Oxygen Uptake Capacity Research Articles

Sources of variation in haematocrit in the Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis)

Abstract The haematocrit rate of the blood shows the individual physiological state. As the haematocrit grows, the higher erythrocyte number results in more efficient oxygen uptake capacity which can lead to better performance and probably a better survival rate of an individual. Hence we assume that the high value of haematocrit reflects good health state. Altogether 308 blood samples were collected from a wild population of Collared Flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) in two breeding stages during a period of 2008-2010. We tried to elucidate the relationship between condition and haematocrit level of an individual and studied the haematocrit changes of an individual between years. The haematocrit values differed between years. Females had higher haematocrit values than males in 2010 but not in 2009. At courtship the haematocrit level of males was higher, than during nestling care. The different environmental effects and energy demands of the individuals may be the driving force behind the observed changes in haematocrit level. Analysing the changes between two years, there was a positive correlation between changes in condition index and haematocrit of individuals. The haematocrit values of an individual were repeatable between years. This finding suggests that haematocrit can be informative about the individual’s general health state.

High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Peak Oxygen Uptake and Muscular Exercise Capacity in Heart Transplant Recipients

Heart transplant (HTx) recipients usually have reduced exercise capacity with reported VO(2peak) levels of 50-70% predicted value. Our hypothesis was that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an applicable and safe form of exercise in HTx recipients and that it would markedly improve VO(2peak.) Secondarily, we wanted to evaluate central and peripheral mechanisms behind a potential VO(2peak) increase. Forty-eight clinically stable HTx recipients >18 years old and 1-8 years after HTx underwent maximal exercise testing on a treadmill and were randomized to either exercise group (a 1-year HIIT-program) or control group (usual care). The mean ± SD age was 51 ± 16 years, 71% were male and time from HTx was 4.1 ± 2.2 years. The mean VO(2peak) difference between groups at follow-up was 3.6 [2.0, 5.2] mL/kg/min (p < 0.001). The exercise group had 89.0 ± 17.5% of predicted VO(2peak) versus 82.5 ± 20.0 in the control group (p < 0.001). There were no changes in cardiac function measured by echocardiography. We have demonstrated that a long-term, partly supervised and community-based HIIT-program is an applicable, effective and safe way to improve VO(2peak) , muscular exercise capacity and general health in HTx recipients. The results indicate that HIIT should be more frequently used among stable HTx recipients in the future.

Prolonged exercise training increases intramuscular lipid content and perilipin 2 expression in type I muscle fibers of patients with type 2 diabetes

The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) content and perilipin 2 expression in skeletal muscle tissue following 6 mo of endurance-type exercise training in type 2 diabetes patients. Ten obese male type 2 diabetes patients (age 62 ± 1 yr, body mass index BMI 31 ± 1 kg/m²) completed three exercise sessions/week consisting of 40 min of continuous endurance-type exercise at 75% V(O₂ peak) for a period of 6 mo. Muscle biopsies collected at baseline and after 2 and 6 mo of intervention were analyzed for IMTG content and perilipin 2 expression using fiber type-specific immunofluorescence microscopy. Endurance-type exercise training reduced trunk body fat by 6 ± 2% and increased whole body oxygen uptake capacity by 13 ± 7% (P < 0.05). IMTG content increased twofold in response to the 6 mo of exercise training in both type I and type II muscle fibers (P < 0.05). A threefold increase in perilipin 2 expression was observed from baseline to 2 and 6 mo of intervention in the type I muscle fibers only (1.1 ± 0.3, 3.4 ± 0.6, and 3.6 ± 0.6% of fibers stained, respectively, P < 0.05). Exercise training induced a 1.6-fold increase in mitochondrial content after 6 mo of training in both type I and type II muscle fibers (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this is the first study to report that prolonged endurance-type exercise training increases the expression of perilipin 2 alongside increases in IMTG content in a type I muscle fiber-type specific manner in type 2 diabetes patients.

Partitioning of oxygen uptake and cost of surfacing during swimming in the air-breathing catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Though air-breathing has probably evolved mainly as a response to hypoxia, it may provide an important oxygen supplement when metabolism is elevated, as for example during swimming. Due to the increased travelling distance involved when an air-breathing fish swims to and from the surface, and the increased drag when the surface is breached, it can be proposed that air-breathing results in a rise in the apparent cost of transport. In order to investigate this hypothesis, it is necessary to use a fish that is able to swim equally well with and without access to air. The striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus has been shown to have a sufficiently high capacity for aquatic oxygen uptake in normoxia, to allow for such a comparison. Here, we measured the partitioning of oxygen uptake (MO2) during swimming and recovery, and calculated the apparent cost of transport with and without access to air, under normoxic conditions. Aerial MO2 constituted 25-40 % of the total MO2 during swimming and less than 15 % during recovery. The net cost of transport was 25 % lower in fish that did not air-breathe compared to fish that did, showing that the cost of surfacing can be substantial. This is the first study to measure partitioning in an air-breathing fish during swimming at velocities close to the critical swimming speed.

Whey Protein Supplementation Does Not Affect Exercise Training–Induced Changes in Body Composition and Indices of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Adults1–4

Little is known about the effects of different quantities of whey protein on exercise training–induced changes in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults. Therefore, we examined the effects of consuming 0.8-MJ supplements with 0 (n= 126), 10 (n= 112), 20 (n= 44), or 30 (n= 45) g whey protein twice daily in conjunction with resistance (2 d/wk) and aerobic (1 d/wk) exercise training in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, community-based 9-mo study in men (n= 117) and women (n= 210); (age: 48 ± 7.9 y; BMI: 30.0 ± 2.8 kg/m2). Whey protein supplementation did not influence any of the following outcomes, some of which were affected by training. Among all participants, strength increased by 15 ± 12% (P <0.001) and maximal oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max) increased by 9 ± 15% (P <0.001). Body weight was unchanged (0.1 ± 3.7 kg,P =0.80), lean body mass increased by 1.9 ± 2.8% (0.95 ± 1.3 kg,P <0.001), and fat mass decreased by 2.6 ± 9.4% (-0.86 ± 3.1 kg,P =0.001). Oral-glucose-tolerance testing showed that plasma glucose AUC was unchanged (-18.0 ± 170 mmol/L· 3 h,P =0.16), insulin AUC decreased by 2.6 ± 32% (-7.5 ± 29 nmol/L· 3 h,P =0.01), and HOMA-IR (0.2 ± 2.0,P =0.81) and the insulin sensitivity index (0.3 ± 3.0,P =0.63) were unchanged. Plasma concentrations of TG; total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol; C-reactive protein; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; blood pressure; and waist circumference were unchanged. Whey protein supplementation did not affect exercise training–induced responses in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults who maintained body weight.

Morphological respiratory diffusion capacity of the lungs of ball pythons (Python regius)

This study aims at a functional and morphological characterization of the lung of a boid snake. In particular, we were interested to see if the python's lungs are designed with excess capacity as compared to resting and working oxygen demands. Therefore, the morphological respiratory diffusion capacity of ball pythons (Python regius) was examined following a stereological, hierarchically nested approach. The volume of the respiratory exchange tissue was determined using computed tomography. Tissue compartments were quantified using stereological methods on light microscopic images. The tissue diffusion barrier for oxygen transport was characterized and measured using transmission electron micrographs. We found a significant negative correlation between body mass and the volume of respiratory tissue; the lungs of larger snakes had relatively less respiratory tissue. Therefore, mass-specific respiratory tissue was calculated to exclude effects of body mass. The volume of the lung that contains parenchyma was 11.9±5.0mm3g−1. The volume fraction, i.e., the actual pulmonary exchange tissue per lung parenchyma, was 63.22±7.3%; the total respiratory surface was, on average, 0.214±0.129m2; it was significantly negatively correlated to body mass, with larger snakes having proportionally smaller respiratory surfaces. For the air–blood barrier, a harmonic mean of 0.78±0.05μm was found, with the epithelial layer representing the thickest part of the barrier. Based on these findings, a median diffusion capacity of the tissue barrier (DtO2) of 0.69±0.38ml O2min−1mmHg−1 was calculated. Based on published values for blood oxygen concentration, a total oxygen uptake capacity of 61.16mlO2min−1kg−1 can be assumed. This value exceeds the maximum demand for oxygen in ball pythons by a factor of 12. We conclude that healthy individuals of P. regius possess a considerable spare capacity for tissue oxygen exchange.

Physical fitness affects the quality of single operator cardiocerebral resuscitation in healthcare professionals

Sustained external chest compressions during cardiocerebral resuscitation (CCR) are physically demanding. It might be hypothesized that a high cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and/or muscle strength delays the development of physical fatigue and, consequently, preserves CCR quality. We intended to assess the impact of cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and muscle strength on CCR quality. Fifteen healthcare professionals (10 men and five women, mean age 34±9 years) performed a 15-min hands-on CCR session on an adult training manikin. CCR compression depth (from which CCR quality was calculated) and frequency were monitored. During CCR we assessed serial blood lactate concentrations, and provided continuous heart rate monitoring. Relationships were examined between participant characteristics, peak cardiopulmonary exercise capacity, ventilatory threshold, maximal muscle strength, muscle strength endurance and CCR quality. Significant univariate correlations were found between 15-min CCR quality and body height (r=0.53), ventilatory threshold (r=0.67), peak oxygen uptake capacity (r=0.54), peak cycling power output (r=0.54), and maximal isometric elbow extension strength (r=0.55) (P<0.05). CCR quality was significantly lower in females, when compared with males (P<0.05). Within different timeframes, CCR quality was mainly related to the ventilatory threshold up to the first 5 min (P<0.05), whereas CCR quality was mainly related to maximal isometric elbow extension strength after 5 min (P<0.05). In healthcare professionals, the ventilatory threshold is significantly related to CCR quality during the first few min. Healthcare professionals who are regularly involved in CCR should therefore aim to achieve/sustain a high aerobic exercise capacity. Study registration number: ISRCTN70447230, www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN70447230.

Highly active behaviour of nanocrystalline Co3O4 from oxalate nanorods in the oxidation of chlorinated short chain alkanes

Several bulk Co3O4 were prepared from various synthesis routes including direct calcination of a cobalt salt, grinding followed by solid-state reaction and thermal decomposition of cobalt oxalate nanorods. The resulting oxides were examined in the gas-phase oxidation of a model chlorinated short chain alkane namely, 1,2-dichloroethane. The route based on cobalt oxalate nanorods allowed to obtain high surface Co3O4 nanoparticles with a crystallite size as low as 13nm, which exhibited both enhanced reducibility and oxygen uptake capacity at low temperatures when compared with the other prepared Co3O4 samples. As a result, this nanosized oxide converted the chlorinated feed at the lowest temperatures with an excellent selectivity to CO2. Conversion to deep oxidation products was complete (CO2, HCl and Cl2), and no appreciable deactivation was noticed. For all the cobalt catalysts tested, the conversion vs. temperature plot was well described by a first order reaction, and the data were therefore fitted to obtain the activation energy and pre-exponential factors.

Stress, workload and physiology demand during extravehicular activity: A pilot study

Background:Extravehicular activity (EVA), such as exercise performed under unique environmental conditions, is essential for supporting daily living in weightlessness and for further space exploration like long Mars mission.Aim:The study was planned stress, workload, and physiological demands of simulated Mars exploration.Materials and Methods:In this study, the six-person crew lived (24 hours) for 14 days during a short-term stay at the Mars Desert Research Station. The heart rates, salivary cortisol, workload, peak oxygen uptake or maximal aerobic capacity of the crew are measured before, during and after an EVA.Results:Data for heart rate showed the same trend as peak oxygen uptake or maximal aerobic capacity, with a maximal increase to 85% of peak. The rating of subscale showed a significant increase in EVA as compared to run. Salivary cortisol levels and heart rates were increased in both groups, although significant increased of cortisol levels and heart rates more in EVA as compared to hill running crew members.Conclusion:Further study is required on large scale taken into account of limitations of this study and including other physiological and psychological parameters in Mars analog environment.

Avaliação da capacidade máxima de exercício: uma revisão sobre os protocolos tradicionais e a evolução para modelos individualizados

Os ajustes fisiológicos ao exercício têm sido extensivamente estudados. Apesar do consenso sobre a importância de testes de exercício para a avaliação do consumo máximo de oxigênio (&lt;img border=0 width=32 height=32 id="_x0000_i1065" src="../../../../img/revistas/rbme/v17n5/img01.jpg"&gt;O2máx), diferenças expressivas entre os protocolos utilizados podem comprometer a comparação de dados e sua utilização clínica ou funcional. A presente revisão analisou os principais protocolos correntemente utilizados na avaliação do &lt;img border=0 width=32 height=32 id="_x0000_i1064" src="../../../../img/revistas/rbme/v17n5/img01.jpg"&gt;O2máx, destacando suas vantagens e limitações. Além disso, compararam-se as características de protocolos escalonados em estágios com aquelas de modelos individualizados, conhecidos como protocolos em rampa. Foram revisados 102 estudos publicados entre os anos 1955 e 2009. Os resultados indicaram que, apesar de a maior parte dos estudos apontar vantagens dos protocolos em rampa sobre os mais tradicionais, há uma evidente carência de recomendações sobre diversos aspectos de sua elaboração. São raros os estudos que analisaram a influência de variáveis dos protocolos em rampa sobre os desfechos pretendidos, como o consumo máximo de oxigênio e limiares de transição metabólica. Há dúvidas acerca da melhor maneira de se determinar a capacidade máxima de exercício, velocidade inicial do teste, razão de incremento, interação velocidade/inclinação e tempo de teste. Em suma, os testes em rampa vêm sendo aplicados com base na experiência dos avaliadores, sem que haja realmente um 'protocolo' que norteie a sua montagem. Estudos que possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento de critérios mais formais e precisos para a elaboração de protocolos em rampa, portanto, fazem-se necessários.

Tai Chi Exercises Benefit Even Oldest Adults

Tai Chi Exercises Benefit Even Oldest Adults

Short‐term, high‐intensity interval training (HIT) alters ATP pathway fluxes during maximal muscle contractions in humans

Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to examine the effects of 2 weeks of cycling training on bioenergetics of vastus lateralis in vivo. Eight healthy, untrained men (27 ± 4 yr) performed 6 sessions of HIT (4–6 bouts of 30‐s all‐out cycling). At baseline, and after the 1st and the 6th training sessions, rates of ATP synthesis from net PCr breakdown (ATPCK), glycolysis (ATPGLY) and oxidative phosphorylation (ATPOX) were measured during a 24‐s maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in a 4T magnet. Training increased peak whole‐body oxygen uptake (36 ± 4 to 39 ± 5ml·kg−1·min−1, p=0.01) and exercise capacity (225 ± 32 to 239 ± 36 W, p=0.04) on the cycle ergometer, with no effects on total ATP production or force‐time integral during the MVIC. While ATP production through the 3 pathways remained unchanged after the first training session, 6 training sessions increased the relative contribution of ATPOX (31 ± 2 vs. 39 ± 2% of total ATP turnover, p&lt;0.001), and lowered the relative contribution from ATPCK (49 ± 2 vs. 44 ± 1%, p=0.004) and ATPGLY (20 ± 2 vs. 17 ± 1%, p=0.03). Thus, 6 sessions of HIT alters muscle energetics, such that maximal contractions are performed with increased support from oxidative ATP synthesis and relatively less contribution from anaerobic ATP production, which may contribute to improved exercise capacity.Support: NIH K02 AG023582

Hydrogen and oxygen adsorption on a nanosilicate - a quantum chemical study

The reactivity of the thermodynamically stable nanopyroxene cluster Mg4Si4O12 towards hydrogen and oxygen atoms is studied. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that it can adsorb hydrogen atoms without a barrier, which could catalyze H2 formation. Furthermore, if we consider consecutive atom adsorption, Mg4Si4O12 can take up to the equivalent of four units of water (2H + O) before molecular water starts to form preferentially. The resulting superoxygenated nanosilicate cluster (Mg4Si4H4O16) contains only hydroxyl groups and has a high oxygen-to-metal ratio of 2 compared to bulk silicates (1.33–1.5). The hydroxylated cluster readily adsorbs even more oxygen atoms in the form of chemisorbed molecular water; however, the molecular water will readily photodesorb in the diffuse interstellar medium. The large oxygen-uptake capacity of nanosilicates could contribute to the large oxygen depletion observed in diffuse clouds, although depletion into other sources must take place as well. The infrared spectra of the (oxygenated) nanopyroxene are calculated, and we identified its strong infrared transitions. Some of the O–Si–O bending modes have blueshifted from 20 μm in bulk silicates to 14–18 μm in nanosilicates. The hydroxylated nanopyroxenes all have sharp, strong features in the 9–12 μm region and the Mg4Si4H4O16 cluster has a moderately strong feature around ∼25 μm due to frustrated OH rotations. These distinct infrared features may eventually lead to the identification of (hydroxylated) nanosilicates in stellar outflows, interstellar clouds and/or protoplanetary discs.

The Fractional Utilisation of Maximal Oxygen Consumption during Execution of Ground Strokes and Simulated Match in 14 to 18 years Malaysian Singles Tennis Players

The purpose of the present study was to determine the fractional utilisation of maximum oxygen uptake capacity (% VO2max) during execution of ground strokes and tennis match play. Ten male Malaysian state-level tennis players participated in this study. Age, height, weight and VO2max of the players were 15.3 + 1.2 years, 164.0 + 7.4 cm, 52.3 + 11.5 kg and 51.7 + 7.3 ml·kg - ¹·min - ¹ respectively. This study was conducted in 3 phases: laboratory test (Phase I), on-court test (Phase II) and simulated match (Phase III). Fraction of VO2max during execution of forehand and backhand strokes were 71.6 + 10.9% and 72.3 + 8.8% respectively, whereas tennis match play demanded 69.3 + 9.8% of VO2max. Execution of forehand and backhand strokes led to a blood lactate concentration of approximately 6 mmol·L??1, indicating the involvement of anaerobic glycolysis. On the other hand, due to the intermittent nature of the game and the work-rest ratio of 1 : 2.2, the post-match blood lactate was found to be 3.21 + 0.2 mmol·L??1, reflecting an aerobic dominance in the game. The mean match heart rate (154.3 + 15.4 beats·min - ¹) was lower than mean anaerobic threshold heart rate (164.7 + 5.7 beats·min - ¹), signifying a lower blood lactate level less than 4.0 mmol·L??1 in a tennis match. It This might be due to the fact that long rest pauses caused removal of blood lactate as well as recovery of heart rate. Video analysis of the matches revealed that the players executed more forehand strokes (P<0.001) than the backhand strokes. Since similar heart rate and VO2 responses were observed for forehand and backhand strokes, it is suggested that the players should train themselves equally on both ground strokes. During the longest rally, mean heart rate of the players was 174.9 + 3.1 beats·min - ¹, which corresponded to 84.5 + 2.2% of VO2max. In addition, rallies per game, mean rally duration and strokes per rally were found to be 5.7 + 2.4, 4.5 + 1.5 seconds and 2.8 + 0.8 shots, respectively. Hence, it is concluded that the Malaysian state-level tennis players possessed a moderately good aerobic capacity. This can be improved to the international standard through endurance and intermittent type of training. Improvement in VO2max may enhance the playing intensity of the match as well a better recovery in the rest pauses and also delay the onset of fatigue during a match. From video match analysis and heart rate VO2 relationship, it is suggested that the players should also improve the alactic anaerobic component through short bursts of repeated movements of 5-8 seconds durations.

건강생활체조가 고혈압 노인여성의 혈압과 hs-CRP농도 및 대사증후군 위험인자에 미치는 영향

High sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP), a marker of inflammation, was a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Hypertension and exercise are associated with hs-CRP. We had therefore assessed the effects of a health life gymnastics for 24weeks on blood pressure, hs-CRP concentration and metabolic syndrome risk factors in older women with hypertension. The subjects included 20 hypertension women(age, 73.2±2.4 yrs). We examined the effect of health life gymnastics on hs-CRP and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Measures of body composition, blood pressure, aerobic capacity, lipid profiles were all obtained before and after the interventions. Results of this study were as following: There were significant decrease in %fat, hs-CRP, SBP, WC, glucose and TG. There were significant increase in oxygen uptake capacity, LBM and HDL-C in exercise group. Also, there were the positive correlation of SBP, WC, glucose, TG and negative correlation of HDL-C with hs-CRP, respectively. This study demonstrates that health life gymnastics significantly results in modest improvements of hs-CRP, metabolic syndrome risk factors in older women with hypertension.

494 Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake Capacity is Reduced in School-Aged Children After Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)

Background: Disturbed pulmonary vascularization and alveolar development are hallmarks of BPD in the era of surfactant therapy and antenatal steroids. Data on long-term functional consequences of these changes are scarce. The objective of our study was to assess aerobic fitness of formerly very low birth weight infants (VLBW) with and without BPD compared with children born at term and to identify factors accounting for group differences.Methods: Fourty children aged 7.9-12.9 years volunteered for this study. Ten children had BPD, 15 were VLBW without BPD (non-BPD) and 15 formerly term infants served as controls (CON). Aerobic fitness was assessed as peak oxygen uptake, allometrically adjusted for body mass (VO2peakadj), during an incremental cycling task to volitional fatigue. Physical activity (PA) was expressed as relative time in moderate-and-vigorous PA (MVPA).Results: The 3 groups did not differ in anthropometric indices. Although heart rate and respiratory exchange ratio at the end of exercise were identical among groups, VO2peakadj was lower in the BPD group (1329±149 ml/min) compared with non-BPD (1526±152 ml/min) and CON (1536±197 ml/min). MVPA was lower in VLBW (BPD 1.7±1.1%, non-BPD 2.2.±0.9%) compared with CON (4.4±1.1%). The difference in aerobic fitness was not explained by differences in PA. Several lung function parameters were decreased in BPD. Only adjustment for diffusion capacity abrogated the association of BPD with decreased aerobic fitness.Conclusions: The impaired diffusion capacity and aerobic fitness of school-aged children with BPD indicate a long-term functional consequence of disturbed pulmonary vascular and alveolar development in the disease.

The Impact of Training Modalities on the Clinical Benefits of Exercise Intervention in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Risk or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Exercise training intervention represents an effective means to reduce adipose tissue mass, improve glycaemic control and increase whole-body oxygen uptake capacity (VO(2peak)) in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart disease patients. In this manuscript, we review the impact of different exercise training modalities on clinical benefits of prolonged exercise intervention in these patient (sub)populations. By changing training modalities, significantly greater clinical benefits can be obtained. Greater training frequency and longer programme duration is associated with greater reduction in adipose tissue mass in obesity patients. A greater training frequency (up to 2 days/week) and a longer programme duration (up to 38 weeks) seems to be associated with greater improvements in VO(2peak) in heart disease patients. Longer programme duration and addition of resistance-type exercise further improve glycaemic control in T2DM patients. The first line of evidence seems to indicate that high-intensity interval exercise training has a greater impact on VO(2peak) in heart disease patients and insulin sensitivity in subjects with metabolic syndrome, but not on adipose tissue mass in obese subjects. However, it remains unclear whether addition of resistance-type exercise and continuous higher-intensity endurance-type exercise training are accompanied by greater improvements in VO(2peak) in heart disease patients. Furthermore, the impact of training session duration/volume on adipose tissue mass loss and glycaemic control in obesity and T2DM patients, respectively, is currently unknown. The impact of training frequency on glycaemic control remains to be investigated in T2DM patients.

Physical capacity, respiratory quotient and energy expenditure during exercise in male patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls

BackgroundDespite massive research on weight gain and metabolic complications in schizophrenia there are few studies on energy expenditure and no current data on physical capacity. AimTo determine oxygen uptake capacity, respiratory quotient (RQ) and energy expenditure during a submaximal exercise test in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. MethodTen male patients and 10 controls were included. RQ and energy expenditure were investigated with indirect calorimetry during a cycle ergometer test. The submaximal work level was defined by heart rate and perceived exhaustion. Physical capacity was determined from predicted maximal oxygen uptake capacity (VO2-max). ResultsThe patients exhibited significantly higher RQ on submaximal workloads and lower physical capacity. A significant lower calculated VO2-max remained after correction for body weight and fat free mass (FFM). Energy expenditure did not differ on fixed workloads. ConclusionRQ was rapidly increasing in the patients during exercise indicating a faster transition to carbohydrate oxidation and anaerobic metabolism that also implies a performance closer to maximal oxygen uptake even at submaximal loads. This may restrict the capacity for everyday activity and exercise and thus contribute to the risk for weight gain. Physical capacity was consequently significantly lower in the patients.

E0367 Effect of treatment of hepatocyte growth-promoting factor on improvement of myocardial ischaemia and cardiopulmonary functional capacity during the exercise in patients with severe coronary heart disease

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that the treatment of hepatocyte growth-promoting factors (pHGF) by venous injection improves myocardial ischaemia, kinetics of oxygen uptake (VO2) and cardiopulmonary functional capacity during exercise in...

Long-term effect of rehabilitation in coronary artery disease patients: randomized clinical trial of the impact of exercise volume

Objective: To assess whether exercise volume during phase II rehabilitation affects long-term clinical benefits in patients with coronary artery disease. Design: Prospective randomized clinical trial with long-term follow-up. Setting: Hospital outpatient clinic. Subjects: Coronary artery disease patients (age 65 ± 9 years, 82% males) attending a phase II rehabilitation programme were randomized into two groups of exercise volumes: 40- versus 60-minute training sessions. Patients exercised for three days per week for seven weeks, at 65% of baseline oxygen uptake capacity. Next, they were followed up for 18 months. Out of 165 patients with coronary artery disease who completed the exercise intervention, 119 attended the 18-month follow-up assessment. Main measurements: Body anthropometrics, resting haemodynamics, blood lipid profile, glycaemia, and C-reactive protein level, smoking behaviour, habitual physical activity, cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality. Results: In total population, a significant worsening of various cardiovascular disease risk factors was found at 18 months follow-up (P<0.05), and few patients (27% of total group) adhered to the recommended minimal physical activity level. No difference in change of body anthropometrics, resting haemodynamics, blood lipid profile, glycaemia, and C-reactive protein level, and smoking behaviour was seen between different exercise volumes (P>0.05). In addition, total cardiovascular disease incidence (13% versus 22% in 40- versus 60-minute group, respectively) and habitual physical activity were not different between groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: In patients with coronary artery disease following cardiac rehabilitation, the cardiovascular disease risk profile worsened significantly during long-term follow-up. A smaller exercise volume during phase II rehabilitation generated equal long-term clinical benefits compared to a greater exercise volume.