Pacific Alliance Research Articles

Financiarización e inversiones de los fondos de pensiones en la Alianza del Pacífico

Las reformas recientes a las pensiones en América Latina adoptaron un sistema multipilar como respuesta al cambio demográfico y a las necesidades de ahorro. Algunos de estos nuevos esquemas previsionales fortalecieron los sistemas financieros nacionales y acercaron las economías al proceso de financiarización. Este documento caracteriza, desde un enfoque descriptivo, la relación que surge entre los sistemas pensionales con capitalización individual y la financiarización de la economía para el caso de la Alianza del Pacífico. A partir de un análisis factorial concluye que las inversiones pensionales de Chile, Colombia, México y Perú exhiben una relación de dependencia con la inversión agregada y que particularmente las inversiones destinadas al sector financiero revisten mayor relevancia para el conjunto de los países bajo examen.

Modelo de integración de la alianza del pacífico y mecanismos de difusión de los programas de transferencia condicionada en la región caribe colombiana

El modelo de integración de la alianza del pacífico constituye un esfuerzo por articular oportunidades económicas, sociales y políticas de los países signatarios del acuerdo internacional (Colombia, Chile, México y Perú) conocido como alianza del pacífico (AP); dichos países buscan complementar sus economías y superar la estrecheces del aparato productivo y el mercado, en sus respectivos países; para el ejercicio de esta modalidad de integración profunda entre países, se requiere un nivel de participación de distintos actores del sector público y privado, así como la construcción e implementación de instrumentos y mecanismos requeridos para el éxito del proceso. Uno de éstos instrumentos de gestión se conoce como Programa de Transferencia condicionada (PTC). El trabajo realiza una caracterización del proceso de integración AP; presenta el modelo PTC propuesto con eje de desarrollo territorial en la región caribe colombiana a modo de plan piloto.

RESOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS, POLÍTICA EDUCATIVA, ESTADO DE DERECHO, Y GEOPOLÍTICA: PASADO Y PRESENTE

RESOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS, POLÍTICA EDUCATIVA, ESTADO DE DERECHO, Y GEOPOLÍTICA: PASADO Y PRESENTE

LA ALIANZA DEL PACÍFICO Y LA HEGEMONÍA DE CHINA Y ESTADOS UNIDOS

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo explorar la relación de los cuatro países miembros de la Alianza del Pacífico (AP) con la República Popular China (China). La investigación de este artículo se hizo desde un enfoque y metodología cualitativa de tipo analítica. Se encontró que uno de los objetivos de la Alianza del Pacífico es convertirse en una plataforma de articulación política, integración económica y comercial, y proyección al mundo, con énfasis en la región Asia-Pacífico. China es el principal mercado de Asia Pacífico y el segundo a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, la Alianza tiene vínculos importantes con Estados Unidos, tanto por su modelo económico como por los tratados de libre comercio (TLC) que cada miembro tiene con dicho país. Estados Unidos y China se encuentran en una guerra comercial, y ambos compiten por el comercio regional e internacional. El déficit comercial de los miembros de la Alianza del Pacífico con China, el cual también Estados Unidos comparte, se debe al dominio comercial del dragón asiático en el mundo. La forma en que la Alianza del Pacífico está enfrentando dicho déficit es cerrándose al mercado chino y estableciendo alianzas con Estados Unidos. Dicha situación genera cuestionamientos como la forma en que afrontan los países de la Alianza del Pacífico la llamada “guerra comercial entre Estados Unidos y China” y de qué manera enfrentan la dicotomía entre la importancia del creciente mercado asiático lidereado por China frente a ser parte de la zona de influencia de Estados Unidos. Este artículo explora las relaciones entre los países de la Alianza del Pacífico y China de lo que se puede concluir que la nueva Ruta de la Seda es una alternativa para la diversificación de la Alianza del Pacífico.

Kонцепт «слава» через призму персоналий стран Тихоокеанского Альянса и виртуальной языковой личности

Kонцепт «слава» через призму персоналий стран Тихоокеанского Альянса и виртуальной языковой личности

The Pacific Alliance and the Belt and Road Initiative

PurposeThrough the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China has built bilateral relations with Latin American states. The purpose of this article is to explore the potential for using the Pacific Alliance (PA) as a negotiating frame as regards the Belt and Road Initiative.Design/methodology/approachWe use a descriptive and analytical methodology to recapitulate and analyze the factual and normative background of Latin American economic integration during the last three decades, a process that so far has culminated in the Pacific Alliance (PA) and an emphasis on the Asia–Pacific region.FindingsWe contend that the PA has been a learning process in terms of economic cooperation. In addition, it is a Latin American economic integration project that emphasizes its focus on the Asia–Pacific region. Considering the nature of BRI projects, as well as Latin American states’ and China’s interests, we contend that it would be beneficial if Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, the members of the PA, and China channeled their BRI relations through the PA. Thus, the PA should be China’s negotiating partner.Originality/valueSo far, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Latin America has been built upon bilateral relations. This article explores the possibility of developing the BRI through the Pacific Alliance (PA).

High-Growth Aspirations of Entrepreneurs in Latin America: Do Alliances Matter?

This study considers how the formation and implementation strategies of a Latin America alliance between four of the best economic performance countries in the region have impacted the quality of entrepreneurship in these countries. To this end, we studied the Pacific Alliance (PA) and employed an ordered probit model with sample selection bias and statistical information from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database for the 2012–2017 period. As a dependent variable, we used the growth aspiration of entrepreneurs as a proxy to measure the future growth of the company, from which a possible economic impact could be inferred. The evidence shows that during the implementation period of the PA, there is a positive impact on entrepreneur growth aspirations in member countries; the likelihood that entrepreneurs have high-growth aspirations is found to be greater during and after the implementation period than before the signing of the PA. Likewise, it was found that motivation, gender, education, skills, innovation (as perceived by the entrepreneur), export level, two pillars of the global competitiveness index (GCI), and the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate explain the growth aspirations of entrepreneurs in the member countries during the period under study.

Effect of heuristic anchoring and adjustment, and optimism bias, in stock market forecasts

Stock market forecasting is an important and challenging process that influences investment decisions. This paper presents an experimental design that aims to measure the influence of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic and optimism bias in these forecasts. The study was conducted using information from the S&P MILA Pacific Alliance Select financial index; this was presented to 670 students from the cities of Concepción (Chile), Cali (Colombia), and Lima (Peru). Data was collected and presented through an instrument that asked participants to make a forecast judgment of the said financial index, based on the presented graphics, representing a year, a month, a week, and the last closing value of the index. Thus, it was possible to measure the influence of the anchor and adjustment heuristic in order to establish whether the presence of an initial value affected the financial forecast. Similarly, the study sought to determine whether the judgment issued was biased toward an optimistic or pessimistic position, thereby proving the presence of an error or expectation bias, known as optimism bias. The results were analyzed using the least squares method, and the data panel confirmed that the anchoring and adjustment heuristic influences the forecast of the financial index used in the study. Similarly, the presence of optimism bias in the cognitive process of forecasting in finance was inferred.

Analysis of Transport Infrastructure Development and Competitiveness in the Member Countries of Pacific Alliance (2007-2016)

The development of transport infrastructure is a key element for increasing competitiveness, as it reduces the distance effect and freight transport costs, allowing the generation of efficiencies in market integration. This descriptive study uses a comparative methodology, taking as variables the indicators of global competitiveness of the member countries of the Pacific Alliance during the period 2007-2016. The analysis of the results shows a weak trend in the infrastructure development of the Pacific Alliance group and a notable asymmetry among the member countries. There is a need for an individual strategy in each country that is in line with the objectives of trade integration in Asia. Another finding suggests that the achievement of better indicators depends on other significant variables and on the way in which the costs of transport infrastructure investments are passed on to agents who move freight.

Global Value Chains and Their Challenge to the Sustainability of Exhaustible Resources in the Pacific Alliance

Global Value Chains and Their Challenge to the Sustainability of Exhaustible Resources in the Pacific Alliance

Challenges Facing Internationalization of SMEs in Emerging Economies: A Study on OECD Model

This research analyses the challenges facing SMEs in Oman in their quest for internationalization. The study is based on the OECD Model of Internationalization put forward in the report titled "How to Foster the Internationalization of SMEs through the Pacific Alliance Integration Process" which focuses on four factors namely finance, business environment, firm capabilities and market access, which are appropriate for an emerging economy like Oman. This study used a descriptive and quantitative research design in attempting to analyze the challenges being faced by Omani SMEs in their endeavors to internationalize. The research investigates causal relationship between variables using positivist and deductive approach. Data collected from 102 respondents was analysed by Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) using AMOS. It was found that finance availability was the most significant predictor of internationalization challenges followed by market access and business environment, while firm capabilities had no impact. Thus SMEs need easier access to credit and have to develop their international business networks and their marketing capabilities in order to grow internationally. Keeping in mind the contribution made by SMEs the government has to intervene by opening up easy lines of credit to SME exporters and allowing them relaxations in customs and other duties.

Behavior of employability indicators in university graduates

Introduction: This article is the result of research entitled the behavior of employability indicators in university graduates, developed at the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas in 2019.
 Problem: The Emple-AP project promotes the creation of an observatory for labor insertion and the strengthening of employability in countries of the Pacific Alliance (PA), which particularly benefits Colombia, because one of its objectives with the PA is to overcome the socioeconomic inequality that exists among its inhabitants.
 Objective: To identify the relationship between employability indicators through classification methods used in Artificial Intelligence.
 Methodology:The indicators’ behavior description involves data pre-processing, a formal global study in statistics and a specific formal study through comparison of classification methods.
 Results: Descriptions of these employability indicators show characteristics of the situation in the studied population.
 Conclusion:Given the analysis of the classification model, it is determined that the diversity and disparity of the dataset makes the RandomTree model the most accurate in this research, finding that the system has characteristic behaviors of an adaptative complex system.
 Originality:Through this research, employability indicators were analyzed through data mining tools, additionally the analysis presented in this article could be replicated under particular conditions in other countries of the PA.
 Limitations:The information comes from the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas graduate’s office. A single source generates a limitation in the data and in the population studied.

The Pacific Alliance Towards a Strategy on Digital Economy?

Countries of the Pacific Alliance (PA) share a common interest in the development of a regional regulatory framework that can give impetus to the dynamism of the embryonic digital economy in the region. The trend towards the progressive implementation of new and stricter rules on e-commerce fosters increments on foreign investment and generation of spill over effects. However, the preference for the models inspired by the FTAs negotiated by the United States, as well as a clear predilection for self-regulation schemes, reflect the dominant role of the private sector in the negotiations within the PA. This scenario raises serious doubts about the institutional model of the Alliance and its suitability to frame sustainable solutions to the complex social and economic consequences derived from the deepening of the digital economy.

Design of the organizational structure and coordination of an observatory based on collective intelligence

Introduction: This article is the product of research developed within the framework of the Emple-ap Project, throughout 2019 at the School of Industrial Engineering, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas. Problem: Limitations in the use of traditional hierarchical structures for the management of organizations based on control hierarchies, due to their difficulty in operating efficiently in human social systems (HSS). Objective: To generate a general proposal to understand the structure and organizational management for the observatory of employability of the Pacific Alliance (PA) supported by collective intelligence (CI) and high reliability organization (HRO). Methodology: The methodology for the development of the proposal is supported on grounded theory, in which the design emerges from the statements made in previous research. Results: Based on the results of the review, it presents a proposal for organizational structure for the observatory, emphasizing the alternatives to divide and coordinate the work and the important characteristics of the structure to facilitate the exploitation of available resources. Conclusion: The CI and reliable organizations, are a different and decentralized way of management in organizations that allow you to create more flexible and robust systems. This study creates a general outline of the characteristics and main preconditions that must have a system based on CI. Originality: The main contribution of this research lies in the design of an organizational structure, different from the traditional hierarchical structure, supported by CI for the management of an entire organization. Limitations: Currently, there are no great advances with respect to organizational structures or alternatives to the traditional hierarchies of control, despite limitations in information processing and the impact that has on performance.

Analysis of Transport Infrastructure Development and Competitiveness in the Member Countries of Pacific Alliance (2007-2016)

The development of transport infrastructure is a key element for increasing competitiveness, as it reduces the distance effect and freight transport costs, allowing the generation of efficiencies in market integration. This descriptive study uses a comparative methodology, taking as variables the indicators of global competitiveness of the member countries of the Pacific Alliance during the period 2007-2016. The analysis of the results shows a weak trend in the infrastructure development of the Pacific Alliance group and a notable asymmetry among the member countries. There is a need for an individual strategy in each country that is in line with the objectives of trade integration in Asia. Another finding suggests that the achievement of better indicators depends on other significant variables and on the way in which the costs of transport infrastructure investments are passed on to agents who move freight.

ASVAC2019: 7th Asian Vaccine Conference

ABSTRACT The 7th Asian Vaccine Conference (ASVAC 2019) was held in Yangon, Myanmar from 13 to 15, September 2019. It brought together stakeholders in the field of vaccination to address challenges and issues relevant to clinical practice and immunization programs in the region. The conference themed “Immunization: sustaining health security in Asia”, included pre-conference workshops, a Vaccinology Masterclass, plenary lectures, symposia, and poster presentations. There were over 700 participants ~ 400 local and 300 international from 31 countries ~ and 55 international and local speakers from 19 countries. An Asian EPI managers’ meeting was also held on 11–12 September in Naypyidaw, the new capital of Myanmar, and was hosted by the Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar with support from World Health Organization, UNICEF and other partners. This inter-regional meeting aimed to strengthen the cooperation and collaboration of EPI Managers and others involved in implementing immunization programs in the region. The conference was organized by the Immunization Partners in Asia Pacific (IPAP) and hosted by Myanmar Pediatric Society and the Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar. Other partners included the Confederation of Meningitis Organization, Philippine Foundation of Vaccination, Pediatric Infection Disease Society of the Philippines, Asia Pacific Alliance for the Control of Influenza, PATH, ROTA Council, International Society of Tropical Pediatrics, Asian Society for Pediatric Infection Diseases and other partners. Previous conferences have been held in Siem Reap (2009), Manila (2010), Jakarta (2011), Cebu (2013), Hanoi (2015) and Singapore (2017). The 8th Asian Vaccine Conference will be held in Penang, Malaysia in 2021 to further IPAP’s vision of a world where no one suffers from a vaccine-preventable disease.

United States — Pacific Alliance. Overlook of recent economic relations

United States — Pacific Alliance. Overlook of recent economic relations

Alianza del Pacífico como modelo de integración regional en América Latina

The Pacific Alliance is a third-generation regional integration model in Latin America. It is broad in scope and is recognized as a broad Free Trade Agreement because its objectives go beyond economic aspects and merchandise exchange, it also includes social, investment and support elements for entrepreneurs within the Member States. This paper aims to make a brief analysis of its operation and composition, as well as its integration process.

Observatorio laboral regional EMPLE-AP: alcances, usuarios y modelo

This research focuses its attention on higher education employability observatories, which are understood as platforms that contribute to the employment of their graduates, presenting the results of the activities carried out by the so-called Work Package 4 within the framework of the ERASMUS+ EMPLE-AP project. Since the main objective of the study was to define the scope of a regional labor observatory in the countries of the Pacific Alliance, as well as to determine the articulation of its capacities in relation to the demands of its stakeholders, a qualitative approach of an emergent nature was used, with interviews and focus groups as data collection instruments. As far as the population and sample were concerned, the aforementioned instruments were applied, through the project partners, to professionals and users of labor observatories in Italy, Portugal, Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Chile. Later on, using the content analysis technique, the products, functions, structures and competencies required by the operation of a labor observatory were defined according to the requirements of the project.

International tax transparency and income tax in the countries of the Pacific Alliance 2017-2018

International tax transparency and income tax in the countries of the Pacific Alliance 2017-2018