P300 Latency Research Articles

Electrophysiological Mechanism of Attention of Sleep Deprivation: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials (ERP) Data.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on individual attentional function and related electrophysiological mechanisms. Twenty healthy men who were deprived of sleep for 24 h were evaluated by selective attention test, persistent attention test, and event-related potentials (ERP) experiment. After 24 h of sleep deprivation, the subjects' selective attention decreased, mainly manifested as prolonged response time, decreased motion stability, increased rate of neglect error, decreased sustained attention, prolonged latency of P300 at Cz (p=0.001), and decreased amplitude (p=0.000). After 24 h of sleep deprivation, the attentional ability decreased significantly, and behavioral and ERP indicators showed certain changes.

Optic Nerve Structural and Functional Changes in LHON-Affected and Asymptomatic Maternal Relatives: Association with H and HV Mitochondrial Haplogroups.

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) affects a minority of carriers of causative mitochondrial DNA mutations. We investigated a cohort of patients with LHON, including m.11778G>A, m.3460G>A, m.14484T>C and DNAJC30 c.152A>G variants, and their asymptomatic maternal carrier relatives for additional potential associations with vision loss. We assessed visual acuity, optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), visually evoked potential including P-100 latency, and full mitochondrial genome sequencing. Comparison was made with a reference standard for OCT; European Descent, Heidelberg Engineering ©; and electrophysiology measurements with in-house normative ranges. RNFL was thinned overall in LHON patients (n = 12); median global RNFL -54 μm in the right eye (RE) and -50 μm in the left eye (LE) versus normal, and was found to be normal overall in asymptomatic carriers at +1 μm RE and -2 μm LE (n = 16). In four asymptomatic carriers there was RNFL thinning found either unilaterally or bilaterally; these cases were associated with isolated delay in P-100 latency (25%), delay and reduced visual acuity (50%), or reduced visual acuity without P-100 latency delay (25%). Optic nerve dysfunction was associated with mitochondrial haplogroup H and HV, versus non-H haplogroups, in the asymptomatic carriers (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.05). Our findings suggest that optic nerve abnormalities may be identified in asymptomatic LHON mitochondrial mutation carriers, which may be associated with optic nerve dysfunction. For asymptomatic carriers these findings were associated with mitochondrial haplogroup H and HV.

ARC/Arg3.1 expression in the lateral geniculate body of monocular form deprivation amblyopic kittens

PurposeThe present study compared the expression of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC/Arg3.1) in the lateral geniculate body between form deprivation amblyopia kittens and normal kittens to examine the significance of ARC/Arg3.1 in the lateral geniculate body in the pathogenesis of amblyopia.MethodsTwenty kittens were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). Black opaque covering cloth was used to cover the right eye of kittens in the experimental group. Pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) were detected weekly in all kittens. The expression of the ARC/Arg3.1 gene was detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, and apoptosis of lateral geniculate body cells was detected by TUNEL.ResultsPVEP detection showed that at the age of 5 and 7 weeks, the latency of P100 in the right eye of the experimental group was higher than that of the other three groups (P < 0.05), and the amplitude of P100 was lower than that of the other three groups (P < 0.05). The expression of ARC/Arg3.1 protein (P < 0.05) and mRNA (P < 0.05) in the lateral geniculate body of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The level of neuronal apoptosis in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The expression of the ARC/Arg3.1 gene was negatively correlated with the apoptosis level of lateral geniculate body neurons.ConclusionsThe expression of ARC/Arg3.1 is associated with monocular form deprivation amblyopia and apoptosis of lateral geniculate body cells.

Evaluation of Cognitive Function Using P300 Latency and Amplitude in Children with Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss Using Hearing Aids: A Comparative Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: As hearing function is directly linked to language and communication abilities, hearing loss may negatively affect children’s cognitive development. Therefore, it is important that hearing-impaired children undergo cognitive function assessments to better understand how to alleviate this comorbidity. The P300 event-related potential measurement is a neurophysiological test increasingly used to objectively measure cognitive function. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the latency and amplitude of P300 waves in children with profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) with hearing aids and normal-hearing children aged 7–15 years old. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study involving 15 children with profound SNHL and 15 children with normal hearing was conducted. The latency and amplitude of P300 waves in these children in response to auditory and visual stimuli were recorded and analyzed. Results: The mean P300 wave latency in children with SNHL was slightly longer than that in children with normal hearing, albeit insignificant (P = 0.578). Similarly, the amplitude of the P300 waves was not significantly smaller in children with SNHL (P = 0.885). Conclusions: SNHL children with hearing aid habilitation have comparable P300 amplitude and latency compare to normal-hearing children.

Impact of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction on Cognitive Event-Related Potential in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic condition that is responsible for various long-term complications. Cognitive impairment is one of the most common complications, but the underlying mechanisms are still undetermined. The autonomic imbalance is a major cause for CVS morbidity in T2DM which could also potentially affect cognition. But there is sparse data available in the literature to prove the association between autonomic dysfunction and cognitive impairment. We recruited 40 T2DM patients and 40 healthy controls. The assessment of cognitive functions was done by cognitive P300 event-related potential (ERP) and MoCA. Heart rate variability (HRV) was done to assess autonomic function. The P300 ERP latency in Fz, Cz and Pz sites was significantly prolonged in T2DM patients (P < 0.001). We found moderate correlation is present between P300 latency and total power (r = -0.466, P < 0.01) and LFnu (r = -0.423, P < 0.01) in T2DM patients. The total power and HbA1C show independent association with P300 latency after adjustment for confounding factors like age and duration of diabetes (P < 0.05). As the incidence of Alzheimer's disease is rising among T2DM patients increasing their dependency, making necessary lifestyle measures at earliest to improve autonomic balance may prevent or delay the onset of cognitive decline and alleviate its consequences and improve the quality of life in T2DM patients.

The effect of dance on rehabilitation training after COVID-19.

This study aims at investigating the effect of dance on rehabilitation training after COVID-19. In this study, a total of 112 patients with COVID-19 were recruited for rehabilitation training. Before enrollment, a neurologist conducted medical history inquiry, basic information collection, MMSE (MiniMental State Examination), MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and MHIS (Mental Health Information Systems) assessment. In the end, 68 patients with COVID-19 who met the entry criteria and signed the informed consent were included in the training. 8 patients with greater exercise risk after the ECG exercise test were not included in the group. Therefore, 60 patients were finally included in the group. The improved BMCE (Basic Medicine Comprehensive Examination) protocol was used to evaluate the cardiac function and exercise adaptability of the patients. The 12 lead ECG and gas metabolism instrument were used to monitor the changes of ECG and gas metabolism, and the blood pressure was measured at the same time. The exercise intensity was evaluated by subjective fatigue degree. The patient stopped the exercise test and rested for 15 minutes under the following conditions: (1) complained of any discomfort or intolerable fatigue; (2) horizontal or oblique ST segment pressure in ECG not shorter than 3 mm; (3) moderate to severe angina pectoris or reduction of systolic blood pressure greater than 10 mmhg. The heart rate when stopping the test was the maximum heart rate of the patient. The average participation times of MCI patients in the aerobic dance group were 33.9 (IQR = 34, 36), 89.7% of MCI patients participated in 90% of aerobic dance training, and only 3.4% of MCI patients participated in less than 80% of aerobic dance courses. Compared with the control group, the 3-month change value of Wechsler's logical memory of MCI patients in the aerobic dance group was significantly improved (p < 0.01). The 3-month change value of digital connection test B score was significantly improved (mean value of difference between groups = -32. The treatment speed was significantly shortened at 6 months (P300 latency 6 months change value = -20 ms). The intensity and frequency of aerobic dance play a key role in the effect of cognitive improvement, requiring long-term persistence and ensuring the intensity and frequency of training. Second, the patient's processing speed (P300 latency) tends to gradually extend with the passage of time, and aerobic dance intervention helps shortening the P300 latency, suggesting that patients can delay the decline of their cognitive function through early aerobic dance intervention.

IMPLEMENTATION OF VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL FOR THE DETECTION OF PRERETINOPATHY AND PROGNOSTICATION IN DIABETES MELLITUS

Introduction: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) which affects the retinal blood vessels. It is one of the preeminent causes of blindness in the age group of 20 to 74 years albeit that visual loss due to it may be preventable by adequate glycaemic control. Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) can be used in diagnosis of retinal changes and ascertainment of prognosis can be done by it. Aim: To evaluate the ability of VEP in identifying preclinical neuro-degenerative changes in patients with diabetic preretinopathy by studying changes in VEP. Materials and Methods: This study comprises of 30 diabetic patients without retinopathy and 30 non diabetic controls. Patients were selected from the outpatient Department of Ophthalmology for the screening of DR. Latency of P100 was analysed because of its reliability and less inter-subject variability. Mean P100 wave latency of both groups were compared and analysis was done regarding any discrepancy in P100 wave latency with respect to the duration and the control of diabetes. Data was analysed using IBM-SPSS 27. Student's t- test was applied when two groups were compared whereas Analysis of Variance test was applied for multiple group comparisons. The p value &lt;0.001 was considered statistically signicant. Results: There was signicant prolongation of P100 latency in diabetics without retinopathy. It was also observed that there was positive correlation between prolongation of P100 latency and duration of diabetes. Conclusion: VEP could be a better tool for the detection of very early retinal changes before any clinical evidence of retinopathy has set in. Adequate glycaemic control, dietary modication, appropriate dosage of medications could prevent the early development of retinopathy if done at this stage

Excitability Changes in Occipital Cortex After Continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation.

Modulation of visual cortical structures by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is rarely observed in literature. In this study; the researchers aimed to investigate the neurophysiological alterations by using continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) protocol over the occipital cortex in healthy subjects. Twenty-five (15 female, 10 male) (mean age 29.84±4.7 years) healthy individuals were included in sham and real cTBS occipital stimulation sessions. Before and after each session, neurophysiological studies including phosphene threshold and visual evoked potential (VEP) responses were recorded. The P100 latency values and maximum amplitude values between N75-P100 peaks of 100 responses of 1000 uninterrupted continuous visual stimuli were measured. The VEP habituation and phosphene thresholds were compared in sham and real cTBS sessions. The phosphene threshold values increased to statistically significant levels after the real cTBS session. Visual evoked potential habituation was observed in both sham and real cTBS sessions in individuals without significant differences. Also, no difference between the P100 latencies and N75-P100 amplitude values in the sham and real cTBS sessions was observed. Phosphene threshold measurements demonstrated the modulation of the occipital cortex excitability via cTBS in healthy subjects.

Sensorimotor rhythm neurofeedback training and auditory perception

Background/Aim. In everyday communication, people are exposed to a myriad of sounds that need to be sorted and relevant information extracted. The ability of a person to concentrate on certain sounds in a noisy background environment, perform selective attention, and focus their auditory attention is crucial for everyday functioning and communication. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) (12?15 Hz) neurofeedback (NFB) training to improve auditory cognition measured by the achievements in the Quick speech-in-noise (QuickSIN) test, changes in the amplitudes and latencies of components of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) N100, N200, and P300 in the auditory oddball discrimination task, and changes in the spectral power of the SMR. Methods. The study included 16 healthy participants aged 25?40 years (8 males and 8 females). Each participant had 20 daily sessions of SMR NFB training. Auditory cognitive functions and electrophysiological correlates of cognitive processing were recorded 5 times ? before NFB, after 5, 10, and 20 sessions, and one month after the last session of NFB. Re-sults. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in N200 and P300 latencies at frontal midline (Fz), central midline (Cz), and parietal midline (Pz) regions, an improvement on the QuickSIN test, and an increase in electroencephalogram SMR rhythm spectral power in the Cz region as a result of the NFB SMR training. No significant effect of the NFB training on the N100, N200, and P300 amplitudes on Fz, Cz, and Pz was found. Conclusion. The obtained results suggest that SMR NFB affects auditory perception in terms of shorter latencies of AEP and better performance on the QuickSIN test.

Stroke in children and adolescents: Analysis of electrophysiological and behavioral assessment findings of auditory processing

PurposeThis study aimed to analyze the auditory processing behavior of children and adolescents diagnosed with stroke and compare it with that of typically developing individuals. MethodsThis was an analytical cross-sectional study involving 48 participants aged between 7 and 17 years with adequate schooling for age and grade, allocated equally to two groups: Stroke (SG) and Control Groups (CG). For the SG, cases identified between 2003 and 2018 were considered. In the CG, school-aged participants with typical development were randomized. After screening for differential audiological assessment and confirmation of auditory pathway integrity at the brainstem level, binaural analyses of the auditory processing behavior were conducted using the Dichotic Digit Test (DDT), Frequency Pattern Test (FPT), and electrophysiological assessment (P300). The Shapiro-Wilk test for normality was conducted, followed by the T and Mann-Whitney tests, with a 95 % confidence level and significance offset at p < 0.05, using the SPSS software (IBM®, v. 22.) ResultsThe CG performed better in terms of auditory processing. These differences were significant (p < 0.0001) for the binaural integration of DDT, FPT humming and Labeling, and P300 latency. The P300 results were similar; however, with a greater amplitude in the SG. ConclusionThis study showed that children and adolescents with stroke performed worse in electrophysiological and behavioral tests of auditory processing assessed using the auditory evoked potentials. These data reinforce the hypothesis that stroke-related lesions compromise the neural mechanisms underlying auditory processing.

Effect of Early Yoga Practice on Post Stroke Cognitive Impairment.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a clinical entity that encompasses all types of cognitive impairment following an index stroke. Yoga has been proven to have a beneficial effect not only on cardiovascular risk factors but also on cognition. Hence, this study explored the PSCI spectrum and assessed the effect of yoga on PSCI. Forty stroke patients were enrolled in each yoga and control arm in this study. After the baseline assessment, control arm was administered standard care (including physiotherapy) while yoga arm received additional yoga intervention. Change in MoCA scores by 2 points in either direction, or FAB scale by 2 points at 6 months was taken as primary outcome, whereas improvement in MRS, CDPSS, CBS, and P300 values were considered as secondary outcomes. Significant improvements were observed in MoCA, FAB, MRS, CPDSS, and CBS scores in both groups after 6 months. However, intergroup comparisons revealed better MoCA (25.5, IQR 22-27) and FAB scores (15.5, IQR 14-17) in yoga group compared to controls (24, IQR20-25.75) and (14, IQR12-15.75). Equivalent improvement was observed in MRS and CBS scores in both groups at 6 months; however, CDPSS score was better in yoga group (p = 0.0008). Both P300 amplitudes and latencies improved in all patients and median P300 amplitudes were significantly better in control group; however, no difference could be appreciated in P300 latencies improvement on intergroup comparisons at follow-up. Study reveals that early yoga intervention in stroke survivors leads to better improvement in cognitive abilities which would further facilitate in early reduction of caregiver burden.

Comparison of P300 Cognitive-evoked Potentials and Visual and Auditory Reaction Time in Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Different Treatment Modalities

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a higher risk of cognitive impairment. Poor quality of life and decreased compliance are frequently observed with cognitive decline among CKD patients. Cognitive impairment among Stage 5 CKD patients varies with different modalities of treatment, and contradicting results have been reported. Fifty-four medically stable Stage 5 CKD patients undergoing different modalities of treatment were recruited: Patients with Stage 5 CKD on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) (n = 18), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (n = 18), and conservative management (CM) (n = 18). Eighteen apparently healthy participants were recruited as a control group. The cognitive functions assessed were P300 event- related potential, auditory and visual reaction times (VRTs). Kidney function was assessed by serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Creatinine levels were significantly higher in all three treatment groups compared with the control group. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between the CKD groups (n = 54) and the parameters of cognitive function. P300 latency was prolonged in all treatment groups compared with the control group and was significantly prolonged in patients on CM compared with HD and CAPD patients. The VRT of CM patients was found to be significantly higher compared with the control group. The auditory reaction time was significantly prolonged in all treatment groups compared with the control group and in the CM group compared with the CAPD group. Cognitive function was more affected in Stage 5 CKD patients on CM compared with patients undergoing HD or CAPD.

ERP and Pupillometry Synchronization Analysis on Rapid Serial Visual Presentation of Words, Numbers, Pictures.

Hybrid brain-computer interfaces (HBCI) combining eye-tracker has attracted the attentions of researchers in target recognition. However, there are still many issues to be addressed in rapid sequence visual presentation (RSVP) tasks, such as the effect of presentation rates and target types on event-related potentials (ERP) and pupillometry, synchronization analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking, and so on. In this study, the RSVP experiments with three different target types of pictures, words and numbers at the presentation rates of 100 and 200 ms were conducted. EEG data and pupillometry data were synchronously collected from 20 university students. The results of ERP analysis showed that, among three different target types at the presentation rate of 100 ms, the picture P300 component had the largest amplitude and the longest latency. From the 100 ms presentation rates to 200 ms one for the three target types, the P300 amplitudes became smaller, and the P300 latencies became shorter. The results of pupillometry analysis showed that, at the presentation rates of 100 and 200 ms, the pupil dilation of pictures had the smallest amplitude and the shortest latency. At the two presentation rates, no significant differences of pupil size and latency were found for the three target types. For the early pupil dilation within 1000 ms, the picture pupil size was significantly smaller than the other ones, and the picture pupil acceleration had the largest average amplitude and the shortest latency. These pupillometry features within 1000 ms combining with the P300 features could be taken as the effective ones for target classification. Through synchronization analysis of the EEG data and pupillometry data, the effects of target type and presentation rate on ERP and pupil dilation were different. These results could contribute to developing the fusion methods between EEG and eye-tracking, and provide valuable references for the multi-target recognition of hybrid BCI based on eye-tracking.

Estimulação vestibular galvânica na melhora da atenção voluntária e da qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença de Parkinson e desequilíbrio corporal

ABSTRACT Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) influences body balance and has proved to be useful to improve patients’ mood, quality of life, and cognitive skills. This study aimed to present three cases of patients with Parkinson’s disease and postural instability who had been submitted to GVS to improve their balance, by assessing the impact of this intervention on their cognition, mood, and quality of life. Patients were assessed before and after GVS sessions concerning P300 latency and scores on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and the 39-item quality-of-life Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). The three patients’ P300 latency improved, possibly indicating improved attention. Their PDQ-39 score also improved, possibly indicating a positive impact on their quality of life. Their GDS-15 score did not change before and after the intervention. None of the patients had any intervention side effects. This three-case experimental pilot study has shown that GVS is a safe method, possibly useful to improve attention and, therefore, the quality of life of patients presented with Parkinson’s disease.

A longitudinal study of the peripheral and central auditory pathways in individuals with acute lymphoid leukemia

ObjectiveTo characterize the peripheral and central auditory pathways in individuals with Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) and compare assessment results before and during chemotherapy. MethodThe study included 17 subjects with ALL, divided into two age groups: 3 to 6 (11 individuals) and 7 to 16 years old (6 individuals). Each subject was evaluated twice (before and 3 to 6 months after chemotherapy treatment) with the following procedures: medical history survey, otoscopy, Pure-Tone Threshold (PTA) and speech audiometry, acoustic immittance measures, Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP) and Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP). ResultsPTA was normal. Tympanometry was abnormal in the second assessment in 2 individuals aged 3 to 6 years. One subject in each age group had absent ipsilateral acoustic reflexes. In high-frequency audiometry, 1 individual had abnormal results. BAEP was abnormal in 5 (first assessment) and 7 individuals (second assessment) aged 3 to 6 years and 2 (first assessment) and 1 individual (second assessment) aged 7 to 16 years. As for LLAEP, P1 latency was increased in 5 (first assessment) and 7 individuals (second assessment) aged 3 to 6 years. ConclusionNo hearing loss was identified in the behavioral audiological assessment. BAEP was more affected in the 3-to-6-year-old group, with greater impairment in the lower brainstem in the first and second assessments. In LLAEP, P1 was the most impaired component in children aged 3 to 6 years, and P2 and N2 were so for those 7 to 16 years old, especially in the second assessment.

The effect of disease severity and chronic CPAP-therapy on cognitive functions and event related potentials in OSAS.

<p>Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) may cause daytime sleepiness, mood changes and dysfunction in various cognitive areas due to recurrent arousals and / or chronic intermittent hypoxia. Different possibilities have been proposed regarding the most affected cognitive areas and mechanisms of OSAS. However, it is difficult to compare findings of the different studies due to the fact that individuals with different disease severities were included in the study groups. In the current study, we aimed to determine the relationship between severity of OSAS and cognitive functions, to investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration treatment on cognitive functions and the relationship between these changes and electrophysiological potential.&nbsp;</p>. <p>The study included 4 groups of patients with simple snoring and mild, mo&shy;de&shy;rate and severe OSAS. In the pre-treatment evaluations, verbal fluency, visuospatial me&shy;mory, attention, executive functions, lan&shy;guage abilities and electrophysiological tests for event-related potential were performed. The same procedure was reapplied after 4 months of CPAP-therapy.&nbsp;</p>. <p>Long-term recall scores and total word fluency scores were found to be low in the groups with moderate and severe disease compared to the patients with simple snoring (p: 0.04, p: 0.03, respectively). The information processing time was higher in patients with severe disease compared to patients with simple snoring (p: 0.02). The P200 and N100 latencies related to event related potentials (ERP) were significantly different between the groups (p: 0.004, p: 0.008, respectively). After CPAP treatment, significant differences were found in N100 amplitude and latencies and all cognitive areas except abstraction. In addition, N100 amplitude and latency change rate as well as change in attention and memory abilities were correlated (r: 0.72, p: 0.02; r: 0.57, p: 0.03, respectively).&nbsp;</p>. <p>In the current research, disease severity was found to negatively affect long-term logical memory, sustained attention and verbal fluency. Moreover, significant improvement was detected in all cognitive areas with CPAP treatment. The findings of our study support that changes in N100 potential have the potential to be used as a biomarker that can be used to monitor cognitive function recovery after treatment.</p>.

Vestibular evoked myogenic and auditory brainstem evoked potentials in a female migraine population.

<p>The purpose&nbsp;of the present study was to evaluate ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP), cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP), and brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) response characteristics and to understand the pathophy&shy;siology of vestibular dysfunction in female migraineurs with vertigo symptoms. We also aimed to assess the electrophysiological di&shy;&shy;agnostic significance of the VEMP respon&shy;ses in vestibular migraine (VM).&nbsp;</p>. <p>23 patients with migraine without aura (MoA), 23 patients with VM, and 20 sex-and age-matched healthy controls, a total of 66 female participants were enrolled in this study. The outcome parameters were asymmetry ratios (ARs), amplitudes of oVEMP, cVEMP, N1P1, P13N23, and the respective latencies (mean &plusmn; SD). From the BAEP graphs, absolute and interpeak interval latencies of waves were analyzed.&nbsp;</p>. <p>30.4% of the MoA group and 21.7% of the VM group had uni- or bilaterally absent cVEMP responses which were statistically significant only in the MoA group (p=0.035) in comparison to control group. Both groups displayed statistically insignificant absent or asymmetrical responses for oVEMP (13.1%). Cervical VEMP P13 and N23 latency, peak-to-peak amplitude, interaural latencies, and amplitude ARs did not show any significant difference between MoA and VM patients and healthy controls. No significant difference was detected among the three groups in the oVEMP and BAEP parameters.</p>. <p>Although absent cVEMP responses were more common in MoA and VM patients than in healthy individuals, the VEMP and BAEP test results should not be used in the differential diagnosis of VM and MoA.&nbsp;</p>.

Comparison of brainstem auditory evoked potentials and event-related potential-300 parameters among different severity levels of depression: A study on adult patients

Background: Depression, a serious mental health issue, linked to disruption in mood and cognitive abilities. One of the most crucial elements in the diagnosis and treatment of depression is its severity. Few researches have been conducted to determine the severity of depression on the brainstem and cognitive functioning. Therefore, this study focuses on evaluating brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and event-related potential (P300) parameters among depressive patients regarding severity levels (mild, moderate, and severe). Aims and Objective: The study aims to assess BAEPs and ERP (P300) parameters among different severity levels (mild, moderate, and severe) of depressive patients and compare the results. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 55 depressive patients divided into three groups fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) for major depressive disorder (MDD). The severity of depression was measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The BAEPs and ERP (P300) were recorded using NeuroStim-NS 21 and auditory oddball paradigm, respectively. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc tests. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A significant difference was found among three groups of depression severity in BAEPs, wave I for the right ear and IPL I-III for the left ear. P300 wave latency was found to be significant between mild and moderate, and also between moderate and severe groups. Conclusion: The reported differences in BAEPs and ERP P300 latencies can be attributed to the delay in auditory processing of depressive individuals.

Comparison of the Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential and the Blink Reflex in Cerebellar and Brainstem Infarction Patients

Objective: This study investigated whether the blink reflex could be substituted for the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP), which has some limitations for use in stroke patients.Methods: Thirty-four patients with cerebellar or brainstem ischemic stroke underwent VEMP and blink reflex testing. We compared the P13 latency of VEMP and the R1, R2, R2’ latency of the blink reflex in stroke patients. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Fisher exact test and independent t-test, with a p-value &lt; 0.05 indicating statistical significance.Results: In 29 stroke patients, excluding those with bilateral lesions, the VEMP and the blink test did not show a statistically significant relationship (p = 0.2701). In all 34 stroke patients participating in the study, including those with bilateral lesions, R2’ mean showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0081) according to the presence of normal or abnormal VEMP. Conclusion: R2’ of the blink reflex passes through more neural pathways and polysynaptic pathways than R1 and R2; therefore, it showed a more prominent difference between the normal and abnormal VEMP groups.

Age aspect of neurophysiological diagnostics of post-concussion syndrome in patients with mild blast traumatic brain injury

Introduction. It is generally accepted that age influences neuropsychological and neurophysiological findings due to a decrease in memory and attention in older age groups as a result of diseases and damage to the central nervous system of various origins. This should be taken into account when dealing with patients who underwent mild blast traumatic brain injury (mbTBI), and focus on standard characteristics considering the age factor. Purpose: to investigate the influence of the age factor on the characteristics of cognitive evoked potentials in patients with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) in the long-term period of mbTBI. Materials and methods. The study involved 41 patients with PCS aged 18-45 years (study group) and 30 healthy subjects (control group). The patients were in the late period of trauma (from 6 months to 3 years). The age distribution of patients in the study group was the following: 6 patients under 30 years old, 18 patients aged 31-40 years, 17 patients over 40 years old. Neuropsychological testing was performed according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale. Quantitative electroencephalography was performed according to standard parameters (sensitivity ‒ 70 μV/cm, time constant ‒ 0.1 s, filter ‒ 40 Hz). The results. Neurophysiological testing using the CEP P300 method allows us to verify the dysfunction of brain activity in the form of attention and memory disorders in patients with PCS as a result of mbTBI in the chronic period of damage. Exceeding the upper limit of the age norm of P2 and P3 latency components of CEP P300 is statistically significantly associated with the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with PCS. Conclusions. The CEP P300 method can be recommended for the use in the complex diagnostics of cognitive disorders in patients with PCS in the subacute and chronic periods of the injury. In the clinical interpretation of latency characteristics of CEP P300 components, it is reasonable to focus on standard parameters, including age factor.