Oxygen Input Research Articles

The Role of Wetland Plants on Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Generation in Constructed Wetland Coupled with Microbial Fuel Cell

CWMFC is a novel technology that has been used for almost a decade for concurrent wastewater treatment and electricity generation in varying scopes of domestic, municipal, and industrial applications since its implementation in 2012. Its advantage of low-cost enhanced wastewater treatment and sustainable bioelectricity generation has gained considerable attention. Nevertheless, the overall efficiency of this novel technology is inclined by several operating factors and configuration strands, such as pH, sewage composition, organic loading, electrode material, filter media, electrogens, hydraulic retention time, and macrophytes. Here, we investigate the effect of the wetland plant component on the overall performance of CWMFCs. The macrophyte’s involvement in the oxygen input, nutrient uptake, and direct degradation of pollutants for the required treatment effect and bioelectricity production are discussed in more detail. The review identifies and compares planted and unplanted CWMFC with their efficiency on COD removal and electricity generation based on previous and recent studies.

Redox degrees of iron-based oxygen carriers in cyclic chemical looping combustion using thermodynamic analysis

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) provides a sustainable production of energy while inherently capturing carbon dioxide using oxygen carriers (OCs). To efficiently operate the reactor of the CLC, a thermodynamic analysis of OC is essential. This study focuses on the complete thermodynamic analysis of CLC employing iron-based OCs. In the analysis, methane as a reduction gas and air as an oxidizer along with the fuel and air reactors operated at 900 °C. Six different methane-to-hematite molar ratios (M/H) and O2-to-hematite molar ratio (O/H) on iron oxide redox reactions are evaluated. The redox degree, including reduction and oxidation degrees of OCs in the fuel and air reactors, is introduced to figure out their performance. The results reveal that M/H = 1/15 with O/H = 1 yields the highest CO2 and H2O yields. Under six O/H ratios with M/H = 1/12, the highest CO2 and H2O yields are achieved at O/H ≥ 0.18. These operation conditions are conducive to carbon capture. In most cases of reduction and oxidation reactions, Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 account for the largest shares of iron in the OCs, respectively. The results show that a decrease in oxygen input to the air reactor leads to more carbon formed in the system. An enthalpy balance indicates an overall exothermic reaction behavior. Introducing the redox degree suggests that the optimal operation conditions are at M/H = 1/12 and O/H = 0.18. This study has provided crucial information about the operation and reactivity of iron oxides with methane in the chemical looping combustion process.

Modeling and Simulation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Based On Neural Network

In order to study the effects of hydrogen input molar flow, oxygen input molar flow, water vapor input molar flow and real-time temperature on the output voltage of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), this paper proposes a method to model SOFC using a BP neural network optimized by immunogenetic algorithm (IA). MATLAB simulation results show that the SOFC model established in this paper can more accurately reflect the actual SOFC input and output characteristics. And the model has a high fit to the real data.

Critical evaluation of respirometric and physicochemical methods for characterization of municipal wastewater during wet-weather events

Having a reliable influent wastewater characterization is a key factor for designing effective emergency response plans to mitigate the impact of wet-weather events on wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study aims to critically evaluate the application of wastewater characterization methods for fractionating organic matter in influent municipal wastewater during wet-weather events. To this end, sampling campaigns were set up during various wet-weather events at the largest Italian WWTP. The samples were analyzed by physicochemical and respirometric techniques to assess the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractions. The role of filter pore size and sample pre-treatment in estimating the soluble COD fractions was assessed. Several long-term BOD experiments were performed to measure biodegradable COD fractions, and the reproducibility of the results is demonstrated. Single and multiple-OUR bioassays were conducted to estimate the readily (Ss) and the slowly (Xs) biodegradable fractions. The heterotrophic yield coefficient (YH) was found to be highly influenced by the history of the biomass and the type of substrate consumed, limiting the application of the respirometry tests during wet-weather events. Dilute wastewater confronted the respirometry assays with some practical complications due to inadequate equipment sensitivity and unprecedented oxygen inputs. A comparative analysis of COD fractions showed that a marked divergence might exist between the two fractionation methods during wet-weather events. Finally, an integrated approach is proposed for more reliable wastewater characterization during wet-weather events.

An improved water electrolysis and oxy-fuel combustion coupled tri-reforming process for methanol production and CO2 valorization

CO2 containing emissions from electric power plants are major contributors to the consistent rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration. The tri-reforming process has significant relevance as it converts non-inert components (CO2, H2O, O2) of the flue gas (with co-feed as methane) to synthesis gas without the intervention of an energy intensive CO2 separation step. Subsequent synthesis gas conversion to methanol is an important consideration. The conventional process employed air-fuel combustion based power plant generated flue gas in the tri-reforming coupled methanol production process to valorize CO2. Subsequently, the oxy-fuel combustion and water electrolysis coupled tri-reforming based methanol production process was developed as an improvement over it. In this paper, further advancements have been made to this coupled process. The following contributions have been made: (i) modification of the coupled process to increase the throughput of the water electrolysis unit to provide an inlet oxygen stream to the tri-reforming process to supplement an oxygen deficient flue gas stream, (ii) analysis of the synergistic role of simultaneous oxygen and hydrogen inputs from the water electrolysis unit on the performance of the overall process, and (iii) proposition of limiting the oxygen input to the tri-reformer to thermoneutrality to avoid exothermicity related issues. The above propositions have been implemented and compared with the base case coupled process via simulation runs in Aspen Plus V11. The results demonstrated a substantial improvement in both CO2 valorization potential (by 13.40%) and profitability (by 31.59%) of the process.

The onset of the Early Toarcian flooding of the Pliensbachian carbonate platform of central Tunisia (north–south axis) as inferred from trace fossils and geochemistry

Abstract The flooding of the Lower Jurassic shelf in the North Gondwana Palaeomargin during the early Toarcian occurred on a fragmented and irregular topography affected by differential subsidence – owing to the activity of listric faults along the North–South Axis of Tunisia – that favoured lateral changes in facies and thickness at a kilometric scale. The onset of Toarcian sedimentation (Polymorphum ammonite Zone, NJT5c nannofossil Subzone) in two adjacent sections was characterized by the deposition of limestones under high-energy conditions. The Châabet El Attaris section was located in a depressed sub-basin, and recorded restricted environmental conditions owing to water stagnation and an oxygen-depleted sea bottom. Therefore, dark mudstones developed, with increased total organic carbon contents and enhanced accumulation of redox-sensitive elements. The sedimentation of limestones bearing gutter cast structures is related to gravity flows probably linked to storm activities. These processes favoured the remobilization of sediments at the seafloor, as well as oxygen input to bottom waters, as shown by the record of trace fossils including Zoophycos , Ophiomorpha , and secondarily, Chondrites and Diplocraterion . The thinly interbedded dark mudstones are locally rich in thin-shelled bivalves that re-colonized the sea bottom after the sedimentation of these high-energy deposits, and subsequently underwent mass mortality related to the return of oxygen-depleted conditions. The Kef El Hassine section is located in the upper part of a tilted, less subsident block, as indicated by its reduced thickness compared with the Châabet El Attaris section; the absence of dark mudstones implies oxic conditions. The Polymorphum Zone consists of limestones showing evidence of sedimentation under high-energy conditions, along with hardgrounds. The occurrence of Zoophycos (deep-tiers) in the upper part of some limestone beds of the Polymorphum Zone is linked to minor erosive processes. The top of the high-energy sequence – below the deposits of a marly interval corresponding to the Levisoni Zone – is interpreted as a hardground given the high content of belemnites and Arenicolites , some of them boring on the eroded Zoophycos and Thalassinoides . This study shows that the sedimentary expression of the Jenkyns Event is not uniform across Tunisia, supporting the importance of local conditions in determining the development of anoxic conditions.

Enhancing the Heterologous Fructosyltransferase Activity of Kluyveromyces lactis: Developing a Scaled-Up Process and Abolishing Invertase by CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing.

The enzymatic production of prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) from sucrose involves fructosyltransferases (FFTs) and invertases, both of which catalyze forward (transferase) and reverse (hydrolysis) reactions. FOS yields can therefore be increased by favoring the forward reaction. We investigated process conditions that favored transferase activity in the yeast strain Kluyveromyces lactis GG799, which expresses a native invertase and a heterologous FFT from Aspergillus terreus. To maximize transferase activity while minimizing native invertase activity in a scaled-up process, we evaluated two reactor systems in terms of oxygen input capacity in relation to the cell dry weight. In the 0.5-L reactor, we found that galactose was superior to lactose for the induction of the LAC4 promoter, and we optimized the induction time and induction to carbon source ratio using a response surface model. Based on the critical parameter of oxygen supply, we scaled up the process to 7 L using geometric similarity and a higher oxygen transport rate, which boosted the transferase activity by 159%. To favor the forward reaction even more, we deleted the native invertase gene by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and compared the ΔInv mutant to the original production strain in batch and fed-batch reactions. In fed-batch mode, we found that the ΔInv mutant increased the transferase activity by a further 66.9%. The enhanced mutant strain therefore provides the basis for a highly efficient and scalable fed-batch process for the production of FOS.

A simulation of a medical ventilator with a realistic lungs model

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the necessity for accessible and affordable medical ventilators for healthcare providers. To meet this challenge, researchers and engineers world-wide have embarked on an effort to design simple medical ventilators that can be easily distributed. This study provides a simulation model of a simple one-sensor controlled, medical ventilator system including a realistic lungs model and the synchronization between a patient breathing and the ventilator. This model can assist in the design and optimization of these newly developed systems. Methods: The model simulates the ventilator system suggested and built by the “Manshema” team which employs a positive-pressure controlled system, with air and oxygen inputs from a hospital external gas supply. The model was constructed using Simscape™ (MathWorks®) and guidelines for building an equivalent model in OpenModelica software are suggested. The model implements an autonomously breathing, realistic lung model, and was calibrated against the ventilator prototype, accurately simulating the ventilator operation. Results: The model allows studying the expected gas flow and pressure in the patient’s lungs, testing various control schemes and their synchronization with the patient’s breathing. The model components, inputs, and outputs are described, an example for a simple, positive end expiratory pressure control mode is given, and the synchronization with healthy and ARDS patients is analyzed. Conclusions: We provide a simulator of a medical ventilation including realistic, autonomously breathing lungs model. The simulator allows testing different control schemes for the ventilator and its synchronization with a breathing patient. Implementation of this model may assist in efforts to develop simple and accessible medical ventilators to meet the global demand.

Exploring oxygen dynamics and depletion in an intensive bivalve production area in the coastal sea off Rushan Bay, China

Hypoxia is a mounting problem affecting the world’s coastal waters, with severe consequences for marine ecosystems. Coastal oxygen consumption has been increasing, mainly owing to the continued spread nutrient discharges. Using field observations, incubation experiments and numerical modeling, we studied the spatial and temporal variability of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the coastal area off Rushan Bay, China, a typical coastal area influenced by intensive mariculture oyster production. Results show that summer DO is increasingly declining in bottom waters below the thermocline. Oxygen input from the air-sea interface exchange, primary production and net water exchange accounted for 70, 26 and 4% of the DO supply, respectively. Oxygen consumption by organic matter decomposition in the water column and sediment contributed, respectively, 79 and 21% to the total DO removal. In regions such as the coastal area off Rushan Bay where the algal biomass filtered by bivalves is imported from elsewhere by sea currents, the carbon and nutrient release by mariculture may lead to local oxygen depletion, which increased from a negligible contribution in 1984 to up to 24% of the total DO consumption in the water column in the period of June-September 2014. This phenomenon of oxygen depletion is a concern for other coastal areas with intensive bivalve and other shellfish production.

Seasonal variations of geochemical parameters for a tropical landfill: Implications for landfill stabilization

Landfills stabilization stages depend on parameters such as the age of the landfill, the refuse composition, and the confinement level of the buried material. In the absence of free oxygen, redox reactions (e.g., SO42−, NO3−) and methanogenesis control the decomposition of organic matter. Landfill's stabilization stage is usually assessed by parameters such as pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved organic carbon, and biogas composition. This study evaluates the stabilization stage of a 50-year-old tropical landfill located in Central Brazil based on physicochemical parameters, dissolved carbon isotope data (δ13C), redox reactions, and concentration of released gases CO2 and CH4. We show that seasonal variations of these parameters are modified by rainwater inflow, which carries free-oxygen into the landfill. An increase in free-oxygen leads to a13C-depletion in carbon isotopic composition of dissolved CO2 and an increase in redox-dependent species such as Fe3+, SO42−, and NO3−. Our data show that most of the landfill has reached the methanogenic stage and that periodic oxygen input by rainwater affects methane production. The studied site is a complex chemical system in which organic matter degradation occurs by aerobic, anaerobic, and methanogenic processes, depending on the recharge susceptibility.

A novel technology with precise oxygen-input control: Application of the partial nitritation-anammox process

Reliable and accurate oxygen-input control, which is critical to maintaining efficient nitrogen removal performance for partial nitritation-anammox (PN-A) process, remains one of the main operational difficulties. In this study, a novel, yet simple system (a simple process for autotrophic nitrogen-removal, SPAN) with precise oxygen-input control was developed to treat ammonium-rich wastewater via PN-A process. SPAN brings oxygen to biomass by circulating water and creating water spray (shower) at the water-air interface, and effectively balances the activities of core functional microorganisms through precise oxygen-input control. The oxygen-input rate is decided by the water circulation rate and shower rate and is measurable and predictable. Therefore, the required amount of oxygen for ammonium oxidation can be precisely delivered to the biomass by adjusting the circulation rate and shower rate. The results of two parallel SPAN reactors demonstrated that during long-term operation, the required oxygen input was precisely and reliably controlled. More than 99% of NH4+-N and 81% - 85% of total nitrogen were stably removed, with anammox bacteria contributing to more than 96% of total nitrogen removal. Anammox bacteria were efficiently enriched to the highest level among the key nitrogen-converting microbial groups, both in terms of abundance (8.17%) and nitrogen-conversion capacity, while ammonium oxidizing bacteria were well controlled to provide sufficient ammonium-oxidizing capacity. Nitrite oxidizing bacteria were maintained stable (relative abundance of 1.08%-1.88%) and their activity was effectively suppressed. This study provided a novel technology, SPAN, to precisely control oxygen input in PN-A system, and proved that SPAN was effective and reliable in achieving long-term high-efficiency nitrogen removal.

Root oxygen mitigates methane fluxes in tropical peatlands

Tropical peatlands are a globally important source of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Vegetation is critical in regulating fluxes, providing a conduit for emissions and regular carbon inputs. However, plant roots also release oxygen, which might mitigate methane efflux through oxidation prior to emission from the peat surface. Here we show, using in situ mesocosms, that root exclusion can reduce methane fluxes by a maximum of 92% depending on species, likely driven by the significant decrease in root inputs of oxygen and changes in the balance of methane transport pathways. Methanotroph abundance decreased with reduced oxygen input, demonstrating a likely mechanism for the observed response. These first methane oxidation estimates for a tropical peatland demonstrate that although plants provide an important pathway for methane loss, this can be balanced by the influence of root oxygen inputs that mitigate peat surface methane emissions.

Understanding cell culture medium dynamics as a key stepping stone to optimistation of cell therapy bioprocessing

Background & Aim The design of processes to manufacture Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) is particularly challenging due to the dynamic cell culture environment and the complex response of the cell product. An approach to process design needs to achieve a balance between resource spent and process knowledge gained to meet manufacturing goals around cost, quality and risk. In order to address this, we developed a parsimonious mathematical modelling framework designed to allow representation of common mechanisms in cell culture, and associated process operations, that drive cell culture outcomes. We propose that this framework can be applied to generate widely applicable ‘template models’ and experimental strategies for process optimization. In particular, that such templates can be used to provide a rapid definition of operating space for cell culture operations associated with medium supply. In this case we have demonstrated the application to define provision rates of elements that support cell growth in a hematopoietic lineage culture system. Methods, Results & Conclusion Building on a model that defined the influence of environmental change (incorporated as a single non-specific variable linked to cell growth and density) on population growth, we have defined the cell culture dynamics in response to specific elements sch as growth factor provision. We have shown how achieving the correct combination of delivery rates of growth factors with other factors (e.g. metabolic) can ensure that each is used with maximal efficiency, significantly driving down volume use (more than 3-fold) and process supplementation costs. The models also define the corollary of such intensification in terms of increasingly demanding process control with respect to volume handling and process timing; however, an advantage of the level of intensification achieved is that the system oxygen demand increases to a level that oxygen input rates can be used to identify cell-inhibition in advance of reduced viability. This work demonstrates that models that appropriately represent common medium associated process dynamics will be a key tool to achieve the risk and cost reduction required for ATMP manufacture.

Unravelling the metabolism black-box in a dynamic wetland environment using a hybrid model framework: Storm driven changes in oxygen budgets

Estimating gross primary production and ecosystem respiration from oxygen data is performed widely in aquatic systems, yet these estimates can be challenged by high advective fluxes of oxygen. In this study, we develop a hybrid framework linking data-driven and process-based modelling to examine the effect of storm events on oxygen budgets in a constructed wetland. After calibration against measured flow and water temperature data over a two-month period with three storm events, the model was successfully validated against high frequency dissolved oxygen (DO) data exhibiting large diurnal fluctuations. The results demonstrated that pulses of high-DO water injected into the wetland during storm events were able to dramatically change the wetland oxygen budget. A shift was observed in the dominant oxygen inputs, from benthic net production during non-storm periods, to inflows of oxygen during storm events, which served to dampen the classical diurnal oxygen signature. The model also demonstrated the changing balance of pelagic versus benthic production and hypoxia extent in response to storm events, which has implications for the nutrient attenuation performance of constructed wetlands. The study highlights the benefit of linking analysis of high-frequency oxygen data with process-based modelling tools to unravel the varied responses of components of the oxygen budget to storm events.

Hemerythrins enhance aerobic respiration in Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20ZR, a methane-consuming bacterium.

Numerous hemerythrins, di-iron proteins, have been identified in prokaryote genomes, but in most cases their function remains elusive. Bacterial hemerythrin homologs (bacteriohemerythrins, Bhrs) may contribute to various cellular functions, including oxygen sensing, metal binding and antibiotic resistance. It has been proposed that methanotrophic Bhrs support methane oxidation by supplying oxygen to a core enzyme, particulate methane monooxygenase. In this study, the consequences of the overexpression or deletion of the Bhr gene (bhr) in Methylomicrobiam alcaliphillum 20ZR were investigated. We found that the bhrknockout (20ZRΔbhr) displays growth kinetics and methane consumption rates similar to wild type. However, the 20ZRΔbhr accumulates elevated concentrations of acetate at aerobic conditions, indicating slowed respiration. The methanotrophic strain overproducing Bhr shows increased oxygen consumption and reduced carbon-conversion efficiency, while its methane consumption rates remain unchanged. These results suggest that the methanotrophic Bhr proteins specifically contribute to oxygen-dependent respiration, while they have minimal, if any, input of oxygen for the methane oxidation machinery.

Enhanced total nitrogen removal performance in a full scale Orbal oxidation ditch by a novel step aeration mode

Two aeration modes, namely point aeration and step aeration, were proposed and implemented in a full scale Orbal oxidation ditch, and nitrogen removal performance was studied. The results showed that nitrogen removal performance under point aeration mode depended on oxygen supply control. Highest total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of 73.2% was achieved when oxygen input in the outer, middle and inner channel accounted for 50, 25 and 25% of total oxygen supply, respectively. With the same oxygen supply, both aeration modes demonstrated complete nitrification with over 97% ammonia nitrogen removal efficiencies. However, TN removal efficiency was 78.8% under step aeration mode, which was higher than that under point aeration. The pyrosequencing results indicated that microbial community composition was affected by aeration modes and step aeration mode was beneficial to the enrichment of denitrifiers. The greater diversity and relative abundance of denitrifiers enhanced TN removal under step aeration mode.

Bax expression is optimal at low oxygen tension and constant agitation

Bax is a pro-apoptosis protein that translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria membrane upon initiation of programed cell death. Bax subsequently disrupts the mitochondria membrane, resulting in the release of cytochrome C which activates the downstream caspases. The structure of inactive Bax has been solved, but despite intensive investigation, the mechanism by which it regulates apoptosis is not established. The low yield of Bax expression in E. coli hampers efforts to elucidate the mechanism. Thus, we undertook a systematic study aimed at improving the yield of Bax. Bacteria were grown in a computer-controlled fermenter and expression was induced by addition of Isopropyl ß-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The Bax expression level decreased continuously when the dissolved oxygen level was kept at 30%, which is non-limiting for E. coli. Alternatively, when oxygen input was decreased with constant agitation and air flow (or kLa), Bax yield increased by a factor of three. To make sure the short chain fatty acids generated during micro-aerobic fermentation had no adverse effect, their concentrations were closely monitored with HPLC and their effect on cell growth and Bax expression were investigated additionally using shake flasks. Through proteomic analysis using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling, we identified degradation pathway within E. coli cells as a potential player behind the lower expression level.

Clariant launches CATOFIN 311, a propane dehydrogenation catalyst

A co-fed process combining propane dehydrogenation (PDH) with selective hydrogen combustion (SHC) is proposed, simulated, and optimized. The co-fed process uses adiabatic moving bed radial flow reactors as PDH reactors and adiabatic fixed bed reactors as SHC reactors. This co-fed process is proven to be very advantageous over the Oleflex process in some aspects, showing a propylene yield 6.0-46.1% higher and saving 2.86-7.24 × 106 kJ per ton of propylene under different operating conditions. These advantages are attributed to the utilization of SHC reactors: they consume some hydrogen in the process, which shifts the reaction equilibrium towards propylene; they also provide much heat to drive the highly endothermic PDH reaction. For the co-fed process, a feed temperature of 873 K, a total pressure of 1 bar, and using four PDH reactors are preferable; the optimal oxygen input is significantly affected by feed temperature and number of PDH reactors. Besides, under these preferable conditions, a SHC catalyst should have a minimum hydrogen combustion selectivity of 60.4% to reproduce and exceed the Oleflex efficiency. This work should provide useful guidelines for the development of co-fed processes for propane dehydrogenation.

Variability in Juvenile English Sole Condition Relative to Temperature and Trophic Dynamics Along an Oregon Estuarine Gradient

Many benthic fish and invertebrates, including the flatfish English sole (Parophrys vetulus), utilize estuaries as nursery habitat during their juvenile life stage. Regions within an estuary differ with respect to salinity, temperature, oxygen, and organic inputs, highlighting the complexity of nursery habitat and the need to assess multiple habitats within a single estuary. To determine the effect of variable estuarine habitat on juvenile English sole, we examined morphometric and energetic (lipid) condition, fatty acids, and stable isotopes (13C and 15N) of wild-caught juveniles from upriver and downriver habitats within the Yaquina Bay, Oregon estuary. Downriver-caught fish exhibited higher energetic condition, which may be attributed to cooler temperatures and the marine-sourced carbon that typified that region’s food web. Conversely, individuals from the upriver habitat exhibited higher morphometric condition. This may be due in part to the warmer temperatures upriver that have been observed to promote growth and suppress lipid storage in other marine species. Our findings highlight the important but variable contribution of both upriver and downriver habitats to English sole early life history.

Process simulation and optimization of propane dehydrogenation combined with selective hydrogen combustion

A co-fed process combining propane dehydrogenation (PDH) with selective hydrogen combustion (SHC) is proposed, simulated, and optimized. The co-fed process uses adiabatic moving bed radial flow reactors as PDH reactors and adiabatic fixed bed reactors as SHC reactors. This co-fed process is proven to be very advantageous over the Oleflex process in some aspects, showing a propylene yield 6.0-46.1% higher and saving 2.86-7.24 × 106 kJ per ton of propylene under different operating conditions. These advantages are attributed to the utilization of SHC reactors: they consume some hydrogen in the process, which shifts the reaction equilibrium towards propylene; they also provide much heat to drive the highly endothermic PDH reaction. For the co-fed process, a feed temperature of 873 K, a total pressure of 1 bar, and using four PDH reactors are preferable; the optimal oxygen input is significantly affected by feed temperature and number of PDH reactors. Besides, under these preferable conditions, a SHC catalyst should have a minimum hydrogen combustion selectivity of 60.4% to reproduce and exceed the Oleflex efficiency. This work should provide useful guidelines for the development of co-fed processes for propane dehydrogenation.