Application Of Ozone Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Ozone Application on Wound Healing After Gingivectomy and Gingivoplasty: A Randomized Control Clinical Trial

AIM: The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to clinically evaluate and compare the effect of ozonated water and Low level laser therapy (LLLT) on the early wound healing period of gingivectomy and gingivoplasty wounds by clinical analysis. Materials & Methods: Forty-five patients were randomly allocated into 3 groups, test group 1 (ozone therapy n=15), test group 2 (LLLT application n=14) and control group (no treatment n=15). Ozone irrigation was done on the surgical site with a concentration of 4ppm for 5-10 minutes, LLLT application was performed with diode LASER (810 nm) immediately after the surgical therapy and on day 3, day 7, day 21. Wound surface area, wound healing index, quality of life, plaque index, sulcus bleeding index were investigated. Results: At day 21 statistically significant smaller wounds were observed in both ozone and LLLT groups compared to control group. However, intergroup comparison between the ozone and LLLT group did not show statistically significant difference in wound surface area evaluated by staining technique and image J analysis. The wound healing index, VAS score OHIP -14 questionnaire, analgesics consumed, plaque index, sulcus bleeding index showed a statistically significant reduction from baseline to day 21in all groups. Conclusion: Ozone therapy is safe and effective in promoting wound healing during the 1st 3 weeks post-surgery. Ozone therapy and LLLT application enhanced wound healing after gingivectomy and gingivoplasty procedures, accompanied by better quality of life and reduced pain .

Key factors impacting treatment efficiency in actual copper mineral processing wastewater by ozonation.

Ozone advanced oxidation has been widely used in water treatment, but little research has been reported on the application of ozone to difficult-to-degrade mineral wastewater. In this paper, the effect of ozonation application in the treatment of copper mineral processing wastewater, which is difficult to be effectively treated by traditional processes due to its complex composition, was investigated. The effects of ozonation time, ozone concentration, temperature and pH on the degradation of organic compounds in the wastewater by ozonation were researched. It was found that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater could be reduced by 83.02% by ozonation under optimal treatment conditions. In addition, the mechanism of ozone degradation of the difficult-to-degrade wastewater was studied, and the reasons for the fluctuating variations of COD and ammonia nitrogen during ozonation treatment were explained.

Removal of Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms from pilot-scale food processing equipment using ozone-assisted cleaning-in-place.

Biofilm formation in food processing environment and within equipment increases the risk of product spoilage and contamination with pathogens. Cleaning-in-place (CIP) operations are useful in removing soils and in sanitizing processing equipment, including eliminating biofilms. However, CIP is a resource-intensive process, particularly in the usage of chemical detergents, heat, and sanitizers. The current study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of integrating ozone into CIP operations to facilitate the elimination of Pseudomonas biofilm, with the long-term goal of decreasing the dependance on conventional cleaning and sanitizing reagents. To investigate integrating ozone into CIP, a robust biofilm of Pseudomonas fluorescens was developed on a pilot-scale food processing equipment after 2 days of incubation in 10% skim milk (skim milk-water mixture, 1:9 v/v) under stagnant conditions, followed by additional 5 days of circulation while feeding 10% fresh skim milk. CIP was applied using water prerinse at 22-25°C, alkaline cleaning with 0.2% potassium hydroxide at 50°C, and a final water rinse. These CIP operations reduced planktonic cell populations below the detection method's limit but did not fully remove P. fluorescens biofilm from either smooth or rough surfaces of the processing equipment. When the CIP process was followed by application of an aqueous ozone step (10 ppm for 10 min), the treatment reduced biofilm cell population, on smooth and rough surfaces, below the recovery method's detection limit (0.9 and 1.4 log CFU/ 100 cm2, respectively). These findings demonstrate the utility of ozone-assisted CIP in eliminating microbial biofilms on processing equipment, but further research is needed to optimize the use of cleaning agents and the application of ozone.

Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Diacetoxyscirpenol Biosynthesis Modulation in Potato Tuber Inoculated with Ozone-Treated Fusarium sulphureum

Potato dry rot, caused by Fusarium species, is a devastating fungal decay that seriously impacts the yield and quality of potato tubers worldwide. Fusarium sulphureum is a major causal agent causing potato tuber dry rot that leads to trichothecene accumulation in Gansu Province of China. Ozone (O3), a strong oxidant, is widely applied to prevent postharvest disease in fruits and vegetables. In this study, F. sulphureum was first treated with 2 mg L-1 ozone for 0, 30 s, 1 min, and 2 min, then inoculated with the potato tubers. The impact of ozone application on dry rot development and diacetoxyscirpenol (DIA) accumulation and the possible mechanisms involved were analyzed. The results showed that ozone treatment significantly inhibited the development of potato tuber dry rot by activating reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes NADPH oxidase (NOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) by 24.2%, 13.1%, 45.4%, and 15.8%, respectively, compared with their corresponding control. The activities of key enzymes involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH) of ascorbic peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) also increased by 26.6%, 41.5%, 56%, and 24.1%, respectively, compared with the control group, and their corresponding gene expressions. In addition, ozone treatment markedly suppressed DIA accumulation in potato tubers by downregulating the expression of genes associated with DIA biosynthesis pathway. These results suggest that ozone treatment inhibited the occurrence of potato dry rot and the accumulation of DIA in potato tubers inoculated with F. sulphureum by promoting ROS metabolism and modulating DIA biosynthesis pathway.

Clinical and Morphological Analysis of Efficacy of Intraperitoneal Ozone Application in Experimental Colitis: Preclinical Randomized Experimental Study

Background. Inflammatory bowel diseases — Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis — are chronic gastrointestinal diseases affecting young people of working age. An alternative to basic therapy (5-aminosalicylic acid) for inflammatory bowel disease is the use of ozone, which has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antibacterial properties and no side effects in therapeutic concentrations. Objective. To perform clinical and morphological analysis of efficacy of intraperitoneal ozone application in experimental colitis.Methods. The study was conducted on 73 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g. The animals were divided into four groups by simple randomization. Check studies were performed on the second, fourth and sixth days. Oxazolone-induced colitis was simulated in two stages using a 3%-alcohol oxazolone solution. Ozone-acid mixture was obtained on “UOTA-60-01” unit (“Medozone”, Russia). Rectal suppositories with 5-aminosalicylic acid were prepared on the basis of rectal suppositories “Salofalk”. Clinical status was assessed daily according to the disease activity index (DAI) scale. Morphological evaluation of colon lesion tissue fragments was carried out using a PrimoStar microscope (CarlZeiss, Germany). Colon tissue damage was assessed using tissue damage index (TDI). Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS Statistics 19 (IBM, USA).Results. Clinical and morphological picture of the large intestine lesion in oxazolone-induced colitis on days 2, 4 and 6 is consistent with the changes typical of inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Daily intraperitoneal insufflation of ozone at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg in oxazolone-induced colitis leads to partial restoration of DAI, reduction in neutrophils, eosinophils, histiocytes, and fibroblasts in the lesion, as well as to a decrease in ulcerous defect diameter and TDI. The effects of intraperitoneal insufflations of ozone in oxazolone-induced colitis as compared to rectal suppositories with 50 mg of 5-aminosalicylic acid every 12 hours were less marked for the DAI index on day 4; for the number of eosinophils, plasma cells, histiocytes — on day 2, 4 and 6; for lymphocytes — on day 6.Conclusion. Clinical and morphological picture of the large intestine lesion in ozone-induced colitis correlates with the changes typical of inflammatory bowel disease in humans. The positive effect of ozone in ozone-induced colitis was driven by its anti-inflammatory properties through the activation of Nrf2 and by its antioxidant properties through the inhibition of Keap1.

Uncommonly efficient degradation performance of photocatalytic ozonation towards tetracycline over synthesizing 3-D g-C3N4 nanosheet based on Si-O-Co framework

3D g-C3N4/Co-MCM-48 was successfully prepared by constructing mesoporous Si-O-Co framework as the template for loading g-C3N4 nanosheet. Excellent synergistic effect and stability in photocatalytic ozonation of tetracycline (TET) were observed owe to the ordered and unique catalyst structure. The results indicated that g-C3N4/Co-MCM-48 possessed better catalytic performance for TET degradation and had an apparent advantage compared with bulk g-C3N4. The highly dispersed Co atoms in the framework acted as reaction centers of ozonation and promoted separation of photo-induced carriers, which further improved the synergistic effect and produced abundant reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Meanwhile, the increase of specific surface area provided sufficient active sites for catalysis. The degradation rate of TET by simulated solar light/g-C3N4/Co-MCM-48/O3 was close to 100% within 8 min, and both the kinetic constant and synergy index of TET degradation were 7.8 and 4.9 times as much as that of simulated solar light/g-C3N4/O3. Effects of various initial pH and Co contents on the TET degradation were studied. In addition, g-C3N4/Co-MCM-48 revealed good stability in photocatalytic ozonation process by cycling for four times, and the pathway of TET degradation was also proposed in this study. It was suggested that g-C3N4/Co-MCM-48 was an excellent catalyst for the practical application of photocatalytic ozonation.

Application of Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation in Wastewater Treatment: An Overview

Catalytic ozonation is a non-selective mineralization technology of organic matter in water by using active free radicals generated by ozone degradation. Catalytic ozonation technology can be divided into homogeneous catalytic reactions using metal ions as catalysts and heterogeneous catalytic reactions using solid catalysts. Homogeneous catalytic ozonation technology has many problems, such as low mineralization rate, secondary pollution caused by the introduction of metal ions and low utilization efficiency of oxidants, which limit its practical application. Compared with homogeneous catalytic ozonation technology, heterogeneous catalytic ozonation technology has the advantages of easy recovery, lower cost of water treatment, higher activity and improved mineralization rate of organic matter. This overview classifies and describes catalysts for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation technology, including the different types of metal oxides, metal-free catalysts, and substrates used to immobilize catalysts. In addition, the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process involved in the multiphase complex reaction process is discussed. The effects of different parameters on the performance of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation are also discussed.

State of Art and Perspectives in Catalytic Ozonation for Removal of Organic Pollutants in Water: Influence of Process and Operational Parameters

The number of organic pollutants detected in water and wastewater is continuously increasing thus causing additional concerns about their impact on public and environmental health. Therefore, catalytic processes have gained interest as they can produce radicals able to degrade recalcitrant micropollutants. Specifically, catalytic ozonation has received considerable attention due to its ability to achieve advanced treatment performances at reduced ozone doses. This study surveys and summarizes the application of catalytic ozonation in water and wastewater treatment, paying attention to both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. This review integrates bibliometric analysis using VOS viewer with systematic paper reviews, to obtain detailed summary tables where process and operational parameters relevant to catalytic ozonation are reported. New insights emerging from heterogeneous and homogenous catalytic ozonation applied to water and wastewater treatment for the removal of organic pollutants in water have emerged and are discussed in this paper. Finally, the activities of a variety of heterogeneous catalysts have been assessed using their chemical–physical parameters such as point of zero charge (PZC), pKa, and pH, which can determine the effect of the catalysts (positive or negative) on catalytic ozonation processes.

Comparison of systemic trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine treatment and intrauterine ozone application as possible therapies for bacterial endometritis in equine practice.

Bacterial endometritis is one of the major problems in equine reproduction and usually treated with antimicrobial drugs. The study aimed to compare the effects of intrauterine ozone application and systemic antibiotic treatment (trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine) on intrauterine bacterial growth and possible side effects on the endometrium in a clinical setting. Mares (n = 30) with signs of endometritis (positive uterine bacterial culture and cytological findings) were assigned randomly to different treatments: intrauterine insufflation of an ozone-air-mix (240 ml, 80 μg ozone/ml) twice at a 48 h-interval (Ozone; n = 10), systemic antibiotic therapy with trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine (30 mg/kg, p.o., twice daily) for 5 days (TMS; n = 10), or intrauterine insufflation of air (240 ml, sterile-filtered) twice at a 48 h-interval (air; n = 10). Endometrial biopsy for histological examination was obtained before the treatment. Histological examination revealed no differences among groups. A control examination, including transrectal ultrasound, bacterial culture, cytological evaluation, and biopsy, was performed 7 days after the last treatment. Overall bacterial growth was reduced in every group after the treatment (p < 0.05), irrespective of the therapy [Ozone: 4/9 (positive culture after treatment/number of mares), TMS: 3/10 and Air: 6/10; p > 0.05]. However, Ozone and TMS (p < 0.05) were more effective in reducing growth of gram-negative bacteria as compared to Air (p > 0.05). No effects on the number of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (cytology) were observed (p > 0.05). In conclusion, trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine and intrauterine ozone insufflation are safe treatment options for bacterial endometritis in mares but the efficacy of both treatments in reducing bacterial growth did not result in a complete absence of intrauterine bacterial growth.

Potential Clinical Applications of Ozone Therapy in Dental Specialties-A Literature Review, Supported by Own Observations.

Apart from conventional treatment, dentists are increasingly relying on physical therapy modalities in their clinical practice. The aim of this literature review is to analyze the clinical relevance and potential uses of ozone in modern dentistry. The research question is geared towards detailing the multiple potential applications of ozone therapy in a range of dental specialties. Based on the available literature, accessed via the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and EBSCO databases, a detailed search of the electronic literature was performed for 2001-2022. Eligible studies were chosen according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, using keywords: ozone, ozone therapy, therapeutic applications, oxidants, dental disinfectants, oral medicine, physical therapy in dentistry. Out of 834 manuscripts, 273 studies were curated. A total of 70 publications were used in the final consideration. After assessing their quality, they were analyzed to determine the relevance and potential use of ozone in the various aspects of modern dentistry. Ozone therapy is used mainly as an adjunct to the primary clinical or pharmacological treatment. In some cases of oral mucosal disease, it has proven effective as a primary therapy. During the literature analysis, it was noted that ozone therapy in dentistry is a subject of ongoing research, and the results are not always consistent. The multitude of studies in the literature on the applications of ozone in dentistry reflects the search for its undiscovered physical therapeutic potential.

Strawberry Variety Influences the Effectiveness of Postharvest Treatment with Gaseous Ozone: Impact on the Physicochemical, Microbiological, and Bioactive Properties of the Fruit

The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of strawberry variety on the effectiveness of ozone application on the harvested fruit during 12 days of storage. Batches (400 g) of strawberries of the San Andreas (SA) and Camino Real (CR) varieties were stored at 10 ± 0.2 °C and exposed to gaseous ozone (0, 0.3, and 1.0 ppm) for 24 h. After the ozone exposure, the strawberries continued to be stored under refrigeration until the end of the experiment. Samples were taken daily and measurements were carried out on their physicochemical properties (weight loss, hardness, color, pH, and total soluble solids), microbiological profile (mesophilic aerobes, molds, and yeasts), bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds and total anthocyanins), and antioxidant capacity. The obtained experimental kinetics were modeled using a first-order kinetic model. Independent of the strawberry variety, the 0.3 ppm ozone treatment generally showed the best results for most of the quality parameters evaluated. On the other hand, strawberries exposed to 1.0 ppm suffered some negative effects on fruit preservation, mainly regarding their physicochemical properties. Importantly, the CR variety presented less negative effects of gaseous ozone application compared to SA, especially in terms of weight loss, color, hardness, and anthocyanins.

The synergistic antibacterial activity of ozone and surfactant mists.

The microbiological safety of medical equipment and general surfaces is paramount to both the well-being of patients and the public. The application of ozone (a potent oxidant) has been recognised and implemented for this purpose, globally. However, it has primarily been utilised in the gaseous and aqueous forms. In this study, we investigate the potency of fine ozone mists and evaluate the synergistic effect when combined with cationic, anionic and non-ionic surfactants (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide - DTAB, sodium dodecyl sulfate - SDS, alkyl polyglycoside - APG) as well as polyethylene glycol (PEG). Ozone mist is generated via a nebuliser (equipped with a compressed gas stream) and the piezoelectric method; whereas fabric substrates contaminated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are utilised in this study. Contamination levels on the fabric swatches are evaluated using agar dipslides. Compared to gaseous ozonation and aqueous ozonation (via nanobubble generation), the produced ozone mists showed significantly inferior antimicrobial properties for the tested conditions (6 ppm, 5-15 min). However, the hybrid mist-based application of 'ozone + surfactants' and 'ozone + PEG' showed considerable improvements compared to their independent applications (ozone mist only and surfactant mist only). The 'ozone + DTAB' mist had the highest activity, with better results observed with the micron-mist nebuliser than the piezoelectric transducer. We propose a likely mechanism for this synergistic performance (micellar encapsulation) and demonstrate the necessity for continued developments of novel decontamination technologies.

Emprego de ozônio para melhorar a qualidade da palmeira Nipa (Nypa fruticans Wrumb.) e sua comercialização

ABSTRACT: The application of ozone as a treatment system for reducing microbial contaminant in Nipa bowls which are local products of the Palian river basin community, Trang province in Southern Thailand, was presented in this research. The ozone treatment system was designed and investigated for its performance to reduce microbial contaminant in nipa bowl products. Parameters affecting the performance of the system were optimized as well as ozone amount and treatment time. Under optimum condition (600 mg/h ozone and treatment time of 4 hours), the microbial decontamination was 4 log reduction, and the products could be stored for one month. The moisture content and the brightness of the ozone-treated products were significantly different from the untreated products when statistically tested at 95% confidence level. The moisture contents were 9.46 ± 0.10 and 10.54±0.31 %, and the brightness (L* value) were 74.93 ± 0.49 and 70.47 ± 0.65 for the ozone-treated and untreated products, respectively. Furthermore, the residual heavy metals were investigated, and no trace of metals was reported in nipa bowl samples. As a result, the nipa bowl products had met the standards as regards safety of food containers required by the Department of Medical Sciences Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Following this collaboration between the university and the community, over 251,564 pieces of nipa bowls were sold which generated a total income of more than 84,000 USD to the Palian river basin community.

Ozone Therapy in Periodontics: A Review

Oral cavity is in dynamic interaction with external environment exposing it to various microorganisms their colonization and the host defense that aimed for their removal. Formation and development of dental biofilm and its potential to harbor specific microorganisms is directly linked with some of the most common oral ailments like dental caries diseases affecting periodontium. The conventional protocol to treat such ailments primarily include removal of biofilm along with adjunctive course of antibiotics. However these modalities have limitations in their efficacy. Ozone is a natural gas present in the earth stratosphere and acts as a potent oxidant. At low doses ozone has several favorable therapeutic applications in medicine as well as in dental pathologies. Particularly ozone as a treatment modality was used for the first time in dentistry in the 1930s when it was proposed as a disinfectant and wound-healing agent. Owing to its strong oxidation property with the formation of free radicals and its capacity to directly destruct almost all microorganisms it is known as a potential antioxidant anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory anti-hypoxic biosynthetic and antimicrobial agent. In addition ozone has a therapeutic effect that promotes wound healing and improves blood supply. Three most common forms in which ozone can be administered for its therapeutic use are gaseous aqueous and oil forms out of which the gaseous application of ozone is critically evaluated because of its possible side effects on the respiratory system. The objective of the current article was to compile and document various application of ozone in the field of periodontology. Research was based on peer-reviewed sources found through MedlinePubMed Google scholar search and other reviews and journals.

Simultaneous Eco-friendly Bleaching and Retting Wastewater Treatment of Hemp Fiber with Ozone Application

Simultaneous Eco-friendly Bleaching and Retting Wastewater Treatment of Hemp Fiber with Ozone Application

臭氧杀菌技术在农业和食品行业中的应用：综述

Ozone is a strong oxidant and strong disinfectant that has a strong anti-pathogenic effect on bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Because of its high reactivity, strong permeability, low residue, and other advantages, the application of ozone is gaining more and more attention, and ozone has been widely used in water treatment, equipment disinfection, public scene disinfection, and other fields. The purpose of this review is to discuss the use of ozone technology for animal and plant protection that can be applied to agriculture, and to emphasize the need for further studies to determine the optimal concentration and application of ozone for different crops so that, in the future, ozone technology can be applied in agriculture to gain a significant competitive advantage and improve product safety.

Sanitation Effect of Gaseous Ozone in the Treatment of Experimental Infected Pancreatic Necrosis: Microbiological Evaluation

Introduction. Search for new means and methods of sanitation of the abdominal cavity remains significant related to growing antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens in surgical infection. This challenge is of particular relevance in the development of purulent complications of acute pancreatitis due to the complexity of radical control of the inflammation source.The aim of the study was to evaluate outcomes of microbiological examination of peritoneal exudate, biopsies of the pancreas, arterial blood in the topical application of gaseous ozone for the treatment of experimental infected pancreatic necrosis.Methods. This prospective experimental study included 43 laboratory animals - Soviet Chinchilla rabbits. Group 1 consisted of 13 animals, groups 2 and 3 consisted of 12 animals each. All animals were infected with pancreatic necrosis simulated using a clinical strain of A. baumannii. Sanitation relaparotomies were performed in 24 hours and 60 hours under anesthesia: with 0.9% sodium chloride solution in animals of group 1, with 0.02% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate in animals of group 2, with ozone-oxygen gas mixtures in animals of group 3. The control group included six sham-operated animals. Animals were withdrawn from the experiment in 96 hours with taking samples for microbiological investigations.Results. Animals of group 1 showed an increased frequency (from 23.1 to 100.0%, p=0.003) and degree (from 3.5 (3.0; 4.5) to 7.0 (5.5; 7. 5) lg COE/ml, p0.001) of bacterial contamination of peritoneal exudate within 24 to 96 hours. Most parameters in animals of group 2 were not significantly different from those achieved in animals of group 1. Notably, the bacterial count of A. baumannii in the peritoneal exudate in 60 hours (6.0 (5.7; 6.7) lg COE/ml), and the degree of secondary (enterogenic) contamination of the pancreas (5.5 (5 .0; 6.7) lg CFU/g) and peritoneal exudate in 96 hours (7.7 (7.0; 8.0) lg CFU/ml) in animals of group 2 significantly exceeded those in animals of group 1 (p 0.010). Intraperitoneal application of a directed flow of gaseous ozone in 24 and 60 hours allowed achieving elimination of A. baumannii in 80.0% of pancreatic biopsy samples by the end of the fourth day (p=0.002 and p=0.007 when compared with results of groups 1 and 2, respectively), prevent its spread into the peritoneal exudate and systemic circulation. The treatment with gaseous ozone was also accompanied by the decreased bacterial count of A. baumannii and the degree of secondary (enterogenic) contamination by other opportunistic microorganisms in the analyzed samples.Conclusion. Perspectives for translating the results obtained into clinical practice determine the relevance of studying modern molecular methods of bacteriological analysis. This should be combined with an adequate assessment of the safety of various targeted treatment options of the abdominal tissues and organs with an ozone-oxygen gas mixture.

Ozone applications in veterinary oncology

PURPOSE.&#x0D; To evaluate the clinical improvement of 6 patients –three dogs, two cats and a Panthera leo krugerii diagnosed with neoplasic patologies treated with ozonetherapy under adjusted protocols for each patient.&#x0D; &#x0D; CASE PRESENTATION&#x0D; Six patients were presented to veterinary consultation for the diagnose of different injuries using citology, blood examination and imagenology in some cases. According to the diagnose (a female dog with an ulcerated mammary adenocarcinoma, another with vaginal adenocarcinoma, a male dog with basal cells tumour in the scrotum, a male cat with low grade linfoma and hepatic injury, another male cat with squamous cells carcinoma (SCC) and a male white lion with a melanoma in the lower eyelid) the ozone protocol was established using combinations of local infiltration, topic instillation of ozonized oil, major and minor autohemotherapy, ozonized drinking water, rectal insuflations and bagging technicque. The results showed an improvement of general state of the patients: increase of appetite and activity in all of them, decrease size of tumour in two patients, healing of ulcers, total remission of the basal cells tumour. Ozone therapy is the elective linfoma treatment due to the hepatic injury in this patient, who remains stable in terms of linfoma but his hepatic injury presents evidence of improving. In patient 6 –the lion with melanoma- zookeepers report absence of exudate and pruritus.&#x0D; &#x0D; DISCUSSION.&#x0D; There are not enough reports of the use of ozone in oncological veterinary patients (1) but there are many preclinical papers and human case reports about ozone for cancer treament (2,3,4,5).&#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION.&#x0D; Based on that, it is posible to conclude that established protocols were capable of improve quality of life of the patients avoiding methastasic process and tumoral growth.

Medical ozone. Pharmacological mechanisms as basis of its effectiveness on the autoimmune response, vascular disorders, surgery and COVID-19/sars-CoV-2

Medical ozone is a therapeutic concept of proven pleiotropy. This means that it will have different effects on multiple pharmacological targets, which have been identified in hundreds of studies (experimental and clinical) on disease models and patients. These targets are closely connected to each other and can occur in different diseases. A good example is the “cytokine storm” in rheumatoid arthritis as well as in COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the aim of this presentation is to highlight the therapeutic targets of medical ozone in different diseases, their interrelationship, and ozone application in pathological processes with an oxidative etiology.&#x0D; In animal models and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, medical ozone has been shown to reduce proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-? and IL-1?) that contribute to “cytokine storm,” to synovitis, cartilage- and bone damaging autoantibodies and oxidative stress. Vascular complications in patients with diabetes were reduced when superoxide radical scavengers increased, mediated by medical ozone, restoring normal metabolic pathway functions and pancreatic integrity. Ozone prevented ischemic reperfusion injury and improved the systemic condition and quality of life of patients with knee osteoarthritis before and after arthroscopy.&#x0D; The integration of the above and other results was the basis for the introduction of medical ozone as a successful treatment in a new disease: COVID-19.

Therapeutic effect and safety of ozone therapy in sars cov-2 patients. Cuban experience

SARS-Cov2, the virus causing COVID-19, is distributed globally since December 2019, classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The virus is known to cause Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Cytokine storm is considered to be one of the major causes of ARDS and multiple-organ failure. Due to the high lethality of SARS-CoV2 infections and its economic and social impact, it is necessary to seek new therapeutic procedures. It has been demonstrated that ozone therapy produces a significant improvement in blood flow and oxygenation of ischemic tissues. Also, ozone can achieve an equilibrium between Nrf2 and NF-?B factors, modulating oxidative stress and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), the key antioxidant guardian in all tissues, could be critical in extinguishing the exacerbated inflammation that triggers organ failure in COVID-19. The reduced levels of GSH are clinically associated with severe disease. It is well documented that ozone activates the level of GSH. In clinical studies, ozone has a significant role in the treatment of pulmonary and vascular diseases. An exploratory, controlled, open and monocentric study was carried out in 32 patients with mild to moderate symptoms, distributed at random in two groups of 16 patients each. The first group received rectal ozone therapy (ozone concentration between 25 and 40 mg/L and volume between 100 and 200 ml, twice per day) together with conventional treatment with Kaletra Lopinavir/Ritonavir), chloroquine and/or Heberferon®, and the second group only conventional treatment. The result of the RT-PCR and the evolution of the clinical signs were the primary efficacy variables. Secondary efficacy variables were ferritin, C-reactive protein, oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular indicators of inflammation, biochemical and hematological variables, and the presence of adverse effects. Patients (81%) who received rectal ozone therapy had a negative RT-PCR after the tenth ozone therapy application (after 5 days), with significant differences from the control group at the same time. In all patients, improvements in the levels of C-reactive protein and cellular indicators of inflammation were achieved at the end of the treatment. Ozone treatment significantly increases GSH levels compared to the control group, but not other REDOX markers. The treatments were safe and welltolerated.&#x0D; Also, a pilot, open-label, phase IV clinical trial study was performed in 40 SARS-CoV-2 convalescent patients (with symptoms extending beyond three weeks since negative PCR test) distributed at random into 2 groups. One group was treated with BIOPLA (dietary complement based on a concentrated protein - mineral elaborated from human placental after born, 1 capsule of 400 mg during 30 days) and the ozone group treated with rectal ozone application (ozone concentration between 20 and 35 mg/L and volume between 150 and 200 ml, 20 sessions, one per day) + BIOPLA. Both groups were treated and followed for one month. Twenty individuals supposedly healthy were enrolled and evaluated as the control group.&#x0D; Effect evaluation showed beneficial improvement in both treated groups resulting in 85% of patients for BIOPLA plus RIO3T and 37% for BIOPLA (p