Ozone Generation Research Articles

Disinfection of Medical Solid Waste through the Application Ozone Technology: Feasibility and Effectiveness Study.

We aimed to determine the feasibility of ozone for disinfection of infectious solid waste in hospital. Spores of Bacillus atrophaeus were used to monitor the process of inactivating microbial agents using ozone in medical solid waste in the hospitals of Tabriz City, Iran. For this purpose, culture medium containing the mentioned bacteria was placed in the bags containing medical wastes. The ozone generator was equipped with a constant dose of 5 grams per liter, with a discharge of 1 and 3 liters per minute and contact time of 10 to 120 min. Then the ozone exposure indicators were incubated for 24-48h at 36 ± 1 °C and, finally, the absence of colony growth in the culture medium was considered as the success of ozone in disinfection of infectious solid waste. This process was performed with 4-time replications. The complete removal of B. atrophaeus was obtained for non-compacted and compacted infectious solid waste, at contact time of 15 and 50 min, respectively. The efficiency of removal of B. atrophaeus by the process of wet ozone injection through a glass column was 100% in 30 minutes and by separate injection of water vapor into the contact tank was 100% in 50 minutes. The results of this study showed that the use of ozone technology was effective in the inactivation and destruction of microbial agents in medical solid waste. Employing different advanced technology of oxidization especially ozone in order to decrease the environmental pollution is considered as one of management approaches.

Characteristics and Source Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Typical Ozone Pollution Processes During Summer in Jinan, China

Based on a typical ozone （O3） pollution process in Jinan City from June 16 to 26, 2021, the variation characteristics of O3 and its precursor volatile organic compounds （VOCs） during different pollution periods （clean period （CP）, pollution rise period （PRP）, heavy pollution period （HPP）, and pollution decline period （PDP）） in the urban area were analyzed. Both positive matrix factorization （PMF） and an observation-based model （OBM） were used to identify the main sources of VOCs, O3 production mechanisms, and sensitive species. The results showed that the average value of ρ（O3-8h） during the HPP period in the urban area was （246.67±11.24） μg·m-3, and ρ（O3-1h） had a peak value of 300 μg·m-3. The volume fractions of VOCs and NO2 concentration were affected by the decrease in planetary boundary layer and wind speed, which were 76.99%-145.36% and 127.78%-141.18% higher than those in the other three periods, respectively, and were the main reasons for the aggravation of O3 pollution. Alkanes, oxygenated volatile organic compounds （OVOCs）, and halogenated hydrocarbons accounted for 43.81%, 20.98%, and 17.43% of VOCs in urban areas, respectively. All of them showed significant growth during the HPP period, with acetone, propane, and ethane being the top three species by volume in each stage and isopentane showing the highest growth during the HPP period. Alkene, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons accounted for 40.19%, 28.06%, and 21.92% of the ozone generation potential （OFP）. 1-butene, toluene, isopentane, and isoprene were the species with higher OFP. Isoprene had the highest OFP during the PRP phase, and 1-butene had the highest OFP during the HPP phase. The volume fraction of isopentane significantly increased OFP. The correlation coefficient between VOCs and CO preliminarily indicated that motor vehicle exhaust and oil and gas volatilization were the main sources of VOCs during the HPP period. Further use of PMF revealed that solvent use sources, combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust+oil and gas volatilization sources, industrial emission sources, and plant sources were important sources of VOCs in urban areas. The contribution of motor vehicle exhaust+oil and gas volatilization sources in the HPP period to VOCs was 3.09-14.72 times higher than that in other periods. The contribution of solvent use sources to VOCs was approximately 2.50 times higher than that in the CP and PRP periods. The main sources of VOCs volume fraction increase were motor vehicle exhaust, oil and gas volatilization sources, and solvent use sources. Potential sources and concentration weight analysis found that VOCs were also affected by the transmission of VOCs to Binzhou and Dongying in the northeast direction. The OBM results indicated that the main pathway of O3 formation in urban areas was the reaction of peroxide hydroxyl radicals （HO2·） and methyl peroxide radicals （CH3O2·） with NO, and the net ozone generation rate during the HPP phase [P（O3）net] was 24×10-9 h-1. Based on the sensitivity experiment results, the alkene components of 1-butene, propylene, cis-2-butene, and ethylene were the dominant species for O3 production.

Analysis of Characteristics and Sensitivity of Photochemical Pollution During High Ozone Season in Shanghai from 2016 to 2020

The sensitivity analysis of ozone generation in key ozone-polluted regions and cities is an important basis for the prevention and control of near-surface ozone （O3） pollution. Based on the five-year data of ozone, VOCs, and NOx from three typical stations in Shanghai, namely Dianshan Lake Station （suburban area）, Pudong Station （urban area）, and Xinlian Station （industrial area） from 2016 to 2020, the nonlinear relationship between ozone and precursors （VOCs and NOx） during the high-ozone season in the five years was quantitatively analyzed using an observation model. The results showed that the peak months of near-surface ozone in Shanghai were from April to September during 2016 to 2020, with the highest values appearing from June to August. The volume fraction of VOCs and NO2 concentration had a strong indicative significance for the O3 concentration at Pudong Station. The O3 concentration at Dianshan Lake Station was mainly influenced by regional environment, meteorological factors, and cross-regional transmission. The ozone concentration at Xinlian Station was a combination of environmental background concentration and industrial area photochemical pollution. Pudong Station and Dianshan Lake Station were in the VOCs control zone. Xinlian Station was gradually closer to the NOx control zone from 2016 to 2019, transitioning to the VOCs control zone since 2020. The L·OH of Pudong Station, Dianshan Lake Station, and Xinlian Station were： NOx control area>collaborative control area>VOCs control area.

Structural and functional properties of ozone-treated quinoa starch

Ozone is a very powerful oxidizing agent and can rapidly decompose without generating waste. Ozone was applied to oxidize quinoa starch suspensions (10 g/100 g) were subjected to oxidation by ozonization and the effect of ozone generation time (OGT: 10, 20 and 30 min) was investigated on their structural and functional properties. As OGT increased from 10 to 30 min, amylose content and relative crystallinity reduced. Gel-permeation chromatography analysis indicated amylose depolymerization and structural analysis by FTIR revealed that ozonized starches had a considerable reduction in the degree of crystallinity with increasing OGT. Carbonyl/carboxyl group contents, paste clarity (26 %), oil absorption capacity (23 %) and peak apparent viscosity, values increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) for treated samples. Ozone increased the mean diameter (D [2,3]), the onset temperature (DSC), and pasting properties. Thus, ozonization is a powerful method to modify starch, as well as a safe and inexpensive oxidizing process.

Determination of the optimal concentration of ozone–containing mixture for safe use in clinical conditions

Objective. To study the effect of ozone during hyperbaric oxygenation with an ozone–containing mixture on the respiratory system and stress response organs of experimental animals, to select the optimal parameters of ozone generation and supply by the POS–1 apparatus to perform this procedure in a confined space without harming the health of the patient and medical staff. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were performed on 20 white laboratory rats divided into two groups. In group 1, 10 animals breathed the ozone–containing mixture for 7 days, each session lasted 15 minutes. In the 2nd group, 10 animals breathed the ozone–containing vapour–water mixture for 7 days, each session also lasted 15 minutes. All animals were kept in a semi–hermetic box with a volume of 0.042 m3 with an ozone supply of 500 mg/h, which exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (0.16 mg/m3 ) by a factor of 2. The pressure of the gas mixture in the box with the animals was equal to atmospheric pressure.The animals were withdrawn from the experiment on the 3rd, 7th and 14th day by injecting an excessive dose of 5.0% sodium thiopental solution. The trachea, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, stomach, pancreas, and adrenal glands were autopsied and taken for histological examination. The ozone concentration in the room during the experiment was measured using a SAMI 100S ozone concentration meter. Results. Exposure to the ozone–containing mixture did not cause pathological changes in the organs and systems of the experimental animals, as well as a significant stress response, which proves the safety of the technique in confined spaces. The method of treatment of infectious and purulent complications proposed in previous studies does not harm the health of the patient and medical staff and can be recommended for use in clinical practice without additional measures for the utilisation of ozone produced by the POS–1 apparatus. Conclusions. The optimal parameters of ozone production and supply in the ozone–containing mixture for hyperbaric oxygenation in a confined space without harming the health of the patient and medical staff have been proposed. The ozone–containing steam–water mixture can be recommended for use in clinical practice in conditions of massive tissue infection as a factor of external physical influence with pronounced bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties. The concentration of residual ozone in the room after the therapeutic procedure does not exceed the permissible level and does not harm the health of the patient and medical staff.

Performance Evaluation of Sinusoidal Power Supplies for Ozone Generation in Water Purification Applications.

Ozone generation is a water disinfection method, superior to chlorine in terms of fewer byproducts and no residual taste. However, its high production cost limits its widespread adoption. This paper designs an ozone generation sinusoidal power supply for water treatment. Ozone generation requires a high-frequency and high-voltage power supply to produce ozone from oxygen molecules. The study evaluates two power supply topologies, one with a parallel LC filter and the other with an LCL filter, assessing their feasibility, effectiveness, and reliability. Theoretically, the LCL filter achieves higher gains than the parallel LC filter. The larger inductance in the parallel LC filter reduces gain, while the larger inductance in the LCL filter increases gain. Simulation and practical results validate these findings, achieving gains of 40 for the parallel LC filter and 150 for the LCL filter.

Characteristics of dielectric barrier discharge and ozone production in synthetic air

This work studies the characteristics of electrical discharge, optical emission spectroscopy and ozone production of an air-fed dielectric barrier discharge reactor. In particular, the reactor utilizes water as the high voltage electrode and the grounding electrode. Results show that when the applied peak-to-peak voltage is increased from 16.8 kV to 26.8 kV at 10 kHz, the specific input energy is increased from 19.0 J/L to 664.9 J/L. The maximum ozone generation efficiency reaches about 155 g/kWh with an ozone concentration of around 1549 ppm. The results also show that at a peak-to-peak voltage of 24.0 kV, the typical rotational temperature is 306 ± 5 K. In addition, during a 400 min stability test with ozone concentrations up to about 6000 ppm, the ozone generation efficiency is stabilized at around 106 g/kWh. The reactor can provide optimized control of the gas temperature and realizes energy-efficient ozone generation.

Analysis of electric filters for cleaning the air environment of production premises

RELEVANCE: The problem of hazardous working conditions in Russia attracts attention due to an increase in the proportion of workers exposed to negative impacts on their health. Of particular interest is the analysis of the air environment as the main factor influencing human health. 32.2% of workers in hazardous working conditions are exposed to airborne factors, which leads to occupational diseases. To reduce the harmful effects of the air, it is necessary to clean it from harmful components. A promising device for air purification is an electric precipitator.PURPOSE: The study is aimed at selecting and optimizing electric precipitators for air purification in industrial premises. The goal is to determine the most effective design of an electric precipitator for cleaning the air environment of industrial premises.METHODS: The analysis is carried out on the basis of statistical data, the results of studies of electric precipitators of various designs for cleaning the air from dust, harmful gases and microorganisms. The results are used for comparative analysis.RESULTS: The study reveals that different designs of electrostatic precipitators demonstrate different effectiveness in air purification depending on the type of design. The design of corona electrodes affects ozone generation. It has been established that two-zone electrostatic precipitators with needle corona electrodes on the negative corona can significantly reduce ozone emissions. Wet electrostatic precipitators have regeneration, and the presence of several stages increases the cleaning efficiency. Electrostatic filters do not generate ozone and can be used in explosive low-volume areas.CONCLUSION: The study confirms that the choice of electrostatic precipitator should depend on the specifics of production and the volume of the room. For explosive environments, electrostatic precipitators should be preferred, while for large areas, a wet multi-stage electrostatic precipitator is recommended. Electrostatic precipitators-ozonizers can be effective for air disinfection. Summarizing the results allows us to conclude that it is important to choose the appropriate type of electrostatic precipitator to ensure optimal air conditions for the safety of workers.

Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution and Ozone Generation Potential in Xi′an

Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution and Ozone Generation Potential in Xi′an

A novel dielectric barrier discharge ozone generator with excellent microdischarge temperature behavior

In this paper, the electrical characteristics and optical emission spectroscopy of a dielectric barrier discharge ozone generator with water as the grounding electrode are investigated. The gas temperature of the microdischarge channel and at the reactor outlet have also been studied. Results show that the working plasma has a very small effect on the increase in gas temperature at the reactor outlet. At applied power frequency of 5 kHz and applied peak voltage of 7 kV, the microdischarge temperature is obtained as 310 K from N2(C3Πu → B3Πg) spectra ranging from 370-381 nm. In addition, the plasma emission spectra of gas mixtures (95 % O2 + 5 % N2) are investigated and the microdischarge temperature is determined as 309 K with applied power frequency of 5 kHz and applied peak voltage of 8 kV. It is concluded that observed microdischarge temperatures reaches the lowest values reported for filamentary air discharges, capable of promoting ozone production.

Enhanced electrochemical ozone production via sp2 carbon content optimization in boron doped diamond electrodes using laser micromachining

The role and bonding arrangement of deliberately added sp2 carbon in maximising the current efficiency, output and longevity of boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes for electrochemical dissolved ozone generation is elucidated. We show, using a zero-gap cell (ZGC) arrangement, how systematically increasing sp2 carbon results in increased ozone concentration and current efficiency. sp2 carbon addition is made using nanosecond pulse laser micromachining which converts BDD to sp2 carbon. Two ZGC geometries are investigated which both incorporate a Nafion membrane sandwiched between two BDD electrodes. Through-holes (perforations) are integrated into either the membrane or the BDD, the latter using laser micromachining which also converts the hole walls to sp2 carbon. Increasing the number of through-holes (or changing hole geometry), in the perforated BDD, increases the sp2 carbon content of the electrode (from 5 to 100 %). For the perforated Nafion membrane in contact with a planar BDD electrode, patterned laser micromachining of the BDD surface is used to control the sp2 carbon content of the electrode (from 4 to 100 %). For both electrodes, sp2 carbon content is significantly higher than is possible using diamond growth. sp2 carbon contents >40 % and >60 % for the planar and perforated BDD electrodes, respectively, are found to be particularly effective, allowing electrode designs to be proposed for optimised ZGC ozone generation. Notably, the sp2 carbon introduced via laser micromachining is shown to be extremely stable over 20 h (anode potential ∼ 10 V) in contrast to glassy carbon, which corrodes within 10 min. Whilst both are 100 % sp2 carbon, the laser-machined surface (after ozonolysis) is amorphous whereas the glassy carbon contains disorganized graphitic layers. This work also highlights the intriguing stability of amorphous sp2 carbon towards high oxidative potentials.

Optimization of bromocresol green degradation using ozone micro bubbles: response surface analysis and techno-commercial aspects of a 75 kL/day scale-up plant

Degradation of bromocresol green in alcohol-water solution using ozone micron sized bubbles is reported. A high speed impeller is used to generate micro bubbles of ozone in liquid while ozone is generated using a commercial ozone generator. A 3-level-3-factor Box–Behnken experimental design is used to statistically identify relative importance of the operating parameters studied namely impeller speed, initial concentration of dye and treatment time. Ozone dosage is kept fixed at 4 g/h. Impeller speed is found to be the most dominant factor according to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) calculations. Kinetics for degradation of bromocresol green in solution is also reported. A second order kinetics is seen to fit the experimental (concentration–time) data, corresponding value of rate constant being 0.0153 L/mg-s. Based on the laboratory scale data a detailed techno-commercial analysis of a scaled up (75 kL/day) plant for ozone based degradation of bromocresol is presented. All relevant economic indicators pertaining to the scaled up plant are reported. A specific treatment cost of Rs. 100/m3 of treated water yields a return on investment (ROI) of 68.77 and discounted payback period of 5 years.

Self-powered organic pollutants degradation in wastewater by photocatalytic ozonation based on triboelectric nanogenerator

It is of great significance to explore innovative ways to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater. Here, for the first time, we report a self-powered photocatalytic ozonation water purification system for removing organic pollutants in aquatic environment. A rabbit fur-based rotary triboelectric nanogenerator (RR-TENG) is designed as the power supply of water purification system. As a new TENG-based ozone generation method, spark-surface dielectric barrier discharge (Spark-SDBD) is proposed, which is composed of spark discharge device and surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) device in series and can generate ozone to a maximum concentration of 36.4 mg/m3. Rhodamine B and ciprofloxacin, two typical organic compounds, are selected as simulated pollutants in wastewater, and P25 particles loaded on nickel foam are used as the photocatalyst. Ozone is continuously introduced into the polluted solution through an aeration device, coupled with photocatalysis. Within 80 minutes, it can be observed that Rhodamine B has 100% decolorization and ciprofloxacin is degraded to 99%. This work broadens the field of water purification and provides an effective way to create a cleaner and safer aquatic environment.

Development of Ozone Generator Mini with DDBD (Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge) Technology at Atmospheric Air Pressure

<p class="Abstract">Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables pose a danger to human health if consumed for a certain period. This requires appropriate technology for household scale and is environmentally friendly. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent capable of degrading pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Ozone is a green chemical compound because it does not produce harmful derivative compounds, and is even friendly to the environment. The development of a mini ozone generator with DBD technology has been successfully carried out. The DDBD reactor is made of Pyrex glass with a length of 10 cm and an outer diameter of 4 cm. The reactor uses electrodes made of copper plates. The outer electrode is 13 cm long and 5 cm wide, while the inner electrode is 10 cm long and 5 cm wide. Optimization of the mini ozone generator is carried out using high voltage AC pulses whose pulse frequency can be varied from 30 to 60 Hz with 10 Hz intervals. The free air flow rate was varied at 0.2 – 0.8 lpm with an interval of 0.2 lpm. The optimum ozone production of 480 mg/l was obtained at a voltage setting of 2.8 kV and a frequency of 50 Hz and a flow rate of 0.2 lpm. In this setting, the DDBD reactor consumes 9.32 watts of power. The development of mini ozone generator technology has the potential to be applied on a household scale because of the small reactor size and low power consumption. </p>

Antibacterial Effect of Ozone on Cariogenic Bacteria and Its Potential Prejudicial Effect on Dentin Bond Strength-An In Vitro Study.

Ozone is increasingly utilized in dental caries treatment due to its antibacterial properties. In a context of limited studies and no consensus on protocols, this research aims to assess ozone's antibacterial efficacy on cariogenic bacteria and its potential adverse impact on dentin bond strength. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus casei, and Actinomyces naeslundii suspensions were exposed to 40 μg/mL of ozone gas and 60 μg/mL of ozonated water (80 s) via a medical ozone generator. Negative and positive control groups (chlorhexidine 2%) were included, and UFC/mL counts were recorded. To examine microtensile bond strength (µTBS), 20 human molars were divided into four groups, and class I cavities were created. After ozone application, samples were restored using an etch-and-rinse and resin composite, then sectioned for testing. The SPSS v. 28 program was used with a significance level of 5%. The µTBS results were evaluated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD, and Games-Howell. Bacterial counts reduced from 106 to 101, but dentin µTBS was significantly impacted by ozone (ANOVA, p < 0.001). Despite ozone's attractive antibacterial activity, this study emphasizes its detrimental effect on dentin adhesion, cautioning against its use before restorative treatments.

Air Purification Performance Analysis of Magnetic Fluid Filter with AC Non-Thermal Plasma Discharge

Air pollution caused by particulate matter (PM) is a worldwide concern. PM is particularly problematic from fossil-fuel-based energy conversion devices. For PM collection, a low-pressure loss method is ideal. Although PM collection via electrostatic force is an effective method with low pressure loss for PM with a wide range of diameters, it is difficult to apply to low-resistive PM, such as diesel particulates, owing to re-entrainment on the collection electrode. A magnetic fluid filter with an AC non-thermal plasma discharge solves the problem of re-entrainment. Based on our previous study, we hypothesized that an increase in the number of magnetic fluid spikes leads to an improvement in collection efficiencies with energy conservation. In this study, experiments are performed to verify this hypothesis. By improving our previous experimental methodology, the experiments include not only collection efficiency but also pressure loss, power consumption, and ozone generation efficiency. PM collection efficiencies using diesel fine particles and the ozone generation efficiencies required for air purification are investigated under different discharge conditions. The results revealed that the PM collection and ozone generation efficiencies increase proportionally with the number of spikes of the magnetic fluid with discharge, as hypothesized. The resulting PM collection and ozone generation efficiencies are sufficiently high for air purification.

TECHNOLOGIES FOR POWERING HIGH-PERFORMANCE OZONE GENERATORS: TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES

Ozone generators are devices that produce ozone gas for various applications, such as water treatment, air purification, and medical sterilization. The performance of ozone generators largely depends on the technology used to power them. This article provides an overview of the latest trends and perspectives in technologies for powering high-performance ozone generators. We discuss various power sources, such as corona discharge, ultraviolet radiation, and electrolysis, and their advantages and limitations. We also review recent developments in power electronics and control systems for ozone generators, including pulse-width modulation, frequency modulation, and feedback control. Finally, we discuss future directions for research and development in ozone generator technology, such as the use of renewable energy sources and the integration of ozone generation with other technologies for sustainable water and air treatment.

Simultaneous measurement of electrical potential on both sides of the dielectric surface in a parallel-plate dielectric barrier discharges and analysis of net electric field

Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are widely used for ozone generation and surface treatment owing to their ability to generate reactive species. Surface charges generated during discharges distort the electric field between the dielectrics and affect the generation of reactive species. Therefore, the net electric field variations are of significant interest. Herein, a DBD measurement system for the net electric field based on the Pockels effect is established for the first time. The proposed system can simultaneously measure the surface potentials on both sides of the dielectric, thereby obtaining the net electric field at the discharge gap. The net electric field distribution varies insignificantly with the magnitude of the applied voltage but significantly with gap length. Moreover, the breakdown electric field increases with a decreasing gap length. This study provides a physical explanation for microgap reactors, demonstrating that the electric field in a DBD can be manipulated.

Purification of surface water by using the corona discharge method

Purpose. The primary objective of this research is to develop a technology for achieving water quality at the level of Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) required by sanitary regulations and norms. Methods. To meet these regulatory requirements, experimental studies were conducted to analyze the chemical and microbiological composition of water, focusing on parameters such as the total microbial count (quantity/ml), coliform bacteria (quantity/ml), coliphages (quantity/100 ml), clostridia (cl/20 ml), and other harmful substances. The research also examined water disinfection processes depending on the autumn and winter seasons of the year. Findings. To assess the device’s effectiveness, the research determined the optimal ozone concentration and contact time in the disinfection chamber. The findings indicate that 0.6 grams per hour (G = 0.6 g/hour) of ozone (O3) per cubic meter of surface water is sufficient for the removal of harmful microbiological substances. Originality. The primary innovation in this research lies in the establishment of parameters for an ozone generator utilizing a novel corona discharge method. The study introduces both theoretical frameworks and practical methodologies for effectively disinfecting surface waters using this innovative technique. Practical implications. This case study offers insights that can be applied and replicated in regions facing similar water quality challenges.

Machine learning elucidates ubiquity of enhanced ozone air pollution in China linked to the spring festival effect

Emissions' impact on ozone pollution is a focal point in atmospheric chemistry. The Chinese Spring Festival (CSF) effect offers a unique opportunity to study short-term emission reductions realistically. We conducted a comprehensive analysis using data from the national air quality observation platform and TROPOMI satellite observations of tropospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) column concentrations before and during the CSF from 2015 to 2022. Satellite observations during the Spring Festival revealed a 13% reduction in HCHO and a 9% reduction in NO2 compared to the pre-CSF period. To comprehend the CSF effect on ozone precursor emissions, a random forest model accounting for meteorological effects was employed. CSF-induced emission reductions led to NO2 concentration decreases of −24.1%, −17.5%, −9.9%, and −12.6% in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Pearl River Delta (PRD), Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), and Sichuan Basin (SCB), respectively. Conversely, BTH and YRD regions experienced substantial emission-driven ozone concentration increases of 6.7% and 4.9%. Assessing regional ozone generation sensitivity during the CSF, the BTH, YRD, and SCB fell within the VOC-limited regime. Our study underscores the CSF effect's significant impact on ozone pollution. Given the non-linear relationship between ozone and its precursors, it emphasizes the necessity of adopting synergistic abatement strategies to mitigate the escalating ozone pollution.