Ozone Group Research Articles

Combined therapies with exercise, ozone and mesenchymal stem cells improve the expression of HIF1 and SOX9 in the cartilage tissue of rats with knee osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common type of degenerative joint disease which decreases the quality of life. Sex-determining region Y box 9 (SOX9) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1) are considered as the key regulators of OA. We investigated the effect of combined therapies with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), ozone (O3) and exercise training on SOX9 and HIF1 expression in the cartilage of rats with knee OA. Knee OA was induced by surgical method. OA rats were divided into model, MSCs, ozone, exercise, MSCs + ozone, MSCs + exercise, ozone + exercise and MSCs + ozone + exercise groups. Rats in the MSCs group received intraarticular injection of 1 × 106 cells/kg. Rats in the ozone group received O3 at the concentration of 20 μg/mL, once weekly for 3 weeks. Rats in the exercise group were trained on rodent treadmill three times per week. 48 hours after the programs, cartilage tissues were isolated and the expression of SOX9 and HIF1 was determined using Real-Time PCR. Significant differences were found in the expression of SOX9 and HIF1 between groups (P < 0.0001). Although combined therapies with exercise, MSCs and O3 significantly increased the expression of SOX9 and HIF1 in the cartilage tissue of rats with knee OA, combination of exercise with O3 was significantly more effective compared to the other combined therapies (P < 0.001). Combined therapy with exercise, MSCs and O3 significantly increased the expression of SOX9 and HIF1 genes in the cartilage of rats with knee OA; however, exercise + O3 was significantly more effective.

Effects of high-temperature heat wave and ozone on hypertensive rats.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of heat waves and ozone on hypertensive rats. Heat wave and ozone pollution were simulated on the Shanghai Meteorological and Environmental Animal Exposure System. Eighteen hypertensive rats were randomly divided into a control group, an ozone group, and a heat wave plus ozone group. The experimental groups were transferred to the exposure system for exposure to the ozone and heat wave plus ozone. After exposure, blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta, and the hearts were harvested in all groups. The concentrations of inflammatory factors, vasomotion factors, cardiovascular risk factors, oxidative stress and thrombosis factors and heat stress factors in heart tissue were measured in each rat. Ozone exposure and heat wave plus ozone exposure increased the levels of inflammatory factors, thrombosis factors, vasomotion factors and cardiovascular risk factors, except for HDL-C, which was reduced. Moreover, experimental exposure increased the heat stress factors and oxidative stress, except for SOD, which was decreased. These data demonstrated that both ozone exposure and heat wave plus ozone exposure could adversely affect hypertensive rats, and that heat wave may enhance the toxic effect of ozone exposure.

Evaluation of the effects of photobiomodulation therapy and ozone applications after gingivectomy and gingivoplasty on postoperative pain and patients' oral health-related quality of life.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) and ozone applications on patients' quality of life after gingivectomy and gingivoplasty. In this study, 36 patients with chronic inflammatory gingival enlargement underwent gingivectomy and gingivoplasty. The groups were randomly divided into control (n = 12), PBM (n = 12) and ozone (n = 12) groups. GaAlAs diode laser 810nm wavelength at a non-contact and continuous mode with a power of 0.3W and a density of 4J/cm2 used for PBM for 1min. Ozone was applied for 1min for every 5mm2 in contact mode at power level 9 using probe number 3. PBM and ozone applications were performed immediately after the operation, on the 3rd and 7th days. Pain assessment was performed at 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th days after gingivectomy and gingivoplasty by using visual analogue scale (VAS). Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) records were obtained from the patients before gingivectomy and gingivoplasty and postoperative 7th and 14th days. OHIP-14 questions were also evaluated individually. VAS pain levels of the control group measured on the 3rd day were higher than the PBM group and on the 7th day were found to be significantly higher than both groups (p < 0.05). The total OHIP-14 score of the control group on the 7th postoperative day was found to be higher than the PBM group (p < 0.05). The mean score obtained from the third question of OHIP-14 at 7th and 14th day of the PBM group was found to be lower than the control and ozone groups (p < 0.05). The PBM and ozone applications after gingivectomy and gingivoplasty reduce the pain levels of patients and have a positive effect on patients' quality of life.

The Effect of Ozone (O3) versus Hyaluronic Acid on Pain and Function in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Of the pharmacological modalities for knee osteoarthritis (OA), intra-articular injections including ozone (O3) and hyaluronic acid (HA) are commonly used for reducing pain and improving function. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to compare the effect of O3 versus HA in reducing pain and increasing function in patients with knee OA. After searching databases, we included 6 randomized controlled trials on patients with knee OA that compared the effects of intra-articular injection of ozone versus HA. The primary outcome was visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain. The secondary outcome was Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) score. There was a total of 237 patients in the HA group and 230 patients in the Ozone group. Of 6 studies, 4 were in English, 1 was in Persian, and 1 was in German language. The overall Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) for VAS pain did not show a significant difference between the groups although it favored HA injection (1.27 [95%CI: (-0.12)-2.66]). Total WOMAC score showed a significant difference over the time favoring HA injection (4.5 [95%CI: 1.1-8]). However, no single time point showed any significant difference between groups. This meta-analysis showed no significant difference between HA and ozone in reducing pain and improving function in patients with knee OA, although the overall results favored HA over ozone. Since previous studies have shown comparable results between HA and placebo, ozone seems to fall in the same category with more placebo effect rather than a real disease-modifier.

The effects of decontamination methods of dental implant surface on cytokine expression analysis in the reconstructive surgical treatment of peri-implantitis.

The aim of this trial was to analyze the effect of implant surface decontamination procedures combined with reconstructive surgical treatment (RST) of peri-implantitis on gene expression levels of selected biomarkers in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF). Forty patients diagnosed with peri-implantitis were treated with RST + decontamination of the implant surface using sterile saline and ozone therapy (ozone group) or sterile saline alone (control group). The gene expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-17, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), sclerostin (SOST) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were evaluated by qPCR analysis at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Changes in cytokine mRNA expression levels were analyzed and compared with clinical/radiographic parameters. Both decontamination methods lead to the downregulations of the selected gene expressions. Ozone group showed significantly higher clinical attachment level (CAL) and radiographic defect fill (DF) values at 6months compared to the control group (p = 0.026 and p = 0.011). The downregulation of SOST levels was significantly associated with probing depth reduction and radiographic DF (p < 0.05). Implant surface decontamination procedures applied with the RST contribute to a notable reduction in immuno-inflammatory response. The additional use of ozone therapy could have favorable effects in anti-infective regimens of peri-implantitis therapy. SOST, which was found to have significant relationship with both clinical and radiographic outcomes, could be a valuable indicator for the progression of peri-implantitis and may aid the development of new therapeutic strategies for bone gain in the RST of peri-implantitis.

OZONE IMPROVES AUTOGENOUS GRAFT HEALING IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS: A MORPHOMETRIC AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY

Backround: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder which plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Ozone have several actions such as antimicrobial ,immunostimulating, antihypoxic effects, and activates antioxidant enzymes and angiogenesis Aim : The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gaseous ozone on bone healing in diabetic rat calvarial defects treated with autogenous bone graft, morphometrically and immunohistochemically. Material and Methods: Diabetes was induced and critical size defects were created on rats. Study groups: 1-Empty defect (Control, n=14) group, 2-Autograft (AG, n=14) group, 3-Empty defect+ozone therapy (Control+Ozone, n=14) group, 4-Autograft+ozone application (AG+Ozone, n=14) group. Gaseous ozone was applied on the operation day and the following 2 weeks daily ( 140ppm @ 2L/d, 2.24 mg ). Total bone area was measured. Osteocalcin and Bone morphogenic protein-2 protein expressions were evaluated . Results : Control and Control+Ozone groups had no osteoclast and residuel lacunae during the study . Osteoblasts in AG+Ozone group were higher than AG group at 4th week (p>0.05). AG+Ozone group had more total bone area than AG group at 4th week. AG+Ozone group revealed more BMP-2 immune positivity compared to the other groups. Osteocalcin immune positivity in AG groups was higher than those of the Control groups. Conclusion : Within the limitations of this study, gaseous ozone application decreased osteoclast number and increased osteoblast number and bone regeneration, especially, in early stages of bone regeneration in diabetic rats. KEYWORDS: autograft, bone regeneration , calvarial defect , experimental diabetes mellitus , ozone

A Comparative Assessment of Autologous Conditioned Serum and Ozone for Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment: Mid-Term Follow up

Background: Knee osteoarthritis is a common disease associated with knee pain, physical disability, and joint stiffness. The use of non-surgical treatment methods in patients with knee osteoarthritis is important. Autologous conditioned serum (ACS) is a new regenerative therapeutic method that was investigated by a limited number of clinical trials. So far, using ACS in patients with Knee osteoarthritis remains to be controversial among physicians. Thus, the current study was carried out to compare the therapeutic effects of intra-articular ACS and ozone injections in patients with knee osteoarthritis.Materials and Methods: This prospective, double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted among 60 patients (30= interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) group, 30= ozone group) with knee osteoarthritis, who referred to the Pain Management Clinic of Akhtar Educational Hospital during 2018 to 2019. In the IL-1Ra group, 2 ml of IL-1Ra was injected into the knee joint. The regimen protocol consisted of 4 injections, performed on the first, seventh, fourteenth, and twenty-first days of the treatment and ozone group, 10 ml of ozone (30 μg/ml) + 5 ml of lidocaine 1% were injected into the knee joint. The regimen protocol consisted of 3 injections, performed on the first day of the treatment, one month after the first injection, and two months after the first injection. The severity of pain was assessed by the patients’ self-report of pain and using the visual analog scale (VAS), before the treatment and 1, 3 and 6 months after the treatment. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaires were also measured at before and 6 months following treatment.Results: The changes in the VAS pain at different time periods showed statistically significant differences in the two groups, (P=0.0001). There was no significant difference between the two groups before the treatment and one month and three months after the initiation of the treatment; however, there was a significant difference between the two groups six months after the initiation of the treatment (P=0.0001). KOOS scores of symptoms, daily activities, and athletic and recreational functions were significantly higher in the IL-1Ra group, and the WOMAC scores of physical function and joint stiffness and the overall scores were significantly higher in the IL-1Ra group, (p<0.05).Conclusion: The intra-articular injection of IL-1Ra is a low-invasive, safe, effective, and long-acting method. In patients with knee osteoarthritis, clinical improvements and responses to the intra-articular IL-1Ra injection are better and longer compared to ozone injection. Therefore, it can be considered as a suitable choice in treating patients with chronic knee pain.

Investigation of the effects of thrombocyte-rich plasma, systemic ozone and hyperbaric oxygen treatment on intraoral wound healing in rats: experimental study.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate and compare biochemical and histopathological effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), ozone and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on wound healing which was formed experimentally in oral cavity of rats. In this study, thirty-six Wistar Hannover rats with weight of 250-350g, fed with standard feeds, were anesthetized to create intraoral wound on the hard palate. Rats were divided into four groups as the following: control group, PRP, HBO and Ozone groups. 0.1ml of PRP was injected on the wound edges of each rat in the PRP group on days 1, 3 and 7. Each rat in the ozone group was systemically injected with 2.3-3.0ml ozone gas on the 1st, 3rd and 7th days. The wounds of the rats in the control group were not performed anything. The rats in the HBO group were placed in the HBO pressure chamber and were treated with one session (2h for each session) of 100% oxygen each day for 7days. Rats in all groups were killed on the 15th day and the hard palates were excised for histopathological examination. Inflammation severity, neovascularization, fibroblast proliferation, collagen density and epithelization were evaluated. The rate of intense wound closure (epithelialization intensity) was significantly higher in all the three treatment groups, the PRP group was the highest, than in the control group (p < 0.05). Fibroblast proliferation level was higher in PRP group (p < 0.05), followed by ozone, HBO and control groups, respectively. Histologically, inflammation was significantly higher in the control group than the treatment groups (p < 0.05). For the treatment groups; it was lowest in the PRP group, followed by the ozone and HBO groups, respectively. The rates of angiogenesis and collagenization were significantly higher in all the three treatment groups, the PRP group was the highest, than in the control group (p < 0.05). In this study, no significance difference was found between the groups in terms of blood glucose levels (p = 0.21). In this study, all three treatment modalities were found to be effective in wound healing, and PRP was found to be more effective than the others.

Comparison of the efficiency of two alternative therapies for the management of temporomandibular disorders

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effect of ozone and low-level laser (LLL) therapies on pain and function in patients with disc displacement with reduction. Methods: Eighty temporomandibular joints were divided into four groups, namely ozone and laser treatment groups, and two placebo groups. Ozone and LLL therapies were applied over six sessions. Results: Pain on palpation scores demonstrated a statistically significant decrease over time in the treatment groups. Sham laser therapy only reduced the pain on palpation in temporomandibular joints; whereas, sham ozone only affected masseter muscle pain. The ozone treatment group demonstrated significantly better pressure pain threshold scores and mandibular movements than the other groups; however, pressure pain threshold scores of the masseter inferior were significantly higher in the laser group. Discussion: This study supports the use of ozone for pain reduction as an alternative treatment modality and LLL as a supportive therapy for temporomandibular disorders.

Influence of ozone application in the stepwise excavation of primary molars: a randomized clinical trial.

The aim of this randomized, controlled, three-arm parallel-group, double-blinded clinical trial was to investigate the clinical and microbiological effects of the ozone application in stepwise excavation of primary molars. This study was conducted in in vivo conditions with 105 lower primary molars that had deep caries lesions. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups: (I) control group, conventional stepwise excavation with no disinfectants; (II) CHX (positive control) group, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate; and (III) experimental group, ozone application. Dentine samples were collected at 4 different time points (T0, at the first appointment, after partial removal of carious dentin; T1, at the first appointment, after applying disinfection procedure; T2, at the second appointment - at the end of the 4-month period - immediately after the removal of the temporary restoration; T3, at the second appointment, after the final excavation) for the microbiological analysis of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and the total number of colony-forming units. Clinical changes including dentin color, humidity, and consistency were recorded. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Friedman test, and chi-squared test (p= 0.05). The dentin became harder and drier after 4months in all the groups. There was a gradual reduction in the total number of microorganisms in all the three groups. Bacterial reduction was greater in the CHX group compared to the ozone group (p= 0.002) and was greater in the ozone group compared to the control group (p= 0.015) after 4months (control, 78%; CHX, 93%; ozone, 82%). Stepwise excavation of primary teeth provided successful outcomes in all the groups. Moreover, CHX, due to its practicality and cost-effectiveness, can be effectively used with one- or two-step indirect pulp therapies. Usage of cavity disinfectants in the stepwise excavation procedure contributes to the reduction of bacterial population in the cavity, which may allow the avoidance of the second step of the indirect pulp therapy for primary teeth.

The effects of ozone therapy on postoperative adhesions and ovarian functions: An experimental study

Aim: Numerous methods are used to prevent the development of postoperative adhesion formation. There are few studies on the effects of ozone therapy on postoperative intraabdominal adhesions and ovarian functions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ozone treatment on postoperative intraabdominal adhesions and ovarian roles in rats.Methods: Twenty female Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into two groups as laparotomy (Group 1, n: 10) and laparotomy + intraperitoneal ozone (Group 2, n: 10). After laparotomy, parietal peritoneum, uterus and adnexal surfaces were scraped in both groups. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Estradiol (E2), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Urea, and Creatinine levels were measured, and histopathological evaluation was performed. Both groups were compared concerning histopathological and biochemical findings.Results: In the ozone-treated group, antioxidant levels (P=0.012) were significantly higher, and E2 levels (P=0.005) were substantially lower than the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding FSH, Urea, Creatinine, and LDH (P=0.12, P=0.72, P=0.45, and P=0.79, respectively). Histopathologically, postoperative intraabdominal adhesion rates between the two groups were statistically similar.Conclusion: Although there was no statistically significant difference, ozone therapy had a decreasing effect on severe fibrosis and congestion rates. Although there was no difference in FSH, low levels of E2 in Group 2 suggest that ozone treatment may have a protective effect on the ovaries. However, further studies are needed concerning adhesion formation and the impact on ovarian functions.

Effects of pure and ozonated sunflower seed oil (Helianthus annuus) on hypergranulation tissue formation, infection and healing of equine lower limb wounds

This study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic effects of topical application of pure sunflower seed oil (oil group) and ozonated sunflower seed oil (ozone group) on acute cutaneous wound healing in eight healthy horses. The control group was treated with 0.9% sodium chloride. Two wounds were surgically produced on each horse on the proximal epiphysis of the metacarpus on the dorsal aspect of each forelimb. Wound area and contraction were measured on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21. Biopsy samples were taken to evaluate epithelial hyperplasia, inflammation, exuberant granulation tissue, exudate type, angiogenesis, and fibroplasia. Culture swabs were also collected. Wound contraction at 21 days for the oil group was 52.68%, for the ozone group was 72.16%, and for the control group (0.9% sodium chloride) was 34.80%. The ozone group had a significantly smaller wound size and a residual wound area than the control and the oil groups, on days 14 and 21. The control-wounds and oil-wounds had suppurative exudate and the presence of Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate was observed in all groups. Granulation tissue was observed on day 7 in all groups, but exuberant granulation tissue was observed only in the control group on days 14 and 21. Reepithelialization was observed on day 14 in the ozone group. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that topical application of ozonated sunflower seed oil accelerates acute cutaneous wound repair in horses, preventing hypergranulation tissue and infection, and that it is superior to treatment with pure sunflower seed oil and 0.9% sodium chloride.

The effects of ozone on the acute phase of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

In this study, we aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of ozone on the acute phase of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats to resemble clinical practice. Eighteen Wistar albino rats were assigned to control (CG, n=6), sham (SG, n=6) and ozone groups (OG, n=6). A midline laparotomy was performed and a superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in the SG and OG was occluded with a 0/0 catgut suture, but in the CG, the incision was closed without any intervention. Tissue oxygenation was monitored with a tissue oxygenation monitor to achieve the same grade during intestinal ischemia. The incision was closed and, in the OG, ozone/oxygen mixture (0.7 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally, 20 minutes before reperfusion. Surgical incision was reopened and reperfusion was achieved after 60 minutes of ischemia in the SG and OG. After 60 minutes of reperfusion, 2 cm small intestine segment was sampled for histopathological assessment of the intestinal mucosal damage (Chiu score) and biochemical assessment of oxidative stress markers (nitric oxide: NO, malondialdehyde: MDA, superoxide dismutase: SOD) in all groups. The Chiu scores of the SG and OG were statistically increased than that of the CG (p=0.002; and p=0.002, respectively). Chiu score in the OG was higher compared to that in the SG, but not statistically significant (p=0.175). MDA levels were statistically higher in the SG and OG than that of the CG (p=0.004; and p=0.010, respectively). However, the difference between the SG and OG was not statistically significant (p=0.522). SOD and NO levels were not significantly different between groups (p=0.451 and p=0.056, respectively). Contrary to the literature, single-dose ozone therapy did not reduce the oxidative stress or improve the ischemic damage in intestinal I/R injury in rats. Further evaluation with different doses in different time periods is needed for potential clinical use.

The effects of ozone therapy on extremity ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rabbit model

Introduction: Ischemia is reversible or irreversible cell/tissue damage that is secondary to insufficient blood flow to tissues or organs. Ischemia causes many metabolic and structural changes at the cellular level. Ozone therapy is often used as an antioxidant remedy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ozone therapy on extremity ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Methods: Twenty-four New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups. Each group consisted of eight rabbits. Group I was the control group, Group II was the ischemia group, and Group III, the ozone group. Femoral arteries of the right legs were dissected, and femoral arterial occlusion was performed in Group II and III. Hematological and histopathological evaluation was performed in all groups. Results: The levels of total antioxidant status (TAS) after the surgical procedure was higher in the ozone group compared to the ischemia group (p=0.036). In addition, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) after the surgical procedure were lower in the ozone group compared to the ischemia group but not statistically significant (p=0.093). The control and ozone groups were histopathologically similar. Conclusions: Ozone therapy may be used as an alternative treatment modality with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects for the treatment of extremity IR injury.

Evaluation of Ozone Therapy as adjuvant therapy in cancer patients and reduction of side effects of Radiation therapy- Indian experiences [abstract

PURPOSE: India is new cancer capital of world with almost one third of cases registered from India, In this century, cancer is projected to be the leading cause of death. Neoplasia is a multifactorial process that can be broadly categorized into five etiologies: genetic, viral, chemical, physical and inflammatory. Chemical, physical and inflammatory are closely linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can readily induce genomic damage. Although the precise mechanisms responsible for increased ROS stress in cancer cells have not be defined, the increase in ROS generation is attributed to active cellular metabolic activity under the influence of oncogenic signals and/or to mitochondrial malfunction in cancer cells. Ozone therapy (OT) biological effects are: cellular redox balance (OT can exert its protective effects by means of an oxidative preconditioning, stimulating and/or preserving the endogenous antioxidant systems); regulation of the immunological system, increase of prostacyclin, as well as the increase of oxygenation in tumours. Tumour Hypoxia is a well-recognized mechanism for resistance of neoplastic cells to anticancer drugs and radiation.&#x0D; &#x0D; MATERIAL and METHODS: The clinical trial included only 83 patients with mainly oral, breast and brain cancer patients in treatment with cobalt-60 therapy at Lady Ratan Tata memorial radiation department were also treated with Rectal Insufflation of an ozone-oxygen at a dose of 7mg (200 ml at 35 mcrg/ml), 6 days per week along with Minor auto haemotherapy(100 mcrg) alternatively for 6 weeks till the duration radiotherapy.&#x0D; &#x0D; RESULTS: The appearance of side effects (dermatitis, pigmentation, ulceration) minimized to 24% in the ozone group that means a significant difference post radiation. When compared to patients not treated with OT. One month after finishing the treatment, with significant difference in patients supported by OT. The clinical observation were:&#x0D; - Improvement in Energy Level&#x0D; - Feeling of Cheerfulness&#x0D; - Improved Appetite&#x0D; - Improved WBC, RBC and Hb levels&#x0D; - Reduction in Tumor Markers, CEA, AFP, CA125&#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION: OT is effective as adjuvant to conventional approach of Radiation in reducing side effects of radiation by improvement of blood circulation and oxygen delivery to ischemic and neoplastic tissues. Furthermore, it correct the chronic oxidative stress by upregulating the antioxidant system procuring a state of well-being in patients by activating the neuro-endocrine system.

Effect of ozone and diode laser (635 nm) in reducing orthodontic pain in the maxillary arch\u2014a randomized clinical controlled trial

The effect of ozone, diode laser irradiation, and presence of teeth crowding/spacing on pain perception in orthodontic patient was tested. Overall, 76 patients [55 women and 21 men; age 35.1(6.4) years] who met the inclusion criteria participated in the study. Immediately after fixed orthodontic appliance placement, the patients were exposed to a pain relief treatment (one single session) using either 635-nm diode laser (SmartM, Lasotronix, Warsaw, Poland) or ozone therapy (OzoneDTA, Apoza, New Taipei City, Taiwan) by placing the handpieces in the area of each teeth apex and interdental papillae, from the maxillary right first molar to the maxillary left first molar. Subjects were divided into three groups: control group (G1, n = 26), ozone (G2, n = 26, exposed to ozone therapy, generator probe type 3, working time per point 5 s, 23 points, application time 1 min and 55 s), and laser group (G3, n = 25, exposed to continuous mode diode laser, 400 mW, handpiece diameter 8 mm, spot area 0.5024 cm2, power density per second 1.59 W/cm2, dose 2 J per point, time: 5 s per point, 23 points, total energy per session 46 J, application time 1 min and 55 s). The level of teeth crowding was assessed using the Lundstrom indicator. The patients received a questionnaire for pain assessment (the Numeric Rating Scale, NRS-11, grade level 0–10) and recorded at 7 time points (1 h, 6 h, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days ) after the fixed orthodontic appliance placement. The mean pain values for the diode laser, ozone, and control group were 3.6 (1.31) (95% CI, 2.95–4.25), 5.25 (3.37) (95% CI, 3.52–6.98), and 5.75 (2.40) (95% CI, 4.69–6.81), respectively. We observed lower pain values in the diode laser group compared to the control group (p = 0.0237). The use of ozone in this study did not result in significant pain reduction in comparison to control (p = 0.8040) and laser groups (p = 0.1029). There were no differences in pain perception between patients with crowded teeth and non-crowded teeth in each group (G1, p = 0.66, G2, p = 0.86, G3, p = 0.24). The use of 635-nm diode laser led to decreased pain perception; however, ozone and presence of teeth crowding/spacing did not affect the pain perception in orthodontic patients during the first 5 days after the fixed orthodontic appliance placement.

Effects of antibiotic and intra-peritoneal ozone administration on proinflammatory cytokine formation, antioxidant levels and abdominal organ functions in the treatment of experimentally generated infectious peritonitis in rabbits

In this study we investigated the effects of antibiotic and intraperitoneal ozone administration on pro-inflammatory cytokine, antioxidant levels and tissue damage in the treatment of experimentally infectious peritonitis. Thirty-three adult male New Zealand White Rabbits were used. The study consisted of four groups including the non-treatment group (G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;), antibiotic group (G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), ozone group (G&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) and ozone + antibiotic group (G&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;). Trimethoprim sulfadimethylprymidine was administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg subcutaneously (s.c.) and amoxicillin sodium at a dose of 15 mg/kg intramuscularly (i.m.). Medical ozone was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a concentration of 30 µg O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;/ml and dose of 80 ml/kg. Once peritonitis was produced, blood samples were taken from the animals before treatment and at regular intervals following treatment. Blood samples were used for haemograms and to measure levels of antioxidant and oxidative enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Tissue samples were examined histopathologically. There was no statistically significant difference between groups with respect to levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Antioxidant enzymes were found to be higher in groups G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and G&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. The granulocyte and lymphocyte values in group G&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; were determined to increase earlier than in the other groups. The peritonitis scores were similar in G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and G&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, which is higher compared to G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and G&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; groups. Minimal tissue damage was observed in the group G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. It was concluded that antibiotic use for preventing peritoneum damage in experimental acute peritonitis was more effective than ozone therapy alone.

EVALUATION OF TOPICAL OZONE THERAPY ON SOCKET HEALING IN RABBITS WITH INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS

INTRODUCTION: Ozone (O3) gas is a molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen in a dynamically unstable structure due to the presence of mesomeric states. Ozone therapy has been utilized and heavily studied for more than a century. Its effects on bone are proven and consistent. It enhance osteoblastic activity and new bone formation. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that potentially affect bone metabolism, structure, and mineral density. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate histologically the possible effect of ozone therapy on bone healing after tooth extraction in rabbits with alloxan induced diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty adult male New Zealand rabbits weighing 1500-2500 grams (approximately six months of age) will be divided into 3 equal groups: group I;(control group), group II; (diabetic group): diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of alloxan in a dose of 100 mg/kg and group III:(Ozone group) rabbits was treated as in diabetic group then they was treated with ozone therapy which will be applied topically in the form of gel inside the tooth socket. Rabbits were sacrificed after six weeks. Each sample were dissected and prepared for histological evaluation. RESULTS: in diabetic group the socket showed empty central region surrounded by disorganization bony trabeculae. The bony trabeculae surrounded less vascular spaces and more fibrous tissue.in diabetic group treated with ozone therapy the socket showed complete filling of the socket with newly formed bone.The socket with newly formed bone surrounding highly vascular bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS: Ozone gel application accelerates socket healing and enhances bone formation in diabetes mellitus

Therapy of retained fetal membranes in cattle: Comparison of two treatment protocols

This prospective study was conducted to compare two treatment protocols for retained foetal membranes (RFM) in cattle. The routine therapy consisting of intrauterine tetracycline boluses was compared with the administration of ozone foam, both intrauterine therapies without attempts to manually remove the placenta. Cows undergoing caesarean section, suffering from uterine torsion or prolapse of the uterus, and other illnesses than RFM on the first day post-partum were excluded. Values for baseline variables as age, breed, yearly milk yield, parity, pregnancy duration, calving season and number of routine intrauterine treatments were not different between the groups. Number of days with rectal temperature >39.7 °C within the first 10 days in milk (DIM) were greater in the ozone group. Number of escape therapies were recorded when there was imposing of this therapy as a result of cows having a fever (based on rectal temperature >39.7 °C) and a significant reduced food intake. Escape therapies consisted of parenteral administration of tetracyclines and NSAIDS during the first 10 DIM. Number of escape therapies, however, was not different between the groups. Results from use of a logistic regression model with fever as a dichotomous variable indicated there was no effect of breed, studbook, type of stall, pasture, business and no effect of age or milk yield. In a second assessment, cows were evaluated until 200 DIM. Results from a survival analysis indicated group (Te/Oz) did not affect rate of culling from the herd.

Interesting effectiveness of ozone injection for carpal tunnel syndrome treatment: a randomized controlled trial.

Purpose: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy in the upper limb. Local injection of different substances has been increasingly used as an acceptable conservative treatment in non-severe cases. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of local ozone injection in the management of non-severe CTS.Methods: In the current randomized controlled trial (RCT), 40 patients with mild or moderate CTS were included in two parallel groups. Both of them used the resting volar wrist splint for 8 weeks; while the intervention group received a single dose of local ozone injection, except for the same splinting protocol. The main outcome measures including visual analog scale (VAS) for pain; symptom severity or functional status, based on Boston questionnaire (BQ); and median nerve conduction study, were reassessed 10 weeks after the treatment.Results: All of the measures including VAS, symptom severity, functional status and EDX improved significantly in both groups with the maximal changes in VAS. The VAS reduction was more remarkable in the ozone group than the control group [64% versus 45.3%, respectively]. Moreover, both of the BQ subscales showed significantly higher improvement in the ozone group compared to the control group (P=0.01 and 0.02, respectively). Although the improvement of EDX parameters was slightly better in the ozone group, the difference was not significant. Neither minor nor major side effects were reported.Conclusion: Ozone therapy as a safe and low-cost method, could provide promising results among women with mild to moderate CTS, at least for short-term treatment.Clinical trial registration: IRCT2016040913442N9.