P2 Configuration Research Articles

Downshifting strategy of plug-in hybrid vehicle during braking process for greater regenerative energy

The P2 configuration plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (P2-PHEV) equipped with a multi-speed transmission has a high potential for recovering more regenerative energy, as the shifting strategy can be employed to adjust the working zone of the electric motor (EM). However, the existing shifting strategy designed for normal driving conditions cannot achieve optimal regenerative energy recovery. In this study, a shifting strategy used in the regenerative braking process is proposed. First, to make the EM provide more regenerative force during braking, a braking force distribution algorithm is devised while simultaneously considering braking stability and safety. Second, to realize maximum regenerative braking energy recovery, an optimal shifting strategy is designed for regenerative braking. Third, the classical braking process is analyzed and six thresholds are abstracted and optimized to establish a rule for restraining frequent gearshifts raised in the proposed optimal shifting strategy. Finally, the proposed strategy is verified under three standard cycles, results show that the proposed shifting strategy can recover considerable regenerative energy without frequent gearshifts.

New Numerical Approach to Calculate Microstates of Equivalent and Non-Equivalent Electrons

A term symbol is used to describe atomic microstate states, which give the multiplicity and total angular momentum of the atomic state. Russel Sauder coupling scheme is used to generate terms of equivalent and non-equivalent electronic configurations. For equivalent electrons, the terms are calculated using Pauli’s principle, and the number of terms is limited and is calculated by the combination rule. The total possible electrons and total available electrons are used in the combination formula. In case of non-equivalent electrons, the number of terms are found by the permutation rule. The number of terms for equivalent electrons is less than the terms for non-equivalent electrons. The number of possible microstates for p2 and d5 configurations are 15 and 252 respectively. While the number of final microstates for 1p2p and 3d4d configurations are 36 and 100. In the proposed study, a Python programme was developed that generates the microstate according to filled and half-filled subshell electronic configurations for equivalent, non-equivalent, and combinations of both. Examples of microstates for non-equivalent electrons of configuration 1s2s, sp, sd, ss, 2p3p, pd, pf, 3d4d, df, 4f5f and for equivalent electrons of configuration su, pv, dx, and f y are presented.

A novel design methodology for fixed-shaft hybrid powertrain with a single-motor

Hybrid power configuration has two kinds of power sources, how to design the configuration to couple the energy of the two power sources is an important part of the development of hybrid power technology. In the systematic design scheme of hybrid power, most scholars focus on the design of planetary gear hybrid power configuration, but lack of systematic design scheme of fixed-shaft hybrid power configuration. In this paper, based on the equivalent tree graph method, the fixed-shaft hybrid configuration is transformed into the corresponding tree graph representation, and all possible configurations are generated by the combination of the trunk, branches and leaves. Add the corresponding design constraints, use Matlab to realize automatic generation and screening, and finally obtain the required configuration after specification. The configuration is verified in the Simulink & Amesim co-simulation environment. The results show that the proposed single-motor fixed-shaft hybrid power configuration has certain advantages in economy compared with the traditional P2 and P3 configurations, and its dynamic performance is the same as that of P2 configurations and superior to P3 configurations.

Diffuse Basis Functions for Relativistic s and d Block Gaussian Basis Sets

Diffuse s, p, and d functions have been optimized for use with previously reported relativistic basis sets for the s and d blocks of the periodic table. The functions were optimized on the 4:1 weighted average of the s2 and p2 configurations of the anion, with the d shell in the dn+1 configuration for the d blocks. Exponents were extrapolated for groups 2 and 12, which have unstable or weakly bound anions. The diffuse basis sets have been tested by application to calculations of electron affinities of the group 11 elements (Cu, Ag, and Au), double electron affinities of the group 11 monocations, and potential energy curves of Mg2 and Ca2 van der Waals dimers, as well as some response properties of the group 1 anions (Rb-, Cs-, and Fr-), the group 2 elements (Sr, Ba, and Ra), and RbLi, CsLi, and FrLi molecules.

Energy consumption analysis of a parallel PHEV with different configurations based on a typical driving cycle

Representative driving cycles and specific vehicle types play an important role in analyzing energy consumption to provide valuable references for manufacturers and government inspections. In this study, a parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with different driven configurations is employed to analyze energy consumption under a typical driving cycle. Specifically, a typical driving cycle of Tianjin is constructed by integrating the clustering and Markov chain algorithms. Considering the various layouts of energy systems in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, three different driven configurations (P2, P3, P4) of the parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle are established. Finally, the energy consumptions of the different configurations are analyzed under the proposed typical driving cycle and the compared China Automotive Test Cycle. Results of two driving cycles demonstrate that the fuel consumption of the P3 configuration is lower than that of the P2 and P4 configurations, respectively, while the purely electric driving range of the P3 configuration is longer than the other two configurations, respectively. These results provide a basis for the formulation of China’s new light vehicle emission standards and reduce exhaust emission by making the vehicles more economically suitable for the road conditions in Tianjin.

Upshift optimization control of dedicated hybrid transmission with P2 configuration

Based on the traditional automatic transmission, Dedicated Hybrid Transmission (DHT) with P2 configuration is developed by replacing hydraulic torque converter with a wet electronically controlled clutch and a driving motor. The paper proposed a coordinated control strategy of the upshift process for the P2 configuration parallel hybrid vehicle equipped with DHT to ensure the shift quality. Firstly, considering the meshing transmission loss, the dynamics modelling of DHT shifting process was built by Lagrange method, and the model parameters were identified by bench test; Secondly, taking no jerk as the constraint and minimum slipping work as the optimisation goal, the forward discrete dynamic programming was used to solve the optimal control law of the transmission torque of the shifting clutch and the input shaft torque of transmission. Besides, for the hybrid operation mode, further considering the influence of the motor, engine and main clutch, two coordinated control strategies of the main clutch engagement and slipping were proposed. The simulation results show that the two coordinated control strategies can achieve small jerk and slipping work, ensure smoothness in the course of gear shift. And by the method of slipping control of the main clutch, the shifting time can be shortened.

Immobilization and unbinding investigation of the antigen-antibody complex using theoretical and experimental techniques

Experimental results for the antibody known as immunoglobulin G – IgG interacting with phenobarbital were obtained via atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thereafter investigated using computer simulation modeling tools. Using molecular dynamics simulation and docking calculations, the energetically stable configurations of an immobilized antibody over a silicon surface were searched. Six stable configurations of the immobilized antibody over the silicon nitride surface covered by linker molecules were found. Although, only three of them (P1, P2, P5) maintained the Fragment antigen binding available for antigen interaction. Therefore, these configurations were equilibrated after reaching 100 ns molecular dynamics trajectory. The average interaction energy between the surface and the immunoglobulin G - IgG antibody in the P1, P2 and P5 configurations were −62.4 ± 2.4 kcal/mol; −54.3 ± 5.7 kcal/mol, and −360.9 ± 4.2 kcal/mol respectively. Phenobarbital was docked within the Fab domain of P1, P2, and P5 immobilized configurations and equilibrated with molecular dynamics for binding energy estimation. Then, steered molecular dynamics was performed to evaluate unbinding energy pathway between phenobarbital and IgG in each of the three-oriented IgG configurations. No significant differences were observed in the rupture force values (EP1 = 591 ± 13 pN, EP2 = 605 ± 18 pN, and EP5 = 610 ± 45 pN). In comparison, the average AFM experimental results were (641.6 ± 363.3 pN). Therefore, it is worth noting that P5 is the configuration with highest protein-surface interaction. Therefore, the force value calculated for the P5 orientation is statistically more favorable and it is the one to be compared to the experimental data. The agreement between experimental and theoretical results indicates a favorable presented for this study opening new perspectives for antigen-antibody evaluation.

Multi-objective optimization design and performance evaluation for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrains

This study provides an optimal selection methodology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) powertrain configuration by means of optimization and comprehensive evaluation of powertrain design schemes. The challenge of this study is to reveal each powertrain configuration performance potential in different situations of object trade-off and solve the control-physical integrated optimization problem of the PHEV powertrain design. To determine performance potential, a configuration-sizing-control strategy integrated multi-objective powertrain optimization design is proposed and applied to series, parallel pre-transmission (P2), output power-split, and multi-mode power-split powertrain configurations. Firstly, considering simultaneous optimization of fuel economy, electric energy consumption, and acceleration capacity, the parameters of the powertrain components and vehicle performance of each configuration are optimized based on global optimal control in different situations of object trade-off. Then, the Pareto optimal selection of powertrain configuration and its corresponding optimal component parameters are obtained by performance comparison and non-domination sorting. The results suggest that the P2 configuration and its optimal sizing can be selected when the goal is to optimize acceleration capacity, the multi-mode power-split configuration and its optimal sizing can be selected when the goal is to optimize electric energy efficiency, and the output power-split configuration and its optimal sizing can be selected when the fuel economy needs to be optimized.

A DFT study of O2 and Cl2 adsorption onto Al12N12 fullerene‐like nanocluster

AbstractIn this study, the adsorption and dissociation of chlorine and oxygen molecules on the surface of Al12N12 nanocluster have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT). Traditional B3LYP and dispersion‐corrected (ωB97XD) functionals have been used to optimize the studied structures. One relaxed structure for adsorbed Cl2 and two for adsorbed O2 (denoted as P1 and P2 configurations) have been found. Both functionals showed strong chemisorption of O2 compared to Cl2 on nanocluster. The dispersion‐corrected (ωB97XD) binding energies of Cl2 and O2 (P1 and P2) on Al12N12 are calculated to be −32.4 (−29.1 BSSE corrected), −60.6 (−47.0 BSSE corrected), and −217.8 (−191.4 BSSE corrected) kJ/mol, respectively. We can conclude that in the suitable configuration, the adsorption of O2 associates with significant charge transfer as well as dissociation. The Gibbs free energies of all adsorptions were calculated and their values confirm exothermic spontaneous adsorption of both molecules on nanocluster.

P2 Layered Na Transition Metal Oxides: A Synthetic Precursor to New O2 xLi2MnO3•(1-x)LiMO2 Ion-Exchanged ‘Layered-layered’ Cathode Materials

It is now firmly established that Li- and Mn-rich layered compounds form domains of Li2MnO3 that are essentially epitaxially matched with coincident LiMO2 (M=transition metals) layered structures when synthesized at high temperatures from either co-precipitated precursors (homogeneous initial distribution) or bulk starting material oxides or carbonates at the correct stoichiometric ratios. Since monoclinic Li2MnO3 and hexagonal LiMO2 individually are O3 oxygen stacked, the result of melding L2MnO3 domains with LiMO2 thus yields a ‘layered-layered’ composite which in turn is also O3 oxygen stacking. In reality it is likely that some stacking faults are prevalent but this is extremely hard to quantitate. Recently it has been revealed that a xLi2MnO3•(1-x)LiMO2conversion to spinel with cycling is feasible principally resulting in voltage fade [1]. Since spinel is also O3 stacked it is reasonable that layer gliding during the transformation is curtailed and only a direct movement of cations within the fixed oxygen anion array occurs.In an effort to preclude the O3 layered to O3 spinel conversion during cycling, it was surmised that a precursor P2 layered structure should be implemented in the synthetic route. Because of the high thermodynamic barrier to break existing M-O bonds, a P2 configuration will not convert to O3 (and thus spinel) within the course of cycling or during the synthetic step, this approach seems encouraging.Direct reaction of M precursors with Li-salts typically forms O3 stacked compounds, however, if one is to replace most of the Li in the reactants with the proper stoichiometry of Na then the product can be guided to P2 only. Subsequent Na exchange with Li during the next step directs an O2 (or O4, O6 mixed composites) layer stacked product [2].The ion-exchanged (IEx) synthetically derived O2 IEx-xLi2MnO3•(1-x)LiMO2 material which has the (TODAHE5050) composition: IEx-0.5Li2MnO3•0.5Li(Ni0.375Mn0.375Co0.25)O2 features capacities in excess of 220 mAhg-1(in Figure 1), but more importantly, the voltage fade is curtailed. This presentation will highlight the synthesis, materials chemistry and its relation to structure-function-property relationships. References D. Mohanty, S. Kalnaus, R. A. Meisner, K. J. Rhodes, J. Li, E.A. Payzant, D. L. Wood III, C. Daniel, J. Power Sources, 229, 239-248 (2013)D. Kim, S.-H. Kang, M. Balasubramanian, C. S. Johnson,. Electrochem Commun., 12, 1618-1621 (2010) Acknowledgments Funding from the Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357 is gratefully acknowledged. We would also like to acknowledge Peter Faguy and David Howell for their support and the funding support from Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies. The submitted document has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (“Argonne”). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government.

Optical switches and all-fiber logical devices based on triangular and planar three-core nonlinear optical fiber couplers

In this paper, we investigate the switching process in a triangular (T) and planar (P1 and P2) symmetric three-core nonlinear fiber coupler (TNLDC) operating in the CW regime. We have numerically shown, via the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations (NLSEs), that AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, NXOR and NOT logic gates can be constructed. The first configuration, a triangular (TNLDC-T) symmetrical structure, is composed with three cores in an equilateral-triangle arrangement and using a control signal (CS) applied to the first core. The P1 and P2 configurations presents a planar symmetrical structure with three cores in a parallel equidistant arrangement, with different input positions of the control signal (CS). In the P1 configuration the CS is applied to the input of the first fiber (core 1) while for the P2 configuration the CS is applied to the input of the central fiber (core 2). Looking at the transmission characteristics of the device, through the direct and cross channel, we did a study of the extinction ratio (XRatio(dB) of these devices. In comparing the performance of all switches operating as logic gates we will use the figure-of-merit of the logic gates (FOMELG(dB)) defined as a function of the extinction ratio of the gate outputs.

EXTENDED THREE-BODY ANALYSIS OF 11LI WITH TENSOR AND PAIRING CORRELATIONS

We investigate the tensor and pairing correlations in 11 Li based on the 9 Li +n+n model. For 9 Li , we perform the configuration mixing with the shell model type wave function to introduce the core polarization caused by the tensor and pairing correlations. For 11 Li , we perform the coupled 9 Li +n+n calculation, in which the couplings between the correlations in 9 Li and the motion of the last two neutrons emerge Pauli-blocking for the p2 configuration of 11 Li and increases the s2 component to develop the halo structure.

Tensor correlation in neutron halo nuclei

We investigate the effect of the tensor correlation on the light neutron-rich nuclei. We extend the model space of 4He core with the shell model approach to incorporate the tensor correlation, and π-like 0− particle-hole correlation is strongly favored. This affects the LS splitting in 5He and the 0+2 state of 6He. We also investigate that the tensor correlation is suppressed in 11Li for p2 configuration of last two neutrons, which naturally mixes the s2 component in the ground state and produces the halo structure.

Electron-pair momentum densities of group 14, 15, and 16 atoms in their low-lying electronic states

Electron-pair intracule (relative motion) h̄(υ) and extracule (center-of-mass motion) d̄(P) densities in momentum space are studied for the 3P, 1D, and 1S terms of five group 14 atoms with p2 configurations, the 4S, 2D, and 2P terms of five group 15 atoms with p3 configurations, and the 3P, 1D, and 1S terms of five group 16 atoms with p4 configurations. Common to all fifteen atoms, the intracule densities show that a low energy term has a greater probability of finding a pair of electrons with a large relative momentum υ than a high energy term. The Fermi hole effect in a high spin term appears naively in momentum space, and the average relative momentum 〈υ〉 is larger in a high angular momentum term. For the terms arising from the pm electronic configurations (m=2–4), the differences in the radial extracule densities are found to be almost isomorphic with the corresponding intracule ones. In a term with a high angular momentum, the average center-of-mass momentum 〈P〉 of an electron pair is always larger, and two electrons are less likely to have opposite momenta. The major origin of these differences in the electron-pair densities lies in the valence np orbitals, and the contribution of different electron-pair motions to the relative stability of terms can be explained by a rigorous relation between the kinetic energy Tnp and the second intracule 〈υ2〉np and extracule 〈P2〉np moments of the valence np subshell.

Electron-pair densities of group 14, 15, and 16 atoms in their low-lying multiplet states

Electron-pair intracule (relative motion) h(u) and extracule (center-of-mass motion) d(R) densities are studied for the 3P, 1D, and 1S multiplet states of five group 14 atoms with p2 configurations, the 4S, 2D, and 2P multiplets of five group 15 atoms with p3 configurations, and the 3P, 1D, and 1S multiplets of five group 16 atoms with p4 configurations. For all 15 atoms, it is confirmed that a lower total energy E in a high angular momentum state is always accompanied with the decrease of the electron–nucleus attraction energy Ven which is greater than the increase in the electron–electron repulsion energy Vee, as discussed in the literature for a few light atoms. In all the cases, the difference in the radial intracule densities 4πu2h(u) clarifies that for a multiplet with a higher angular momentum, the probability of finding a pair of electrons separated by a short/long distance is larger/smaller, leading to a greater Vee and a smaller average interelectronic distance 〈u〉. The Fermi hole effect is not important for the relative stability of the multiplets examined. For the multiplets arising from the pn electronic configurations, the differences in the radial extracule densities 4πR2d(R) are found to be almost isomorphic with the corresponding intracule ones: In a multiplet with a high angular momentum, the average center-of-mass radius 〈R〉 of an electron pair is always smaller, and two electrons are more likely to be at opposite positions with respect to the nucleus. Accordingly, the valence p orbital in a more stable multiplet is more tight, resulting in a lower electron–nucleus attraction energy Ven for all the 15 atoms.

Spline-Galerkin methods applied to Rydberg series between the 4s 2S and 3d 2D limits of calcium.

The recently introduced nonvariational spline-Galerkin method [T. Brage and C. Froese Fischer, Phys. Scr. 49, 651 (1994)] for Rydberg series is applied to the J = 0, 1, 2, and 3 even states between the two first limits in neutral calcium. Energies for 3dnl levels up to n = 15-20 are reported and the position of different perturbers belonging to the 4 p2 and 4p 5p configurations are investigated. The 4p 5p P-1(1) level is predicted to have an excitation energy of about 61 200 cm-1 and the 4p 5p 3D level is predicted at about 61 600-62 000 cm-1, while the 4p 5p 3P is just at the 3d2D limit.

Use of the virial theorem in the calculation of wavefunctions for helium autoionising states

The virial theorem is used as a supplementary constraint, in conjunction with a normal variational principal, in order to obtain wavefunctions for the (2s2)1S, (2p2)1S, (2p2)1D, (2s, 2p)1P and (2s,2p)3P autoionising states of helium. Good energies are obtained, except for the 1D state. The angular-correlation properties of the wavefunctions are compared with those of Lipsky-Conneely type functions (1977) and the effect of the mixing of the s2 and p2 configurations in investigated for the 1S states. A comparison is made of the resonance widths calculated using various approximations for the degenerate continua and matrix elements of either the Hamiltonian H or the operator (PHQ+QHP). A compact and relatively simple expansion basis is used in order to simplify subsequent collision calculations. This does not allow mixing with higher autoionising states to be taken into account; this affects the correlation properties of the 1P and 3P states and the width of the (2p2)1S state.

Atomic structure calculations and nebular diagnostics

Consideration is given to the interpretation of the spectra of gaseous nebulae and extended stellar envelopes in terms of electron density and temperature, fluctuations of related parameters, ionic concentrations, and chemical compositions. The calculation of atomic structure, A-values, and other parameters is considered in relation to nebular diagnostics, and diagrams for diagnostic parameters are presented. Observational checks on the theory with respect to the p3 configuration are examined, and the p2 and p4 configurations are also discussed. 41 references.

Crystal field and angular overlap treatment of the p2 configuration in square planar ligand fields

The matrix elements of the crystal field, electron repulsion, and spin-orbit interaction operators have been calculated for square-planar chromophores ML 4 using the strong-field approximation for central atoms of p 2 electronic configurations. The results obtained are compared with those for bent ML 2 chromophores and an explanation is found for the easy pairing of the spins of the two p-electrons. The crystal field diagrams are used to predict the magnetic behaviour of compounds such as selenium(II) and tellurium(II) complexes.

Crystal field and angular overlap treatment of the p 2 configuration in low-symmetry ligand fields

The p2 configuration is treated by the crystal field and angular overlap methods in ligand fields of C2v symmetry. The results are used in the discussion of the low-intensity bands in the visible and near-u.v. spectra of some SeII and TeII compounds. The spectra can be fitted to two parameters, a ligand-field splitting parameter and the bond angle ω. Calculated values of these parameters are discussed in relation to the structures and magnetic properties of the compounds in solution.