Pachyrhizus Erosus Research Articles

PERSEPSI PETANI DALAM PENERAPAN GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES (GAP) KOMODITI BENGKUANG (Pachyrhizus erosus) DI KECAMATAN BINJAI SELATAN

Farmer’s perception in Applicating Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) for yam commodity (Pachyrhizus erosus) in South Binjai, Binjai City. The purpose of this study are : (1) Identify the level of farmer’s perception in applicating Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for yam commodity, (2) Identify factors that influence farmer’s perception (education, experience, income, information access, the role of extension worker, participation in extension, technical cultivation) in applicating Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for yam commodity. This study was held in Binjai on 26 March until 04 Mei 2018. Methods of data collection are surveyed using the questionnaire as data collecting tool and SPSS for Windows 18 program as analyst data processing for identifying factors that influence farmer’s perception in applicating GAP for yam commodity. The results of study shows that level of farmer’s perception is high categorized (87,09%). The results of multiple linear regression is Y’ = 7,071 + 1,040𝑋1+1,666𝑋2 – 0,174 𝑋3 – 0,121 𝑋4+ 0,624 𝑋5+ 0, 087𝑋6 +0,402𝑋7, education, experience, and technical cultivation significanty effected farmer’s participation in applicating Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) for yam commodity, while income, informtion access, the role of extension worker and participation in extension did not significantly effected farmer’s participation in applicating Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) for yam commodity.

Gastroprotective activities of Peperomia pellucida L. and Pachyrhizus erosus L. extracts combination on ethanol-induced rats.

Gastroprotective is an effect caused by the compounds that have the capability of protecting the gastric mucosa. Peperomia pellucida L. plants contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, while Pachyrhizus erosus L. contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. Peperomia pellucida L. reportedly contains dillapiole compounds with a gastroprotective effect. Moreover, its isolation result from Pachyrhizus erosus L. indicates the presence of dulcitol, gentisic acid, and formononetin, which has antioxidant activity. This study aims to determine the gastroprotective effect of the combination of Peperomia pellucida L. and Pachyrhizus erosus L. extract on rats with gastric ulcer models by looking at the ulcer index, percentage of inhibition, and histopathology. The research method used in this study was by making a combination of Peperomia pellucida L. and Pachyrhizus erosus L. extract. The combined extract was then given to five treatment groups. Group I as a negative control, group II as a positive control was given sucralfate, groups III, IV, and V were given a combination of Peperomia pellucida L. and Pachyrhizus erosus L. extract of 100, 200, and 400mg/kg BW. The treatment was given orally for 14days, after 1h of treatment on the 14th day, 96% ethanol induction was given orally at a dose of 5mg/kg BW. The animal dissection was performed 24h after the induction. The results from observations showed an increase in body weight before and after the treatment. The ulcer index produced by negative control, positive control in the treatment with doses of 100, 200, and 400 were 4.18; 2.98; 2.42; 2.04; and 1.07. This study showed that the combination of Peperomia pellucida L. and Pachyrhizus erosus L. extract has a gastroprotective effect.

Effect of Streptomyces Inoculation on Ipomoea aquatica and Pachyrhizus erosus Grown Under Salinity and Low Water Irrigation Conditions

The distribution of salty areas and drought conditions caused by climate change can limit successful crop production. The co-occurrence of salinity and drought gives a unique challenge for plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in agricultural purposes. In this study, the effect of irrigation and salinity on the abilities of isolates of plant growth-promoting bacteria (Streptomyces sp. St1 and St8) to promote the growth of Ipomoea aquatica and Pachyrhizus erosus was investigated. Both plants were planted in pots with combinations of salinity (non-saline or saline soil), different irrigation levels, and different bacterial inoculations. The results showed that the salinity decreased the root dry weight of I. aquatica and decreased the shoot and root dry weight of P. erosus. Salinity also decreased the tuber formation and root efficiency of P. erosus. Low irrigation and bacterial species did not affect either plant’s shoot or root growth. However, the chlorophyll content in the leaves of both plants decreased in the inoculated plants compared to the non-inoculated plants. Among the three factors in this study, salinity was the most influential factor, and irrigation was the least effective factor on plant growth for both parts. Soil salinity may concern plant growth-promoting bacteria, and salt-tolerant strains may be an interesting choice for use in combination with saline and low water conditions.

Effects of Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on the Biochemical Constituent, Nutrient Uptake, Chlorophyll Content, Growth and Agronomic Parameters of American Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) under Saline Condition

Salt stress negatively impacts plant physiology, metabolism and productivity.The effects of mycorrhizal biofertilizer on the biochemical constituent, nutrient uptake, chlorophyll content, growth and agronomic parameters of American Yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) under saline conditions were investigated. Seeds were planted in polythene bags previously filled with sand, 50 g of Biofertilizer and supplied with a nutrient solution for six weeks in a completely randomized design in a greenhouse. Plants were subjected to NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200 mM) with 0 as control. The concentrations 0 and 50 mM NaCl were tested on the farm for five months. Plots were arranged in a randomized block design. The number of flowers per plant, flowering time, number of pods per plant, yield and harvest index were evaluated. The results in the greenhouse showed that the stem height, leaf area, the number of leaves, noose diameter, dry biomass and chlorophyll content decreased significantly (P<0.01) from 100 mM NaCl. Mg, Ca and K significantly (P<0.001) decreased in plant organs with the supply of intake doses of NaCl in the culture medium. The different metabolites (Total soluble proteins, Proline, Total free amino acids, Total soluble carbohydrates and Total phenolic contents) increased significantly (P< 0.001) from 50 mM NaCl. The findings indicate that the accumulation of AMF positively influenced the growth and agronomic parameters of American yam bean under salinity.Their use alleviated the toxicity of NaCl, improved crop productivity and could be encouraged for better development of salinity affected areas.

Markers of genes for resistance to late blight, potato virus <i>Y</i> and potato cyst nematode identified in advanced interspecific potato hybrids

Background. The harmful organisms affecting potato cause great economic damage in all areas where the crop is grown. One of the most economically important pathogens is the potato late blight (agent Phytophthora infestans Mont. (de Bary)). Also, Potato Virus Y (PVY) and potato cyst nematode (PCN) of the Ro1 pathotype, the only one that occurs in the Russian Federation, cause significant yield losses. Materials and methods. Phytopathological and molecular screening was carried out on original interspecific potato hybrids obtained in 11 crossing combinations, seven of which were studied for the first time. Hybrids resulted from crosses that involved Mexican and South American potato species as sources of late blight and PVY resistance. Field observations of late blight resistance were conducted during three seasons under high infection pressure. A part of plant material was screened in laboratory tests. PCR tests employed 9 DNA markers of genes associated with resistance to Ph. infestans, PVY and PCN of Ro1 pathotype used in our previous study. Results. In field evaluation, hybrid clones mostly expressed high, and a part of them moderate late blight resistance. Of the 6 markers of the used Rpi genes, at least two were detected in most clones, while some had 3 or 4 markers. Some clones were found to have markers of PCN resistance genes and of several genes for resistance to PVY. The cytoplasm type was determined for all plant material. Conclutions. Within a small but pedigree-diverse set of interspeсific hybrids, the markers of resistance genes to all three pests were found. A part of clones obtained by using the sources of PVY and late blight resistance which we had identified, were found to contain two or more resistance genes to these pathogens. According to the results of molecular tests, the clones were found to carry several markers of late blight and PVY resistance genes. Original interspecific potato hybrids with determined late blight resistance levels, cytoplasm type and availability of markers of genes for resistance to three pests can be used in further hybridization.

Effect of gamma irradiation on the germination, pollen viability, and morpho-agronomic of Pachyrhizus erosus cv. Kota Padang

Abstract. Hayati PKD, Witari S, Rozen N, Sutoyo, Widiarsih S. 2022. Effect of gamma irradiation on the germination, pollen viability, and morpho-agronomic of Pachyrhizus erosus cv. Kota Padang. Biodiversitas 23: 1231-1238. Yam bean or Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb., an unexploited plant that produces the storage root tuber, is used in a variety scale of food processing and cosmetic industries in Indonesia. Novel approaches to induce variability in yam bean cv. Kota Padang will accelerate the breeding efforts and improvement of the cultivar. The purpose of the study was to elucidate the effects of gamma irradiation on seed germinability, pollen viability, and morpho-agronomic performance of yam bean cv. Kota Padang. Seeds were irradiated with gamma-rays on 0, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, and 500 Gy, then LD50 was determined based on the germination percentage. Observation of the irradiated yam bean growth in the field was carried out individually. Results showed that gamma irradiation decreased seed germinability, pollen viability, and agronomic traits. Still, it increased the variability of the traits among the mutant populations, except for the number of branches. Correlation analysis confirmed the results, indicating that selection in the next M2 generation must consider semi-dwarf and pod yield performances. The LD50 was 150 and 176 Gy; hence, the irradiation doses of 150 and 200 Gy were appropriate in producing high genetic diversity with low physical damage in yam bean cv. Kota Padang.

Polysaccharides from Pachyrhizus erosus roots: Extraction optimization and functional properties

Jicama is a widely cultivated but unexploited crop. This study isolated and characterized polysaccharide from roots of Pachyrhizus erosus (PEP). Optimal extraction conditions were obtained using single-factor experiment and response surface methodology, after which an extraction rate of 41.55% was obtained. Contents of total sugar, uronic acid, moisture, and ash were about 85.24%, 10.82%, 1.55%, and 0.05%, respectively. PEP had relative molecular mass of 18.3 kDa and tangled filaments and loose flaky structure. PEP was thermostable and presented high oil holding capacity but relatively low emulsion properties. Rheological tests indicated that the viscosity of PEP was of concentration and temperature dependence. Salt additions at various concentrations caused only slight increase of viscosity and storage modulus. In a word, PEP from jicama was a type of acidic polysaccharide with high thermostability and oil holding capacity. However, emulsion properties and viscosity are relatively low. Fine chemical structure and bio-function of PEP need further investigations.

Effect of N2 carbonization temperature on porous activated carbon derived from jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) peel as electrode material for supercapacitor

This study presents the different effects of nitrogen carbonization temperature of porous carbon as electrode material based for supercapacitor applications. The precursor origin material as a carbon source is focused on the bio-waste of jicama peel. The precursor is directly chemically activated ZnCl2 followed by high-temperature pyrolysis. This work has been performed with three different carbonization temperatures of 550 °C, 600 °C, and 650 °C. Experimental results show that carbonization at different temperatures causes the formation of different material properties to support the performance of the supercapacitor. The dimensions of the carbon coins display different density values with data trends being degraded after the high-temperature pyrolysis process. In addition, microcrystalline properties were also evaluated by means of the X-ray diffraction technique. The supercapacitor cells were evaluated in two-electrode configurations with an organic membrane as a separator. Electrochemical properties such as specific capacitance, energy density, and power density were thoroughly evaluated through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques. The highest specific capacitance was confirmed at 179 F g−1 in a constant current density of 1.0 A g−1. Furthermore, the maximum energy density was found as high as 12.60 Wh kg−1 at the optimum power density of 105.86 Wh kg−1. These results confirm that the carbonization temperature needs to be considered to obtain high-porous activated carbon derived from bio-waste jicama peel for supercapacitor electrode materials.

Polysaccharides of nutritional interest in jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) during root development.

Jicama root applications have focused on their nutraceutical properties without clearly specifying which compounds are related to this effect. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify the changes in polysaccharides of nutraceutical interest in two commercial jicama roots (YS – Yellow Seed; PS – Purple Seed) during four stages of maturation, focusing on starch, fructooligosaccharides, and pectin (via galacturonic acid), and on their glycemic index, with the goal of determining, if possible, the best cost‐effectiveness between jicama growing stages and nutraceutical effect. Both materials (YS, PS) presented similar growth rates (0.069 and 0.072 cm/day) and final sizes (12.7 ± 1.25, 12.3 ± 1.63 cm). Changes in size were accompanied by changes in protein, fiber, ashes, lipids, and carbohydrates, after 106 or 127 days of growing. It was also found that fructose content was higher than glucose during the maturing stages, possibly because of the hydrolysis of fructooligosaccharides or sucrose for starch production. Concerning inulin, its levels decreased (<6.0%), after the first days (YS: 13.4% ± 0.7%; PS: 8.4% ± 0.2%, 106 days); however, during development, the presence of other fructooligosaccharides was observed (nystose‐YS 106 days 15.8% ± 0.9% and PS‐106 days 18.5% ± 0.1%), while galacturonic acid and native starch levels increased, which must be related to the jicama's low glycemic index found (<25%), and their nutraceutical properties. This work proves the presence of inulin in jicama roots by analytical methods, its dependence on root development and classifies jicama as a low glycemic index food, supporting its nutraceutical character.

The effectiveness of yam (Pachyrhizus erosus) juice in maintaining the viability of Trichoderma viride spores

Trichoderma viride is a potential biological agent to control main estate crop diseases. One of the disadvantages of this fungus is susceptible to ultraviolet (UV) from sunlight. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of yam juice (YJ) in protecting T. viride spores against UV exposure. The research was conducted from March to July 2019 at the Plant Protection Laboratory of IIBCRI, Sukabumi. The suitability as a growth medium was performed by incorporating 0%, 1%, 5% 10%, and 20% concentration of YJ into potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The spore viability test used a 20% concentration of YJ in the talc carrier medium compared to control (without YJ) and exposing treatment for 0, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. The results showed that YJ was suitable for T. viride. The original viability remaining (OVR) were 77.9%, 32.62%, and 13.67% after exposing 60, 120, and 180 minutes under sunlight, and 40.01%, 35.78%, and 32.62% respectively under UV lamp. The relative efficiency (RE) value of YJ treatment after exposure 60, 120, and 180 minutes under sunlight were 4.72, 3.52, and 4.42 respectively, and under UV lamp were 1.69, 1.65, and 1.73 respectively. YJ effectively protects T. viride spores from UV exposure.

Immunomodulatory effect of petroleum ether extract and ethyl acetate fraction of bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) in vitro

Bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) contains phytosterol and the isoflavone daidzein, which are thought to have immunomodulatory activity. There have been no studies reporting on the immunomodulatory effects of bengkoang extract containing polar and semi-polar compounds, such as phytosterols and isoflavone-like compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of bengkoang extracts, including petroleum ether extract (PEE), methanol extract (ME), and the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of bengkoang, in vitro. The immunomodulatory effects of PEE, ME, and EAF of bengkoang were determined according to the phagocytic activity of macrophages based on phagocytosis of latex beads, lymphocyte proliferation, and detection of cytokine production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Results: The phagocytic index and phagocytic capacity of ME, PEE, and EAF of bengkoang on macrophage cells were significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05), whereas lymphocyte proliferation was unchanged compared with the control (p &gt; 0.05), and ME of bengkoang enhanced the levels of the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. In contrast, PEE and EAF of bengkoang decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels compared with the control group. All of the bengkoang extracts decrease the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In conclusion, this study showed that PEE, ME, and EAF of bengkoang could increase the non-specific immune response (phagocytic activity) but had a lesser effect on the specific immune response (lymphocyte proliferation). The ME of bengkoang acts as an immunostimulant by increasing the levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and decreasing those of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.

Application of the Biomass from the Shell of Pachyrhizus erosus in the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Contaminated Waters

Aims: Recently, the removal capacity of different heavy metals from sites contaminated by low-cost materials has been studied, with promising results. These adsorbents include dead microorganisms, clay minerals, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and other materials. The objective of this work was studying the removal capacity of Chromium (VI) by the biomass of the shell of Pachyrhizus erosus, by the Diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Faculty of Chemical Sciences. Autonomous University of San Luís Potosí, S.L.P., between July and November 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: The biomass was obtained from the shell of P. erosus, acquired in the Republic market of the city of San Luís Potosí, during the month of July 2021. For obtain the biomass, the shell was washed during 24 hours in EDTA at 10% (p/v), and 1 week with tridesionized water under constant stirring, with water changes every 12 hours, and we work with 100 mL of a 100 mg/L solution of Chromium (VI) obtained by diluting a 1 g/L standard solution prepared in tridesionized water from K2Cr2O7. The pH of the solution was adjusted with 1 M H2SO4 and/or 1 M NaOH, before adding it to the biomass.&#x0D; Results: The highest bioadsorption was at 7 hours, at pH 1.0 and 28°C. Regarding temperature, the highest removal was at 60°C and 1.5 hours, with a removal of 90.69%. At the metal concentrations analyzed, the natural biomass showed a good removal capacity, in addition too efficiently removal the metal in situ (93.6% of contaminated water), at 3 days of incubation, with 5 g of biomass, and 100% of removal from contaminated earth, at 52 hours of incubation, with 5 g of biomass).&#x0D; Conclusion: Therefore, this biomass can be used to remove it from industrial wastewater and contaminated earth.

The Bioactivity and Phytochemicals of Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb.: A Multifunctional Underutilized Crop Plant.

Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. is an underutilized crop plant belonging to the Fabaceae family. In recent years, the plant received huge attention and was introduced in different countries owing to properties such as a high nutritional content, its nitrogen-fixing abilities, and different biological activities such as its antioxidant, immune modulation, anticancer, anti-diabetes, anti-osteoporosis, antiviral, and antiaging affects, among others. In this review, an attempt has been made to comprehensively compile the biological activities of the plant to provide a panoramic view of the current efforts and further directions, which may lead to the development of pharmacological applications. This information will be helpful in creating interest towards P. erosus and it may be useful in developing the plant for medical applications and/or as a functional food. More than 50 phytochemicals have been reported from the plant, which belong to different chemical classes such as triterpenoids, organic acid, flavonoids, and fatty acids. Numerous biological activities were reported from the plant through in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo, and human studies. However, well-defined clinical studies are still lacking for the establishment of any biological properties that could be further developed. Suggestions for the further development of P. erosus, according to current knowledge about the different biological properties, has also been provided.

Chemical Constituents from the Leaves of Pachyrhizus erosus Collected in Vietnam.

A phytochemical investigation of methanol extract from leaves of Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban, a leguminous shrub distributed in Vietnam and other tropical and subtropical countries led to the isolation of a new prenylated chalcone, erosusone (1) and a new megastigmane glycoside epimer, 3-episedumoside F1 (9), together with thirteen known compounds including flavonoids (2-6), a 3-benzoxepine lactone (7), a pyridine-4,5-diol derivative (8), megastigmanes and megastigmane glycosides (10-15). Their structures were elucidated by means of high resolution-electrospray ionization (HR-ESI)-MS, one dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional NMR (2D-NMR) spectroscopy as well as comparison with the data reported in the literature. The cytotoxic effects on LU-1 (lung carcinoma), HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), and MCF7 (breast carcinoma) cell lines were assessed. Prenylated chalcones 1-2 and isoflavone 3 exhibited cytotoxicity against all tested cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 22.04 to 45.03 µM.

The effect of Raphanus sativus and Pachyrhizus erosus juice combination on the ethanol-induced gastric of mice

Gastric ulcers can be caused by active inflammation due to impaired mucosal integrity, which causes local or widespread lesions. Gastric ulcers can occur due to the use of ethanol, which has a local effect on the gastric. Therefore, the continuous consumption of ethanol can damage gastric cells. Raphanus sativus  and Pachyrhizus erosus  contain flavonoids, which are well-known to reduce stomach acid as a curative agent. The objective of this study is to see the effect of Raphanus sativus and Pachyrhizus erosus  juice as a preventive agent on alcohol-induced gastric ulcers in mice ( Mus musculus ). A combination of Raphanus sativus and Pachyrhizus erosus was given at a dose of 100, 300, and 600 mg/kgBW. Specifically, Raphanus sativus was given at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW, Pachyrhizus erosus at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW, and positive control was included using sucralfate. The treatment was carried out for 12 days, and 1 hour after the last day of treatment, 20 ml/kgBW of ethanol induction was given 24 hours after the animals were dissected. The results showed that the index value of gastric ulcers in the normal group, negative control, and the combination of Raphanus sativus and Pachyrhizus erosus  juice given orally at a dose of 100, 300, and 600 mg/kgBW ( Raphanus sativus at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW, Pachyrhizus erosus at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW, and sucralfate as positive control) were 0; 4.00; 1.00; 1.33; 2.33; 2.67; 0 and 2.00. The results of the histopathological analysis also showed improvement in the gastric of mice fed with Pachyrhizus erosus juice. Therefore, it is inferred that treatment using Raphanus sativus and Pachyrhizus erosus juice can reduce the number of ulcers, increase ratio protection, and repair the cells in gastric histopathology. Additionally, giving a single dose of Pachyrhizus erosus  juice results in a more significant gastric improvement. Â

Molecular and Biological Characterization of Recombinant Isolates of Potato virus Y Circulating in Potato Fields in Mexico.

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a significant threat to potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in Mexico. The presence of recombinant strains of PVY circulating in potato has been reported in the country, but no systematic study on the genetic diversity of PVY in potato and prevalence of PVY strains has been conducted yet. We report on a series of surveys in seed potato production areas in two states in Mexico, namely, Chihuahua and Jalisco, between 2011 and 2019. PVY was detected through the period of nine years in multiple potato cultivars in both states, often remaining asymptomatic in the most popular cultivars, such as 'Fianna' and 'Agata'. When typed to strain, all PVY samples studied were found to have N-serotype, and were all identified molecularly as isolates of the same recombinant strain, PVYNTN. Five of these PVY isolates were tested on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), where they induced vein necrosis supporting the molecular typing. This identification was also confirmed biologically on differential potato cultivars, where one PVYNTN isolate from the 2013 survey triggered the hypersensitive resistance conferred by the Nztbr gene in the cv. Maris Bard. Seven of these Mexican PVYNTN isolates, collected between 2013 and 2019, including two PVY isolates from potato tubers exhibiting potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease, were subjected to whole genome sequencing and found to show a typical PVYNTNa recombinant structure. When subjected to phylogenetic analysis, Mexican PVYNTN sequences clustered in more than three separate clades, suggesting multiple introductions of PVYNTN in the country. The wide circulation of the PVYNTN strain in Mexican potato should be considered by potato producers, to develop mitigation strategies for this PVY strain associated with tuber necrotic symptoms.

The growth rate of inulinolytic yeast isolates from yum (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) and their inulinase production capability

Inulinase (EC. 3.2.1.7) is a hydrolytic enzyme that hydrolyze inulin into fructose. This enzyme was very important in the high fructose syrup industry. Microbes producing inulinase can be isolated from various sources, among others from various types of tuber that contain inulin. The isolation of inulinolytic yeast from yum (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) obtained two potential isolates. Research on the growth rate of the two potential yeast isolates in producing inulinase is necessary to understand the pattern of the yeast growth and its ability to produce inulinase. The parameters observed in this study were specific growth rate (µ), generation time (g) and inulinase activity of two selected yeast isolates B2 and B3. The results showed that the specific growth rate (µ) of B2 isolate was 0.11 hours with generation time (g) 6.12 hours, whereas for B3 isolates the specific growth rate (µ ) was 0.21 hour and generation time 3.29 hours. The inulinase activity from yeast isolates B2 and B3 were 0.294 IU and 0.235 IU, respectively.

The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Yam Bulbs (Pachyrhizus Erosus L Urb) on the Growth of Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria Agar Diffusion Method

Bengkuang Plant (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urb) is a plant that can be used as herbal medicine. The community-made uses yam into powder by drying the place that is not exposed to direct sun, then pounded into a powder. This powdered yam is used by mixing clean water and used as powder. Bulbs are proven to contain flavonoid compounds, isoflavonoid, saponin, and daidzein, which can function as antibatter. The purpose of this study was to explain the concentration of tuber extract of ethanol tuber (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urb) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with the agar diffusion method. The research design used in this research is quasi-experimental (Quasi-Experimental). The sample of this research is extract of bamboo tuber ethanol (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urb) with concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%. Based on the result of the research, the measurement of the inhibitory zone of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was found to average 6,00 mm at a concentration of 10% -40%, 7.33 mm at concentration 50%, 7.67 mm at concentration 60%, 9.33 at concentration 70 %, 10.67 mm at concentrations of 80% and 13.33 mm at a concentration of 90%. The data were analyzed by Kendall's Tau test (p = 0,000 &lt;0,05), so it can be concluded that there is an influence of extract of bamboo tuber ethanol (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urb) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria agar diffusion method.

The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Yam Bulbs (Pachyrhizus Erosus L Urb) on the Growth of Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria Agar Diffusion Method

Bengkuang Plant (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urb) is a plant that can be used as herbal medicine. The community-made uses yam into powder by drying the place that is not exposed to direct sun, then pounded into a powder. This powdered yam is used by mixing clean water and used as powder. Bulbs are proven to contain flavonoid compounds, isoflavonoid, saponin, and daidzein, which can function as antibatter. The purpose of this study was to explain the concentration of tuber extract of ethanol tuber (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urb) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with the agar diffusion method. The research design used in this research is quasi-experimental (Quasi-Experimental). The sample of this research is extract of bamboo tuber ethanol (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urb) with concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%. Based on the result of the research, the measurement of the inhibitory zone of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was found to average 6,00 mm at a concentration of 10% -40%, 7.33 mm at concentration 50%, 7.67 mm at concentration 60%, 9.33 at concentration 70 %, 10.67 mm at concentrations of 80% and 13.33 mm at a concentration of 90%. The data were analyzed by Kendall's Tau test (p = 0,000 <0,05), so it can be concluded that there is an influence of extract of bamboo tuber ethanol (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urb) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria agar diffusion method.

The effect of synbiotic drink from kefir milk and jicama concentrate (Pachyrhizus erosus) on malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase activity in the liver tissue of the hyperlipidemic rats (Rattus norvegicus)

The aim of this research is to know the effect of synbiotic drinks from kefir milk and jicama concentrate on MDA level and SOD activity in the liver tissue of the hyperlipidemic rats. This research used 25 rats divided into 5 groups (K+, K-, P1, P2, and P3). Group of K+, P1, P2, P3 were given quail egg yolk for the first 4 weeks. For the next 4 weeks, K+ and K- group were only given fed ad libitum. Group of P1, P2, and P3 were given synbiotic with the formulation of P1: 85% kefir milk (K) and 15% jicama concentrate (J), P2: 75% K, 25% J, and P3: 65% K, 35% J. The dose of quail egg yolks and synbiotic was 5 mL/200 grBW. In the end, the animal model was terminated to get liver organs to measure the MDA level and SOD activity. Mean of MDA level (nmol/gr) were 11.8 ± 0.17 (K+), 2.5 ± 0.12 (K-), 7.7 ± 0.18 (P1) 5.7 ± 0.10 (P2), 4.1 ± 0.09 (P3). The result showed significant differences between all groups (p < 0.001). Mean of SOD activity (%) were 21.43 ± 2.52 (K+), 71.43 ± 3.91 (K-), 30.71 ± 1.53 (P1) 50.35 ± 2.84 (P2), 63.93 ± 1.53 (P3). The result showed significant differences between all groups (p < 0.001) except between K+ with P1 and K-. Intervention of synbiotic drink from kefir milk and jicama concentrate significantly decrease MDA level in all groups and increase SOD activity in the P2 and P3 groups, with P3 group clinically significant.