Growth Of Oxysporum Research Articles

Evaluation of Disease Suppressiveness of Soils in Croplands by Co-Cultivation of Pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and Indigenous Soil Microorganisms.

An evaluation of suppressiveness against soil-borne diseases is important for their control. We herein assessed disease suppression against F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae using the Fusarium co-cultivation method in 75 soils collected from croplands around the country. The suppressive effects of soil microbes against F. oxysporum growth were examined by simultaneously culturing soil suspensions and F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae on a culture medium. The growth degree of F. oxysporum on the medium varied among the 75 soils tested, and 14 soils showing different degrees of growth were selected to investigate the incidence of spinach wilt by cultivating spinach inoculated with the pathogenic F. oxysporum strain. A correlation (r=0.831, P<0.001) was observed between the disease incidence of spinach wilt and the growth degree of F. oxysporum using the co-cultivation method in the 14 selected soils. No correlations were noted between chemical and biological parameters (including pH and the population density of microbes, except for the growth degree of F. oxysporum) and the growth degree of F. oxysporum and incidence of spinach wilt, indicating that it was not possible to predict the degree of growth or disease incidence based on specific chemical and biological characteristics or their combination. The present results suggest that an evaluation of the growth degree of F. oxysporum by the Fusarium co-cultivation will be useful for diagnosing the disease suppressiveness of soil against pathogenic F. oxysporum in croplands.

Modelling the effect of fusarium oxysporum in transmission dynamics of fusarium wilt disease of cashew plants in context of South-Eastern Tanzania

Cashew nuts are the most important cash crop in Tanzania's south-eastern region, where cashew nut farming is the primary source of income for the majority of people. Aside from their importance, cashew plants are vulnerable to Fusarium wilt, a devastating disease. In particular study a system of equations for the model is formulated and analyzed qualitatively using the stability theorem of ordinary differential equation. The stability analysis indicates that the system is stable under the specified conditions. Furthermore, the analysis shows that an increase in transmission is determined by the rate of contact between susceptible plants and infected plants via root contact, whereas numerical results show that decomposed infected plants contribute to the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, increasing the disease outbreak.

Antagonistic activity and characterization of indigenous soil isolates of bacteria and fungi against onion wilt incited by Fusarium sp.

Tuber rot disease due to phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc) infection is one of the main factors causing the decreasing global onions production. This study aims to find bacteria and fungi candidates with Foc antagonistic activity through in vitro tests using dual culture techniques. A total of three bacterial isolates and three fungal isolates isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy onion plants showed the ability to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum growth. LC648364 isolate had an average inhibitory capability of 65.93%. At the same time, LC648367 and LC648368 fungal isolates can inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum by as much as 74.82% and 67.76%, respectively. Molecular analysis based on 16S rRNA markers showed three isolates belonging to the Bacillus. The LC648364 isolates are closely related to species Bacillus sp. strain LLB-17, LC648365 is closely related to B. subtilis strain S11 and LC648366 is closely related to B. cereus strain EM6. For the fungi, based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene markers, there are three isolates. The LC648367 isolate is closely related to Aspergillus tubingensis, LC648368 is closely related to Trichoderma asperellum and LC648369 is closely related to Issatchenkia orientalis. This study can be used to develop indigenous microbial consortiums as biological control agents for phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium tuber rot on onion.

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth-Promoting Compost Bacteria That Improved Physiological Characteristics in Tomato and Lettuce Seedlings

Currently, agricultural systems are inadequate to meet the demand of the population, coupled with the constant degradation of natural resources. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternatives to increase the productivity and quality of crops with minimal environmental impact. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria can provide solutions to some agri-environmental problems and replace or minimize conventional agricultural practices. In this study, a Bacillus pumilus strain with plant growth-promoting properties was isolated from mature compost. In vitro, the ability of Bacillus pumilus to solubilize phosphate, inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi, and its effect on the germination of tomato and lettuce seeds was evaluated. In vivo, its effect on stem thickness, height, and the number of leaves of tomato and lettuce seedlings was studied. The results show that, in vitro, Bacillus pumilus solubilizes phosphate, inhibits the growth of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, and increases the germination percentage of tomato seeds. The results, in vivo, demonstrate that the bacteria increases the stem thickness of tomato seedlings, while, in lettuce, it increases the stem thickness and the number of leaves. The outcome implies that Bacillus pumilus has properties as a plant growth promoter and can be used as a promising inoculant to enhance the growth of tomato and lettuce seedlings.

The histone acetyltransferase FocGCN5 regulates growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity of the banana wilt disease causal agent Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4

Chromatin structure modifications by histone acetyltransferase are involved in multiple biological processes in eukaryotes. In the present study, the GCN5 homologue FocGCN5 was identified in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). The coding gene was then knocked out to investigate the roles of FocGNC5. The mutant ΔFocGCN5 was found significantly reduced in growth rate and conidiation, and almost completely lost pathogenicity to banana plantlets. The RNA-seq analysis provide an insight into the underlying mechanism. Firstly, transcription of the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and fungal cell wall synthesis was reduced in ΔFocGCN5, leading to the impairment of apical deposition of cell-wall material. Secondly, FocabaA, one of the pivotal regulators of conidiation, was significantly reduced in expression in ΔFocGCN5, which might be the main cause of the conidiation reduction. Thirdly, the pathogenicity-associated factors, including effectors and plant cell wall degrading enzymes, were almost all down-regulated in ΔFocGCN5, which accounts for the decrease of pathogenicity. In addition, the stress tolerance to salt, heat, and cell wall inhibitors was slightly increased in ΔFocGCN5. Taken together, our studies clarify the roles of FocGCN5 in growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity of Foc TR4, and explore the possible mechanism behind its biological functions.

Biostimulatory Potential of Microorganisms from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Rhizospheric Soil

Summary The objective of the present paper was to isolate microorganisms (Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. and Azotobacter sp.) from the rhizospheric soil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and investigate their biostimulatory (plant growth-promoting – PGP) and biocontrol potential. The bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of rosemary included 15 bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas, 20 of the genus Bacillus, and 11 of the genus Azotobacter. Based on the morphological characteristics of colonies and cells, representative isolates of each genus were chosen (marked as Pseudomonas sp. P42, P43, P44; for Bacillus isolates B83, B84, B85, B92, B93; and for Azotobacter isolates A15 and A16) for different physiological and biochemical examination. The study included in vitro screening of the bacterial isolates for their PGP and biocontrol properties. Pseudomonas isolates showed the ability to live at low temperature (10ºC) and high pH (9), and to use different sources of carbon. All Pseudomonas isolates produced lipase, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, and utilized organic and inorganic phosphorus, while only isolate P42 produced amylase, pectinase and cellulase. Only Bacillus isolates could grow at 45 ºC (all Bacillus isolates), pH 5 (isolates B83), and on a medium containing NaCl 5 and 7% (all isolates). Isolates denoted as B83 and B93 produced lipase, amylase, and pectinase. All isolates had the ability to solubilize phosphate, produce siderophores (except B85) and hydrogen cyanide, while only two isolates (B84 and B85) produced IAA. Azotobacter isolates had the optimal growth at 37ºC and minimal growth on a medium with pH 6 and 9. All Azotobacter isolates used all carbohydrates as a source of carbon and produced lipase, amylase, and hydrogen cyanide. The best result in suppressing the growth of pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum was achieved by using isolate B92. Application of isolate B83 led to the greatest growth suppression of Sclerotinium sclerotiorum.

Inhibition of mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by isolates of Trichoderma spp.

Tomato crops have great economic importance in Brazil and worldwide; however, its economic return is dependent on the control of several diseases, including Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The control of this disease is usually based on biological products, which are commonly manufactured with antagonist isolates of Trichoderma sp. Therefore, the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma sp. should be better studied against other phytopathogens, thus expanding the biofungicide options on the market. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the antagonistic potential of different isolates of Trichoderma against the in vitro mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Four isolates of Trichoderma spp. were tested, three collected in litterfall and one commercial isolate (T. asperellum). The Trichoderma spp. isolates were evaluated for antagonistic potential against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici using the culture pairing technique. The variables evaluated were: mean colony size (MCS), mycelial growth inhibition percentage (MGIP), mycelial growth rate index (MGRI) of phytopathogen, and antagonism of isolates of Trichoderma spp. through a scale of grades. All isolates of Trichoderma spp. tested reduced the in vitro mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

Synthesis of Biogenic silver nanoparticles using plant growth-promoting bacteria: Potential use as biocontrol agent against phytopathogens

Biogenic nanoparticles (NPs) derived from microbes present an excellent opportunity to deal with various challenges in medicine, diagnosis, environment and agriculture. In the area of agriculture sciences, researchers are facing challenges related to excessive utilization of pesticides which can be answered by utilizing plant growth-promoting (PGP) microbes. Herein, we have employed the culture filtrate of two PBP bacteria strains, Serratia marcescens and Burkholderia cepacia to prepare biogenic silver NPs. The biogenic silver NPs were characterized by various techniques viz. UV-VIS spectroscopy, SEM, XRD and FTIR. The biogenic AgNPs were able to control the growth of phytopathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium sp., and Rosellinia sp. by more than 80% as examined by in vitro growth reduction on agar medium. Very significantly, the growth inhibition of seedlings by phytopathogenic fungi was efficiently rescued using biogenic AgNPs derived from PGP bacteria. These results indicate the potential use of biogenic NPs to reduce the burden of chemical-based pesticides.

Metabolic Footprints of Burkholderia Sensu Lato Rhizosphere Bacteria Active against Maize Fusarium Pathogens.

Consistent with their reported abundance in soils, several Burkholderia sensu lato strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of maize plants cultivated at different sites in central México. Comparative analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences permitted their separation into three distinctive clades, which were further subdivided into six other clusters by their close resemblance to (1) Trinickia dinghuensis; (2) Paraburkholderia kirstenboschensis, P. graminis, P. dilworthii and P. rhynchosiae; (3) B. gladioli; (4) B. arboris; (5) B. contaminans, or (6) B. metallica representative species. Direct confrontation assays revealed that these strains inhibited the growth of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, and F. verticillioides within a roughly 3–55% inhibition range. The use of a DIESI-based non-targeted mass spectroscopy experimental strategy further indicated that this method is an option for rapid determination of the pathogen inhibitory capacity of Burkholderia sensu lato strains based solely on the analysis of their exometabolome. Furthermore, it showed that the highest anti-fungal activity observed in B. contaminans and B. arboris was associated with a distinctive abundance of certain m/z ions, some of which were identified as components of the ornbactin and pyochelin siderophores. These results highlight the chemical diversity of Burkholderia sensu lato bacteria and suggest that their capacity to inhibit the Fusarium-related infection of maize in suppressive soils is associated with siderophore synthesis.

Enhanced esterase activity during the degradation of dibutyl phthalate by Fusarium species in liquid fermentation.

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most abundantly produced and used plasticizers and is incorporated into plastic to make it more flexible and malleable. DBP has been found to be an environmental contaminant and reported as an endocrine disruptor. Therefore, it is crucial to develop ecofriendly alternatives to eliminate phthalate pollution. In the present research, the growth of F. culmorum and F. oxysporum in the presence of DBP was studied in liquid fermentation. The esterase activity, specific growth rate, and growth and enzymatic yield parameters were determined in DBP-supplemented media (1,500 or 2,000 mg/L) and in control medium (lacking DBP). These results show that in general, for both Fusarium species, the highest esterase activities, specific growth rates, and yield parameters were observed in media supplemented with DBP. It was observed that 1,500 and 2,000 mg of DBP/L did not inhibit F. culmorum or F. oxysporum growth and that DBP induced esterase production in both fungi. These organisms have much to offer in the mitigation of environmental pollution caused by the endocrine disruptor DBP. This study reports, for the first time, esterase production during the degradation of high concentrations (i.e., 1,500 and 2,000 mg/L) of DBP by F. culmorum F. oxysporum.

The Endophytic Pseudomonas sp. S57 for Plant-Growth Promotion and the Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes

Oregano from Socoroma (Atacama Desert) is characterized by its unique organoleptic properties and distinctive flavor and it is produced using ancestral pesticide-free agricultural practices performed by the Aymara communities. The cultivation in this zone is carried out under extreme conditions where the standard production of different crops is limited by several environmental factors, including aridity, high concentration of salts, and boron among others. However, oregano plants are associated with microorganisms that mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses present in this site. In this work, the S57 strain (member of the Pseudomonas genus that is closely related to Pseudomonas lini) was isolated from roots of oregano plants, which are grown in soils with high content of non-sodium salts and aluminum. This bacterium stimulates the growth of Micro-Tom tomato plants irrigated with saline-boric water. Moreover, it controls the growth of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea and the nematode Meloidogyne incognita under saline-boric conditions. Together with the high levels of bacterial biomass (~47 g/L), these results allow the establishment of the bases for developing a potential new agricultural bioproduct useful for arid and semiarid environments where commercial biological products show erratic behavior.

In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Satureja horvatii ssp. macrophylla Against 3 Tomato Phytopathogenic Fungi

The essential oil from the aerial part of Satureja horvatii spp. macrophylla, an endemic plant species of northwest Greece has been analyzed using GC-MS. Thirty-nine compounds were identified, among which carvacrol was the major constituent (46.8%). The antifungal effect of the essential oil was investigated in vitro against 3 phytopathogenic fungi of tomato, using fumigant and contact assays. Fumigant assay was more effective than contact assay against all phytopathogens. The essential oil inhibited completely the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (123 µL L-1 air) and Alternaria alternatα (100 µL L-1 air), while it significantly reduced the growth of Botrytis cinerea (91%).

Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Plant Extracts and Effects on Morphological and Germination of Fusarium Fruit Rot Pathogens

Fusarium fruit rot caused by fusarium species pathogens can be considered a threat to economic loss. The use of synthetic antifungals to control the pathogens has failed to the development of resistance of pathogens. Previous studies reported that plant extracts may contain various bioactive constituents that are able to control pathogen growth. Hence, the aims of this study are to examine the inhibition activity of some plant fresh extracts on mycelial growth and morphological changes of Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum, and f. solani, causal agents of Fusarium fruit rot. Aqueous extract of selected plants was evaluated for their inhibition activity against all the three fusarium pathogens under in vitro condition using poisoned food bioassay. Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract demonstrated a highly significant effect against mycelial growth of the pathogens with fungal inhibition percentage of 80.51% for F. oxysporum, 61.28% for F. proliferatum and 58.97% for f. solani. The results showed that the highest formation of 100% extract has lowered the conidia concentration and germination percentage of F. oxysporum (35.43%), F. proliferatum (47.61%), and f. solani (38.67%) compared to the control. Significant shriveled mycelia were observed via scanning electron microscope (SEM) on the pathogens treated with a. bilimbi extract, indicating morphological changes occurred in the cell membrane compared to the control in which the mycelia were in normal form. This innovation, which can be prepared and applied at home, has the potential as an eco-friendly and a benign approach to control fruit rot pathogen.

Antifungal Properties, Abiotic Stress Resistance, and Biocontrol Ability of Bacillus mojavensis PS17.

Plant-protecting Bacillus sp. strains used as biocontrol agents frequently produce metabolites inhibiting phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, the search for a novel biocontrol agent with a wide spectrum of disease control drew attention to Bacillus subtilis and their related species, including Bacillus mojavensis. In this study, we determined the antifungal properties of the endophytic B. mojavensis PS17 isolated from wheat seeds. Metabolites produced by B. mojavensis PS-17 inhibit the growth of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Ascochyta pisi, Alternaria alternate, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Verticillium dahliaee, and Epicoccum nigrum strains. B. mojavensis strain PS17 produces several hydrolytic enzymes, such as chitinase, β-glucanase, cellulase, lipase, and protease. Additionally, strain B. mojavensis PS17 demonstrates drought tolerance under osmotic pressure of -2.2MPa and a moderate halotolerance in 5% (w/v) of NaCl. B. mojavensis PS17 on tomato seedlings was able to reduce lesions of Forl ZUM2407 by 48.11% ± 1.07, showing the potentials of B. mojavensis PS17 to be adapted as a biocontrol agent for agricultural use.

The potential of Trichoderma brevicompactum for controlling root rot on Atractylodes macrocephala

Root rot is an important disease of the medicinal plant Atractylodes macrocephala (bai zhu) in China. This study evaluates an antagonistic fungal agent, Trichoderma brevicompactum, as an alternative to chemical pesticides for control of root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The inhibitory effect of T. brevicompactum on F. oxysporum was examined in dual-culture experiments, with mycelial growth of the pathogen found to be reduced by 74.4%. The results of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayindicated that T. brevicompactum produced enzymes such as cellulase and chitinase, suggesting that the fungal agent may inhibit F. oxysporum growth by producing cell wall hydrolases. Under greenhouse conditions, the efficacy of T. brevicompactum was evaluated based on its effects on root rot severity, plant height, root dry weight, and root fresh weight. When used as a soil treatment, T. brevicompactum reduced root rot severity by 48% to 58% and increased plant growth and biomass significantly when compared with the control (healthy) group. The plant growth-promoting effect of T. brevicompactum seems related to its production of secondary metabolites that contain an auxin (indoleacetic acid), and to the disease resistance induced in the host by the fungal agent. The results of this study suggest that T. brevicompactum not only controls root rot in A. macrocephala but may also promote growth of the plant.

Exploration of the Potential Mechanism of Faba Bean-Wheat Intercropping to Control Faba Bean Fusarium Wilt Due to Allelopathic Plant Extracts.

We intensively studied faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropping and found that this type of intercropping can effectively control the occurrence of faba bean wilt under field conditions. We conducted hydroponic experiments to explore the role of plant extracts in the process of soil-borne diseases and the mechanism of disease control of faba bean and wheat intercropping. In this experiment, three concentration gradients of faba bean and wheat stem, leaf, and root extracts were added to study the effects of faba bean and wheat extracts on faba bean growth, the physiological resistance of roots, and the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fabae (FOF). Faba bean extracts significantly inhibited the growth of faba bean seedlings and the activity of root defense enzymes and significantly stimulated the growth of FOF at high concentrations. Compared with the treatment with faba bean extracts, wheat extracts significantly enhanced the growth of faba bean seedlings, increased the activity of defense enzymes, and inhibited the growth of FOF. Based on these results, we believe that wheat extracts can effectively alleviate the autotoxicity of faba beans and also control the occurrence of faba bean wilt in the field. This provides a theoretical basis for practical intercropping to reduce the damage caused by faba bean wilt.

Influence of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobium on Growth of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

Background: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation plays a major role in the production of million tons of total biological nitrogen. The Rhizobium not only fixes the nitrogen but also produces plant growth promoting hormones. In this view, the present study was undertaken to characterize the native Rhizobium isolates for their functional properties and evaluate on pigeon pea for their plant growth promotional activities. Methods: The present investigation was carried out during the year 2018-19 at UAS, Dharwad. Five of the native isolates obtained from Northern district of Karnataka were subjected for functional characterization using standard methods. The isolates were also tested for their plant growth promotional activities.Result: The IAA production in the isolates was ranged from 20.50 to 22.85 mg IAA/ml of broth and GA production from 13.40 to 14.51 mg/25ml of broth. ACC deamination activity in the isolates was ranged from 57.50 to 75.5 nmoles of α-ketobutyrate/mg/h of broth. All the isolates exhibited their ability to solubilize P and Zn. Out of ten isolates, four isolates exhibited potential to inhibit mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum and per cent inhibition was ranged from 48.75 to 73.75. All the isolates were found to be positive for siderophore and HCN production. The isolate AMVPR98 performed better with respect to all the growth parameters of pigeon pea. Molecular characterization of isolate AMVPR98 revealed 99% similarity with Rhizobium pusense strain AB3.

Effect of fresh chicken manure as a non-chemical soil fumigant on soil-borne pathogens, plant growth and strawberry fruit profitability

We investigated the ability of fresh chicken manure (FCM) to control pathogens, to promote strawberry plant growth, strawberry yield and farmer income. Laboratory tests showed that FCM inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis spp., Phytophthora infestans and Rhizoctonia solani, and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). Although the CFU of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. in FCM was higher than in the chloropicrin (CP) treatment, it was significantly lower than in the control. Additionally, FCM and CP both promoted the growth of strawberry plants in laboratory tests. In field tests and compared with control, FCM and CP significantly reduced Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. by 95.71% & 98.89% and 78.06% & 94.81%, respectively. FCM increased chlorophyll in strawberry plant leaves and promoted plant growth, compared with control and CP. Field-applied FCM also increased the content of NO3−-N, available P, K and organic matter, lowered soil pH, increased strawberry marketable yield (20.99%) and farmers' income (21.58%), compared with control. In addition, compared with control, FCM increased strawberry fruits soluble sugar and ascorbic acid content by 14.33% and 73.41%, respectively, and significantly decreased titratable acidity, which are known to contribute to improvement in fruit taste. In addition, FCM as a fumigant is readily available cheaper than chemical fumigants. Fresh chicken manure therefore has the potential to be an effective, environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical fumigants. The use of FCM reduces both environmental pollution from animal waste and the use of chemical fumigants, thereby contributing to China's goal of not increasing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Studies on the fungal dieback disease on some fruit trees in Zalingei Locality, Darfur, Sudan

The study was carried out at Zalingei locality, Central Darfur State, in the year 2017, to determine the fungal pathogens that causing dieback disease to the fruit trees, and to study the effect of aqueous Neem extract (Azadirachta indica) on growth of the identified fungal pathogens under laboratory conditions. Experimental approach and descriptive analytical method were used. Primary data were collected using the questionnaires, laboratory experiment, field survey and personal interviews. Results revealed that there are two types of fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia sp.) which causing dieback disease in the study area. The highest dieback disease incidence recorded was found to be: 5.0% (In Mango), 4.3% (In Guava) and 2.5% (In Citrus), in Zalingei, Orukum and Qere area, respectively. Results showed that the water extract of neem seeds had an inhibitory effect on growth of both Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia sp. There was no significant difference between the effect of different concentrations 12.5%, 25%, and 50% of aqueous neem extracts on dieback fungal causal agents growth but in case of Fusarium oxysporum growth of the colony was reduced by 21.0%, 38.57%, and 54.47% respectively, while in case of Rhizoctonia sp., it reduced by 25%, 51.10%, and 51.34% respectively. The study suggested to raise the awareness of the farmers about the dieback disease through workshops, trainings and control campaigns, Additional studies for others substitutes and additional studies on other Dieback disease causes.

Streptomyces sp. has different effectify to control two different pathogens

Soil microbes can act as biological agents to control pathogens, for example Streptomyces sp. which has known to produce secondary metabolites in the form of antibiotics that can inhibit the growth of several pathogenic fungi. If Streptomyces sp. sprayed to peanut leaves, it reduced the severity of disease of Gajah, Garuda, Kancil and Hypoma 1 varieties, which indicated by a high disease suppression with efficacy value more than 50%. Streptomyces sp. also inhibited 0.42% Fusarium oxysporum growth (moler pathogen) in vitro. However, in vivo assay, it did not suppress the development of moler disease which indicated by the high value of severity and infection rate, also low efficacy of disease suppression. So, this was an example that Streptomyces sp. was effective for controlling Cercospora leaf spot disease in peanut, but not effective to control moler disease in shallots.