. The extinction was taxonomically clumped (i.e., disproportionally high in Cetacea and very low in Carcharhiniformes) and concentrated in the northern area of the temperate Pacific coast of South America. Our results suggest that the particular paleogeographic, paleoclimatic, and paleoceanographic events that took place during the Neogene along the temperate Pacific coast of South America had a significant effect on the structure of marine biodiversity.

At-sea abundance and distribution of skuas and jaegers (Charadriiformes: Stercorariidae) at coastal waters off central Chile

BackgroundSkuas and jaegers (Charadriiformes: Stercorariidae) are seabirds breeding at moderate to high latitudes and some perform extensive post-breeding transequatorial migrations. Most species overwinter and perform significant portions of their migratory flyways along the Pacific coast of South America, but scant information is available on their at-sea ecology in this waters. Our aims in this study were to determine: 1) the timing of occurrence and fluctuations in abundance of skua and jaeger species, 2) their spatial distribution within the coastal zone and 3) at-sea behavior of birds, including flock size and interactions with other seabird species.ResultsBetween July 2006 and October 2013, we conducted at-sea bird counts at Valparaiso Bay (33°S) in central Chile and confirmed the occurrence of Chilean skuas (Stercorarius chilensis), Brown skuas (S. antarcticus), and Parasitic jaegers (S. parasiticus). Parasitic jaegers are regular austral summer visitors (November to March), whereas Brown skuas occur in the area only in winter (July to October). Chilean skuas were regularly recorded year-round in the area with higher abundances between late winter and early spring (August to October). Brown and Chilean skuas where observed comparatively offshore, whereas Jaegers presented a more coastal distribution, probably associated to host presence. Chilean skuas kleptoparasitized similar-sized (shearwaters and fulmars) and larger seabird species (boobies), whereas jaegers chased only smaller coastal birds (gulls and terns). Brown skuas engaged in no kleptoparasitic behaviors. All three species were observed mostly as solitary individuals.ConclusionsSkuas and jaegers showed in general a marked seasonality in their occurrence and abundance (only Chilean skua occurs year-round) and use this area as a commuting and stopover zone within their extensive migratory flyway along the southeastern Pacific.

Migration routes of new world sanderlings (Calidris alba)

-We color-marked Sanderlings (Calidris alba Pallas) at 19 locations in 6 countries in the New World and coordinated a network of volunteers to locate banded individuals in migration over a five-year period. The observers reported 252 independent sightings of birds in countries different from the country of banding. Sanderlings that migrate north to the Arctic from Chile and Peru travel principally through the central corridor (Texas and northward) of the United States and Canada; smaller numbers follow the Pacific coast. A few migrate north from the Pacific coast of South America along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Southbound from the Arctic to coastal Chile and Peru, many individuals switch eastward to stopovers on the Atlantic coast, including birds that migrated north along the U.S. Pacific coast. Sanderlings banded in Brazil during the nonbreeding period appear only on the U.S. Atlantic coast in migration. Our results emphasize the individual nature of migration. We found considerable heterogeneity in migratory behavior among individuals that spend the nonbreeding season together on the same beaches. Individuals from widely separated nonbreeding sites often shared similar pathways. In this species and perhaps in others, no simple single migratory route connects breeding with nonbreeding regions. Received 5 December 1988, accepted 21 August 1989. NEARCTIC shorebirds that migrate to South America for the nonbreeding season reach their wintering sites by several routes (Morrison 1984). For a few species with restricted distributions, general characteristics of their pathways can be predicted on the basis of armchair geography: Wandering Tattlers (Heteroscelus incanus) and Surfbirds (Aphriza virgata) virtually never appear anywhere but along the eastern rim of the Pacific Ocean. Their migration from Alaska to western South America would be un-

First evidence of an underwater Final Pleistocene terrestrial extinct faunal bone assemblage from Central Chile (South America): Taxonomic and taphonomic analyses

Site GNL Quintero 1 (GNLQ1), located in Quintero Bay (32°S, Central Chile) constitutes the first evidence of a drowned terrestrial site on the continental West Coast of South America covered by sea-level rise after the Last Glacial Maximum. The site currently lies 650 m offshore and 13 m underwater, covers an area of ∼64 m2 and contains several discrete exposed and shallow-buried bone deposits. Through underwater archaeology survey and test excavations, a significant amount of animal bone assigned to the Late Pleistocene was successfully recovered and analyzed. After recovery and prior to the analyses, the bones were subjected to conservation and stabilization treatments, resulting in good preservation of the material. Taxonomic analyses (NISP 224) revealed high taxonomic diversity of extinct fauna (Camelidae, Cervidae, Artiodactyla, Equidae, Mylodontidae, Canidae, Rodentia and Xenarthra). The sample represents a continental faunal assemblage belonging to a drowned terrestrial context, probably related to an estuarine-lagoon environment. Taphonomic analysis allowed macroscopic identification of natural marks (punctures) associated with large and small size carnivores. The bones also show abrasion related to the action of marine sands along with colour alterations. By applying Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) to fossil bones, marks and colour alterations were identified. Marks indicated rodent gnawing and trampling, while colour alterations were attributed to diagenesis processes, discarding thermal treatment. Site GNLQ1 is identified as having very high potential, for it provides the first evidence for a submerged palaeolandscape viable for human occupation and movement along the Pacific Coast of South America during the Late Pleistocene.

Developmental morphology and systematics of Trematocarpus dichotomus (Sarcodiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Chile

Rodríguez-Prieto C. and Hommersand M.H. 2012. Developmental morphology and systematics of Trematocarpus dichotomus (Sarcodiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Chile. Phycologia 51: 586–595. DOI: 10.2216/11-122.1Trematocarpus dichotomus, the generitype of Trematocarpus Kützing, was restricted to the Pacific coast of South America from southern Peru to Chiloé in south-central Chile. Our investigation established that the vegetative thallus consists of an outer and inner cortex that encircles a medulla of uniformly separated, cylindrical to compressed filaments cross-linked by secondary pit connections. Spermatia were initially cleaved singly and released from the tip of an elongated spermatangium and later sequentially from a series of developing spermatia that matured basipetally within the spermatangium. Carpogonial branches were three-celled, initially directed outwardly but then curving sharply inwardly, the carpogonium producing an abruptly reflexed trichogyne. A single transverse division of the carpogonium after fertilization resulted in a proximal cell that fused with the first cell of the carpogonial branch, which became the generative auxiliary cell. The auxiliary cell cut off a single gonimoblast initial towards the thallus surface that branched beginning at the three-celled stage, with the cells in adjacent branches linking laterally by secondary pit connections. Surface cortical cells grew and branched to form a pericarp that split into inner and outer pericarp layers separated by a central cavity. Gonimoblast filaments were initially surrounded by inner pericarp from which they grew into the cavity and bore carposporangia terminally in branched chains. The gonimoblast filaments fused lengthwise progressively as they grew, and adjacent filaments linked laterally by secondary pit connections to form a fusion network referred to as the ‘gonimoblast reticulum’. Inner cells of the gonimoblast reticulum fused with cells of the inner pericarp, uniting the carposporophyte with the gametophyte through a basal placenta. Carposporangia may germinate in situ inside the cystocarp. Tetrasporangia were formed successively in nemathecia from elongated tetrasporangial initials on the concave sides of branches and were zonately divided. Several developmental stages documented here are newly reported for Trematocarpus and the family Sarcodiaceae.

The Black Virgin: Santa Efigenia, Popular Religion, and the African Diaspora in Peru

This article sketches an archeology of the apocryphal myth of Santa Efigenia, the Ethiopian virgin saint celebrated in the southern coastal of valley of Cañete, Peru. The history of Santa Efigenia is used to analyze the invention of popular myths and processions in a rural community in contrast to the cornerstone of popular national religiosity in Peru, the Lord of the Miracles (Señor de los Milagros). The popular worship and diffusion of these devotions and processions intersect with the contested formation of national identity in early and late twentieth century Peru. Moreover, they speak to how traditional and popular forms of religious worship are valued and devalued.The African diaspora in Peru and the Pacific coast of South America has been difficult to historicize because of the scant cultural evidence for an Afro-Andean nostalgia or separation from an African homeland. The rediscovery and devotion of Santa Efigenia and her emergent popularity in Peru and larger presence in Brazil and Cuba is compelling evidence that Afro-Peruvians have a direct connection with African culture and history and the early religious history of Catholic saints and virgins.

Neosiphonia peruviensis sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Pacific coast of South America

Abstract Approximately 29 species of Neosiphonia are currently recognized worldwide. We describe our unidentified samples collected from the Pacific coast of South America as a new species, N. peruviensis sp. nov., based on morphological and molecular data. Neosiphonia peruviensis sp. nov. is characterized by erect and prostrate thalli, rhizoids cut off from proximal ends of pericentral cells by cross walls, six pericentral cells that are totally ecorticate, abundant trichoblasts forked once or twice, prominent scar cells and tetrasporangia spirally arranged. Our new species is similar to several Neosiphonia/Polysiphonia species having more than four pericentral cells: N. notoensis, N. porrecta, “N. tepida”, N. teradomariensis, and “P. forfex”. However, N. peruviensis sp. nov. is distinguished from these similar species by having six pericentral cells through all of the thallus. Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL indicate that our N. peruviensis is placed in genus Neosiphonia and is also distinguishable from other Neosiphonia species.

Colpomenia durvillei (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae): its distribution and relationships with other elongate species of the genus

Abstract The taxonomic distinctiveness and distribution of the brown alga Colpomenia durvillei are debatable; the species was first described from central Chile. We analyzed mitochondrial cox3 and plastid rbcL sequences from specimens collected in central Chile and Sonora, Mexico, in combination with morphological observations of specimens collected in Chile, Peru, and Mexico. Compared with other elongate species of the genus, C. durvillei is distinguished by erect, elongate thalli arising from a wide colpomenioid base, up to eight layers of cortical and medullary cells, and plurilocular sporangia with many layers (up to 18 locules). In all phylogenetic analyses of cox3 and rbcL sequences, all elongate species of the genus formed a clade, in which C. durvillei was consistently distinct from congeners. Colpomenia bullosa was closely related to C. durvillei in our cox3 analyses, and the clade containing these two species was closely related to Colpomenia phaeodactyla. This is the first report to confirm C. durvillei by molecular data and also the first report on the occurrence of the species in Sonora, Mexico. It had previously been misidentified as a variant of C. phaeodactyla on the Pacific coast of South America, and the name C. durvillei was misapplied to C. bullosa in New Zealand.