P1 Treatment Research Articles

Response of Aleo vera plant to different concentrations of phosphorous and terra-sorb complex and its effect on vegetative growth characteristics and its gel content

Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad for the fall season 2016. Aloe vera seedlings were selected with a high degree of homogeneity in terms of vegetative growth and number of leaves, and the plants were distributed as a factorial experiment according to the RCBD randomized complete block design, with three replications and an average of six plants in the experimental unit. Results revealed significant differences in most of the studied traits. They showed the superiority of the N3P3 interference treatment by giving the highest values in the number of leaves, leaf width and thickness, fresh weight of leaves and plant yield of dry matter (15.83 leaves. and 217.46 g. plant-1), respectively. As for the effect of spraying with amino acids, treatment N3 excelled in the characteristics of leaf thickness, fresh weight of leaves and plant yield of dry matter, which amounted to 1.828 mm. leaf and 273.0 g. leaf and 157.23 g. leaf-1 in sequence. The treatment of P3 spraying surpassed the characteristic of leaf thickness and plant yield of dry matter, which amounted to 1.822 mm. leaf-1 and 191.61 g. plant-1. The results did not show significant differences between spraying with amino acids and phosphorous treatments in plant length and leaf width. Keywords: Aloe vera, biostimulant, amino acids, phosphorous

Effectiveness of Aromatic Plants on The Population and Intensity of Aphis gossypii Pest Attack on Plant Cucumis sativus

The control of plant-disturbing organisms particularly in cucumber plant pests, such as the aplications of chemical and vegetable pesticides. The use of chemical pesticides dosis that is determined made the pests more resistent than normal dosis. Reduction of chemical pesticides can be done with a polyculture cropping system using aromatic plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aromatic plants on population, intensity of pest attacks, and production yields in cucumber plants, then find out the most effective treatment to suppress populations of pest. This research conducted in Tanjung Rejo Village, Wuluhan District, Jember in January to July 2021. The research design used a randomized block design with 4 treatments that is P0 (control), P1 (basil), P2 (leek), and P3 (celery) which is repeated 6 times. The observed variabels were the population of pest, intensity of pest attaks, and cucumber productions. The data obtained were tested with ANOVA and if it were significantly different, further tests were carried out using Duncan Multiple Range Test with a level of 5%. Based on the result of this study, it showed that the types of aromatic plants has an effect on Aphis gossypii pests in cucumber plants with significantly different effects every week. The highest population and intensity of pest damage in P0 (control) treatment is 32,91 tails/ plants and intensity of pest damage is 21,08 %/ plants. The most effective treatment that can suppress the population of pest in basil treatment is 20,48 tails/plant and intensity of pest damage is 15,69 %/plants. The highest cucumber production in the basil treatment is 10,25 tons/Ha and the lowest cucumber production in the control treatment is 8,5 tons/Ha.

PEMBERIAN DUA JENIS PUPUK KANDANG TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN AWAL RUMPUT RAJA (Penisetum Purpuphoides)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two types of manure on the early growth of king grass (pennisetum putpuphoides). The tools used in this study were scales, tape measure, stationery, writing tools, polybags, machetes, hoe, scope and raffia rope. The materials used in the research were king grass seeds in the form of cuttings of two segments and three nodes, manure of cow manure and manure of goat manure. The method used in this research is the experimental method. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with three (3) treatments, namely: PO (without the use of manure). P1 (cow manure) and P2 (goat manure). Each treatment was repeated four (4) times. Variables observed in this study include: number of shoots, leaf length, leaf width, plant height. The results showed that the number of shoots in the initial growth of king grass in weeks 1-3 was the same, but in week 4 the number of shoots in P1 and P2 was different from P0. Leaf length for each treatment was different from week 1 where treatments P1 and P2 showed differences from P0. Leaf widths differed between treatments from week 1 – 4 where treatments P1 and P2 differed from P0. Plant height at weeks 1 and 2 showed that the P1 and P2 treatments were different from P0, but at weeks 3 and 4 the P2 treatments were different from the P1 and P0 treatments.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Buah Bintaro (Cerbera manghas L.) dan Limbah Kulit Pisang sebagai Pestisida Nabati dan Pengkilap Aglaonema

Aglaonema plants (Aglaonema spp.) are popular ornamental plants that are famous for the beauty and diversity of their leaves. However, pest attacks can disrupt the growth and beauty of this plant. An alternative to controlling pests is to use vegetable pesticides. This research aims to test the effectiveness of organic pesticides derived from bintaro fruit extract and the effect of using banana peels as a leaf polish on Aglaonema plants. Bintaro is a potential source of botanical pesticides because it contains compounds that inhibit insect feeding. On the other hand, banana peels, which are often overlooked, actually have the ability to naturally enrich the leaves because of their nutritional content. This research used a randomized block design (RAK) with six different treatments, including a control without treatment and chemical pesticide treatment as a comparison. The results of the study showed that bintaro fruit extract had no real effect on aglaonema pest attacks, P4 treatment had a real effect, with the highest number of respondents, but P3 treatment tended to give a duller leaf shine. These results show that the use of the botanical pesticide Bintaro fruit extract did not have a significant effect in killing Aglonema pests, but P2 and P3 treatments had a better effect than other treatments in dealing with pests and P4 treatment was the best in shining Aglonema leaves.

Microbial inoculants with higher capacity to colonize soils improved wheat drought tolerance.

Microbial inoculants have gained increasing attention worldwide as an eco-friendly solution for improving agriculture productivity. Several studies have demonstrated their potential benefits, such as enhanced resistance to drought, salinity, and pathogens. However, the beneficial impacts of inoculants remain inconsistent. This variability is attributed to limited knowledge of the mechanisms by which microbial inoculants affect crop growth and a lack of ecological characteristics of these inoculants that limit our ability to predict their beneficial effects. The first important step is believed to be the evaluation of the inoculant's ability to colonize new habitats (soils and plant roots), which could provide crops with beneficial functions and improve the consistency and efficiency of the inoculants. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of three microbial inoculants (two bacterial: P1 and P2, and one fungal: P3) on the growth and stress responses of three wheat varieties in two different soil types under drought conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of microbial inoculants on soil microbial communities. Plant biomass and traits were measured, and high-throughput sequencing was used to characterize bulk and rhizosphere soil microbiomes after exposure to drought stress. Under drought conditions, plant shoot weight significantly increased (11.37%) under P1 treatments compared to uninoculated controls. In addition, total nitrogen enzyme activity increased significantly under P1 in sandy soil but not in clay soil. Importantly, network analyses revealed that P1, consisting of Bacillus paralicheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, emerged as the keystone taxa in sandy soil. Conversely, P2 and P3 failed to establish as keystone taxa, which may explain their insignificant impact on wheat performance under drought conditions. In conclusion, our study emphasizes the importance of effective colonization by microbial inoculants in promoting crop growth under drought conditions. Our findings support the development of microbial inoculants that robustly colonize plant roots for improved agricultural productivity.

Deep phosphorus fertilizer placement increases maize productivity by improving root-shoot coordination and photosynthetic performance

It’s well known that the development and distribution of roots could be regulated to obtain deep soil resource and enhance the grain yield by increasing the depth of fertilization, but little is known about whether increasing P fertilization depth can optimize the root distribution to delay leaf senescence, enhance photosynthetic performance and root-shoot coordination or not. We conducted a field experiment that tested the following four placement depths of P fertilization: 5 cm (P5), 10 cm (P10), 15 cm (P15), and 20 cm (P20). The experiment was designed to explore the regulatory effects of the P fertilization depth on the root growth and distribution, the photosynthetic performance, the root-shoot coordination, the yield formation, the N and P fertilizer utilization of maize plants. We found that deep P placement did indeed alter the root parameters. In the 20–60 cm soil layer, both the root dry weight and length of P15 treatment were on average 23.2% higher than those of P5 treatment. The specific root length and specific root surface area of P15 treatment were 4.5% and 5.6% higher than those of P5 treatment. In addition, the P15 treatment achieved a significantly improved photosynthetic performance over the P5 treatment: The leaf area index at the R6 stage was 10.2% higher, the leaf senescence index from the R2 to the R6 stages was 31.4% lower, the photosynthetic rate at the R3 stage was 25.9% higher. The P placement depth also optimized the root-shoot coordination: The ratios of root weight to shoot weight, root surface area to leaf area, and root length to leaf area of P15 treatment were 6.7%, 13.8%, and 12.7% higher than those of P5 treatment, respectively. Finally, the root P and N uptake efficiency, the photosynthetic P-use efficiency, and the physiological P-use efficiency of P15 treatment were all significantly higher than those of P5 treatments. And together these responses had the effect of increasing the mature biomass by 12.5%, and the grain yield by 22.0%. In conclusion, increasing the P fertilization placement depth to 15 cm regulates the growth and development of the root system, which in turn improves the capability of plant to uptake and utilize N and P in the soil, delays the onset of leaf senescence, enhances its photosynthetic performance and biomass accumulation rate, and thus ultimately increases the yield.

Deciphering the role of phosphorus management under conservation agriculture based wheat production system

Phosphorus (P) is a vital element required by all living organism (plants, animals and microbes etc.). Its application in agriculture, whether in conventional or conservation agriculture, requires careful attention due to its low use efficiency, which typically does not exceed 20%. With the increasing acceptance of conservation agriculture (CA), it is crucial to develop protocols for P management to ensure sustainable wheat production. Therefore, a field trial was conducted from 2016–2017 to 2017–2018 in the India's semiarid eco-region to study the role of P on wheat productivity, quality, and resource use efficiency under CA-based production system. We assessed the impact of tillage operations and P management practices on wheat productivity, quality, and resource use efficiency. Three tillage and residue management options such as CT-R (conventional tillage without residue); NT-R (no tillage without maize residue) and NT + R (no tillage with maize residue @ 2.5 Mg ha−1) were laid-out in main plot and five P management options subplots viz. P1 (nitrogen and potash according to recommended but not P); P2 (17.2 kg P ha−1); P3 (17.2 kg of P ha−1 + microbial fertilizer); P4 (17.2 kg P ha−1 + compost inoculant culture) and P5 (34.4 kg P ha−1) in split plot design with three replicates. The results indicates that the combination of no-tillage with residue retention (maize residue @ 2.5 Mg ha−1) (NT + R) and the application of 34.4 kg P ha−1 (P5) significantly improved grain yield by ~43.2% compared to the control treatment (conventional tillage with no residue, CT – R, and no phosphorus application). NT + R also resulted in significantly better amino acid (~22.7%) and net protein yield (~21.2%) compared to CT – R. Regarding the P management strategy, the highest amino acid (49.1%) and protein yield (12.5%) were observed under the P5 treatment compared to the no-phosphorus treatment. Conjoint use of NT – R, along with the application of 17.2 kg P ha−1 and PSB (Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria), resulted in a significant increase in energy use efficiency of ~58% over other treatments combination. Furthermore, the NT + R plot that received 17.2 kg P ha−1 + PSB demonstrated higher P agronomic efficiency (~43%) and recovery efficiency (~53%) over control. The study's findings underscore the significance of adopting efficient P management strategies in CA to ensure the sustainable production of wheat.

Spreadability, Total Dissolved Solids and Likeability of Mango Jam with a Combination of Mango Flesh and Peel Arum Manis (Mangifera Indicates L)

After being harvested, mango fruit will quickly spoil due to the high water content in the fruit, so efforts need to be made to process it to extend its shelf life, one of which is processing it into jam. To get good jam you need the right composition of sugar, acid and pectin. The part of the mango fruit that is widely consumed and processed is the flesh, while the skin and seeds are not widely used even though the skin of the mango fruit contains quite high pectin. This research aims to determine the effect of the combination of mango flesh and mango skin on spreadability, total soluble solids, and panelists' preferences for jam. The method used is Completely Randomized Design (CRD) 1 factor, namely a combination of mango skin and mango flesh with 5 treatment levels: P1 (20%: 80%), P2 (30%: 70%), P3 (40%: 60%), P4(50%: 50%) and P5 (60%: 40%). Parameters observed: spreadability, total dissolved solids, and preference test. Data were analyzed using Variance Analysis and the smallest significant difference (if there is a difference) with a confidence level of 5%. The liking test will be carried out on 30 panelists (untrained) using a 5-level liking scale: very dislike (1), dislike (2), neutral (3), like (4) and very like (5). The results of the study showed that the higher the use of mango peel pulp and the less mango fruit pulp, the lower the spreading power, where the highest spreading power was in treatment P1 and was not different in treatment P2. However, the total dissolved solids value is getting higher. Panelists liked the color, taste and spreadability of treatments P1, P2 and P3 (not significantly different), while the aroma was preferred up to treatment P4.

Growth and Yield of Seedless Watermelon Plants in Response to Soil Amendment Application

This research aims to evaluate the effect of soil amendment concentration on the growth and yield of seedless watermelon plants. This research was carried out at the agricultural land that located in Kumendung Village, Muncar District, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. Four soil amendment concentrations (P1: 7.5 ml/liter, P2: 10 ml/liter, P3: 12.5 ml/liter, P4: 15 ml/liter) were tested on 132 watermelon plants in a randomized block experimental design. The results showed that the concentration of soil amendment affected the nutrient content of the soil with the highest concentrations in P1 and P3. Even though soil pH is relatively stable, the concentration of soil amendment affects the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content in the soil. In terms of plant growth, P3 concentration consistently provide a better plant height at various stages of observation. The fruit yield is also affected by the used of concentration of soil amendment, P3 treatment produces the highest fruit weight and fruit yield of P1 concentration have the highest level of sweetness. Based on the observation results, application of the right soil amendment concentration will increase growth and yield of seedless watermelon, which in this study the best yield obtained with P3 (12.5 ml/liter) application. These results could give an important implication to improving the productivity of seedless watermelon cultivation, especially in areas that have less fertile soil, such as Kumendung Village, Banyuwangi.

Shallot growth and production responses to application of microorganisms based-biostimulant and NPK fertilizer combinations on acid soil

Shallot plants require attention because the demand for this high-value commodity is increasing, especially as Indonesia expands its cultivation over a large area of land. This study aimed to assess the potential of microorganism-based biostimulant formula doses and NPK combinations in promoting shallot growth and production in acidic soil. The experiment used an RCD with four treatments: P=control; P1=standard NPK (600 kg· ha1 urea, 250 kg·ha1 SP-36, and 175 kg·ha1 KCl); P2=3 ml L1 biostimulant + 3/4 standard NPK; and P3=5 ml L1 biostimulant + 3/4 standard NPK with four replications. The observed parameters were plant height, number of leaves and bulbs, as well as bulb fresh and bulb dry weights. The results showed that all treatments gave significantly different effects on all observed parameters. Treatment of P1, P2 and P3 showed a higher bulb’s number and dry weight than control. The P3 is an optimal treatment with a bulb number of 10.0 ± 2.2 per clump. This biostimulant formula is an eco-friendly, renewable, and promising technology for improving the growth and production of shallots in acidic soil.

Pengaruh penambahan tepung ubi jalar ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.) dan tepung umbi porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) terhadap karakteristik fisikokimia dan organoleptik biskuit

Introduction: Biscuits are snacks made from flour and fat that are baked and have a long shelf life. Biscuits contain carbohydrates, fats and calories which are high but low in fiber, vitamins and minerals. This study aims to determine the proportion of the addition of purple sweet potato flour and elephant foot tuber flour to the best physicochemical and organoleptic properties of biscuits. Method: This method used in the study of purple sweet potato flour and elephant foot flour biscuits was a randomized block design with 5 treatment substitutions and 3 replications, resulting in 15 trials. Results:The best results for biscuits were in the P5 treatment (17.5% purple sweet potato flour : 12.5% elephant foot tuber flour) with the results of the physicochemical analysis of fracture strength of 13.07 N, antioxidant activity of 81.88 mg/ml, moisture content of 3.11%, ash content of 1.74% and organoleptic test of taste 4.00 (like), aroma 4.00 (like), color 2.88 (rather like) and texture 4.08 (like). Conclusion: Treatment substitution with the addition of purple sweet potato flour and elephant foot tuber flour had a significant effect on the parameters of breaking strength, antioxidant activity, moisture content, ash content, taste, color and texture. But it has no real effect on the flavor.

Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair dan Hormon Giberelin Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Benih Kacang Hijau (Vigna radiata L.)

One of the efforts to increase the growth and production of mung bean seeds can be done by applying NASA POC and GA3 hormones. This research was conducted to determine the effect of giving NASA Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) and giving the hormone Gibberellin (GA3) to increasing growth and seed production of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). This trial was carried out in August-November 2022, at the Jember State Polytechnic agricultural land. The experimental design used in this study was a factorial Randomized Completed Block Design (RBD) consisting of two factors and repeated 3 times. The first factor was the NASA POC concentration (P), consisting of 5 ml/l (P1), 10 ml/l (P2), and 15 ml/l (P3). The second factor was the concentration of Gibberellins (G), consisting of 125 ppm (G1), 150 ppm (G2), and 175 ppm (G3). The results obtained were then analyzed using the F test or ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and then the DMRT test was carried out. The treatment of the NASA POC application had a very significant effect (**) on the parameter number of productive branches. The best result was the P3 treatment (2.93 branches). The treatment with the hormone GA3 (Giberelin) had a very significant effect (**) on the parameters of plant height at 28 hst the best result was the G2 treatment (26.37 cm) and had a significant effect (*) on the parameters of plant height at 14 hst with the best treatment results G2 (12.72cm). The interaction between the application of NASA POC and the GA3 hormone had a significant effect (*) on the parameters of the amount of production per hectare with the best treatment interaction, namely P3G2 (738.35 kg)

Intensifikasi Produksi dan Kualitas Benih Kacang Hijau (Vigna radiata L.) Melalui Aplikasi Pupuk Organik Cair dan Pengaturan Jarak Tanam

This research was conducted to determine the intensification of production and quality of green bean seeds (Vigna radiata L.) through the treatment of plant spacing and POMI liquid organic fertilizer. The mung bean seed variety used in this study was the Vima 1 variety. The research was carried out from August to November 2022 at the research area of ​​the Jember State Polytechnic. This study used a factorial randomized block design. The first factor was the spacing treatment consisting of three levels, namely J1 = 30 cm x 20 cm, J2 = 30 cm x 30 cm, and J3 = 30 cm x 40 cm. The second factor was the POMI liquid organic fertilizer treatment consisting of three levels, namely P1= 4 ml/l, P2= 8 ml/l, and P3= 12 ml/l. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and further tested using DMRT with an error level of 5%. The results showed that the J1 treatment (30 cm x 20 cm) had a highly significant different effect on the parameters of the number of pods per plant, namely 15.42, the production per hectare, which was 1.54 tons, and the weight of 100 seeds of 6.02 g. Treatment P2 (8 ml/l) had a highly significant different effect on the parameter number of pods per plant, namely 13.64. The P2 treatment (8 ml/l) had a significantly different effect on the production parameters per hectare, namely 1.02 tons. The P3 treatment (12 ml/l) had a significantly different effect on the parameter weight of 100 seeds, namely 6 g. The treatment of spacing and liquid organic fertilizer had no significant effect on germination parameters.

Uji Paket Pupuk Terhadap Produksi Benih Jagung (Zea mays L.) Hibrida

Corn in the second position for the most important food after rice. Based on data from the ministry of agriculture in 2021, the corn have been increased in corn productivity in East Java province in the last 5 years. The Indonesian government trying to increase the productivity of corn plants in order to achieve the target in the following year. To increased productivity in the form of application of good cultivation technology which includes the use of high yielding varieties, efficient management of nutrients and water, and setting spacing. In addition to the right plant population, it needs to be balanced with fertilization. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fertilizer packages on the production of hybrid corn seeds. This research was conducted for 4 months from September to December 2022. The experimental design was followed a non-factorial randomized block design consisting 6 repetitions. The factor is fertilizer package consisting of P1 (Urea 450 kg/ha, Phonska 500 kg/ha, KCl 50 kg/ha), P2 (Urea 475.5 kg/ha, Phonska 525 kg/ha, KCl 52.5 kg /ha), P3 (Urea 495 kg/ha, Phonska 550 kg/ha, KCl 55 kg/ha). The research result the highest yield of seed weight per cob was in treatment P3, namely 78.27 grams, seed weight per plant 92.40 grams, 1000 grain weight 31.72 grams, production potential per plot 1417.19 grams, and seed production potential per hectare 7719.26 grams. Appropriate and balanced fertilizer package treatment is a solution to accelerate the growth and development of hybrid corn plants and improve the quality and quality of hybrid corn seeds

Processing of Your Banana Peel Waste (Mussa paradisiaca) into Organic Vinegar with the Addition of Acetobacter aceti bacteria

This study aims to determine the process of processing Awak banana peel waste (Musa paradisiaca) into organic vinegar by giving Acetobacter aceti bacteria and to determine the use of Acetobacter aceti bacteria to affect the processing of Awak banana peel waste into organic vinegar. This research was conducted from September to October 2022 at LAB MIPA USM, Banda Aceh. The method used in this study is a complete randomized design (RAL) with a 1 factorial pattern, namely the addition of Acetobacter aceti bacteria (P0=0%, P1=10%, P2=20%, P3=30% and P4=40%). Based on the results of the study, it shows a good treatment obtained at P1, namely with the addition of Acetobacter aceti bacteria as much as 10%. While the lowest results were obtained in P0 treatment without the addition of Acetobacter aceti bacteria. The results of the ANAVA test on vinegar color, vinegar taste, vinegar aroma and vinegar PH showed a real difference and the results of research on the amount of acetic acid obtained were (P0 = 0.6%, P1 = 6%, P2 = 4.8%, P3 = 4.2%, P4 = 3%). Then your banana peel waste can be used as a basic ingredient for making organic vinegar and Acetobacter aceti bacteria have a positive effect on processing your banana peel waste into organic vinegar.

Effect of Whole Protein Spore Myxobolus koi by Oral Treatment on Non-Specific Immune Response of Punten Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Infested with Myxobolus koi

Increased intensive cultivation of Punten Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is quite profitable, but on the other hand, it can result in a decrease in water quality due to uncontrolled leftover feed. Poor water quality can cause fish to become stressed then susceptible to disease, one of which is Myxobolus koi parasite infestation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of immunostimulant treatment of whole protein Myxobolus koi spores on the blood profile of Myxobolus-infested punten carp. The method used was an experiment with two treatments, the treatment without Myxobolus koi spore whole protein (P0) and the treatment of commercial feed added with an immunostimulant from Myxobolus koi spore whole protein of 5 µg/kg feed (P1). The study was conducted for 28 days and observed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, including the calculation of the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, leukocyte differential, and water quality as supporting data. The abundance of erythrocytes in fish treated with P1 (1.16x106 cells/mm3-2.44x106 cells/mm3) was higher than in fish treated with P0 (1.09x106 cells/mm3-1.55x106 cells/mm3). The abundance of leukocytes in fish treated with P1 (3.79x104 cells/mm3-11.31x104 cells/mm3) was higher than in fish treated with P0 (3.51x104 cells/mm3-6.58x104 cells/mm3). The results of differential observations of leukocytes in the P0 treatment found basophils (0.3-1.3%), neutrophils (12.3-21.5%), eosinophils (2.5-4.9%), lymphocytes (61.9-76.8%) and monocytes (3.8-6.3%). The results of differential observations of leukocytes in the P1 treatment found basophils (0.3-1.0%), neutrophils (10.7-19.9%), eosinophils (2.4-3.9%), lymphocytes (61.8-72.6%) and monocytes (3.9-5.4%).

Dietary propionate administration improves growth performance, hepatic lipid deposition, and intestinal activity of digestive enzymes, inflammation, bacterial population, and antioxidant capacity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary sodium propionate on growth performance, hepatic lipid deposition, and intestinal activity of digestive enzymes, inflammation, bacterial population, and antioxidant capacity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The fish were fed diets supplemented with 0 g/kg (CTL), 1 g/kg (P1), 2.5 g/kg (P2.5), or 5 g/kg (P5) sodium propionate for 70 days. The results showed significant (P < 0.05) linear or quadratic relationships between dietary sodium propionate levels and all tested parameters. Growth performance and feed efficiency significantly increased in the P1 and P2.5 treatments, but decreased in the P5 treatment, compared to the CTL group. Hepatosomatic index significantly decreased in the P1 and P2.5 treatments, but increased in the P5 treatment, compared to the CTL group. The P1 and P2.5 treatments exhibited significantly lower viscerosomatic indices than the CTL group. The P1 and/or P2.5 treatments exhibited significantly higher intestinal amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lower intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA), plasma glucose, and triglyceride levels than the CTL treatment. On the other hand, the P5 treatment exhibited significant decrease in intestinal lipase, SOD, CAT, and higher intestinal MDA, plasma glucose, cortisol, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels than the CTL group. The intestinal total viable bacteria significantly decreased in the propionate treatments, and the lowest level was observed in the P2.5 treatment. The P1 and P2.5 treatments had significantly higher intestinal abundance of Lactobacillus sp. and lower Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri, and Streptococcus iniae than the CTL group. The pathogenic bacteria showed significant elevations in the P5 treatment, compared to the CTL group. The propionate treatment groups showed significant up-regulations in intestinal heat shock protein 70 expression than the CTL group. The intestinal expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta significantly decreased in the P1 and P2.5 treatments, while increased in the P5 treatment, compared to the CTL group. The intestinal expression of defensin significantly increased in the P1 and P2.5 treatments, while decreased in the P5 treatment, compared to the CTL group. In conclusion, dietary sodium propionate can improve the growth and intestinal health of rainbow trout. Based on the results, 2.5 g/kg sodium propionate is suitable for rainbow trout, but higher levels induce growth retardation, hepatic lipid accumulation, and intestinal oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysbiosis.

Pengaruh Penambahan Ekstrak Kunyit (Curcuma domestica) dengan Konsentrasi yang Berbeda Terhadap Daya Simpan dan Uji Organoleptik Abon Daging Itik

Duck meat is one of the livestock potentials that has economic value and is a source of high quality protein. Duck meat processing needs to be done to add flavor and improve quality so that it has a longer shelf life. The addition of turmeric in meat processing can be used as a spice and natural antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding turmeric extract on the results of water content and pH levels as well as organoleptic tests on processed shredded duck meat. The method used in this study was an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with the addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% turmeric extract. Storage time was 30 days at room temperature and 3 repetitions were carried out for each treatment. The results showed that there was an effect of adding turmeric extract on water content (p=0.000) and pH level (p=0.016). The results of the organoleptic test analysis of shredded duck meat showed that there was an effect of adding turmeric extract on the color and texture of shredded duck meat. Based on the de Garmo effectiveness test, the P2 treatment (10%) was the best and most preferred treatment by the panelists with a relative value of 0.75.

Hepatoprotektif Ekstrak Batang Bajakah (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) Induksi Tetraclorida (CCL4)

This study aims to explore the benefits of bajakah (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) through the study of its utilization as a hepatoprotector. This research method is quantitative. Bajakah stem extract was made using 96% ethanol solvent using the maceration method. Analysis was carried out using liver histology preparations to determine the HAI (Histology Activity Index) Knodel Score. The treatment group consisted of 5 groups, namely, a) negative control (K1) treated with toxic doses of CCL4; b) positive control, namely vitamin E 46.8 mg/KgBW; c) P1 (treatment 1) was 750 mg/KgBW of Bajakah stem extract; d) P2 (treatment two) was 1200 mg/KgBW of pirated stem extract; e) P3 (treatment of three) was extract of the stem of Bajakah 1500 mg/KgBB. The results showed that the post hoc LSD test results in the P1 group had a histopathological picture of damaged liver, there was a significant difference with the K and P3 groups (p &lt;0.05), but there was no significant difference when compared with the P2 group. Meanwhile, the P3 group had significant differences when compared to all groups (p &lt;0.05). In conclusion, the administration of extract of pirated stems at a dose of 1,500 mg/Kg has a significant effect on the HAI value on the average number of hepatocytes with parenchymatous degeneration and necrosis after CCL4 induced&#x0D; Keywords: Bajakah, CCL4, Hepatoprotective&#x0D;

Role of Plant Growth Regulator and Organic Fertilizer in Growth Stimulation and Quality Enhancement of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)

The application of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) and certain types of fertilizers can enhance plant growth, production as well as sugar content of muskmelon. Aiming to determine the role of PGRs in stimulating growth and to ascertain the ability of both organic fertilizers and biofertilizers to raise the level of sweetness in muskmelons, this study put a split-plot design into work – the main plots were assigned to fertilizers (P0 = no organic fertilizer, P1 = liquid organic fertilizer, P2 = organic biofertilizer) while sub-plots to PGRs (Z0 = no PGRs (water), Z1 = coconut water, Z2 = GA3). The result concluded that biofertilizer (P2) increased the fruit weight by 11.76 % at an average of 2.66 kg. It also boosted the sugar content by 29.53 %, much higher than organic fertilizer at 15.46 %. As for PGRs, GA3 (Z2) was proven to enhance the sweetness in muskmelon by 23.62 %, higher than coconut water at 16.63 %. The net pattern on the rind of the P2 treatment was smooth, while the ones of P1 were rough. The very fragrant aroma was obtainable by applying biofertilizer (P2) and coconut water as PGRs (Z1).&#x0D; &#x0D;