Oxygen Functionalities Research Articles

D-tagatose protects against oleic acid-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in rats by activating PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by disruption of the alveolar–capillary barrier, resulting in severe alveolar edema and inflammation. D-tagatose (TAG) is a low-calorie fructose isomer with diverse biological activities whose role in ARDS has never been explored. We found that TAG protects lung tissues from injury in the oleic acid-induced rat model of ARDS. Seventeen male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Sham (n = 5), ARDS (n = 6), and TAG + ARDS (n = 6). The treatment groups were injected with oleic acid to induce ARDS, and the TAG + ARDS group was given TAG 3 days before the induction. After the treatments, the effect of TAG was evaluated by blood gas analysis and observing the gross and histological structure of the lung. The results showed that TAG significantly improved the oxygenation function, reduced the respiratory acidosis and the inflammatory response. TAG also improved the vascular permeability in ARDS rats and promoted the differentiation of alveolar type II cells, maintaining the stability of the alveolar structure. This protective effect of TAG on the lung may be achieved by activating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. Thus, TAG protects against oleic acid-induced ARDS in rats, suggesting a new clinical strategy for treating the condition.

Graphene oxide, kaolinite clay and PVA-derived nanocomposite aerogel as a regenerative adsorbent for wastewater treatment applications

Present work addressed the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-assisted gelatinisation of thoroughly dispersed graphene oxide (GO) and Kaolinite clay sheets into hydrogel, followed by lyophilisation to prepare the lightweight (0.024 g.cm−3) and remarkably porous (96.6%) clay-GO-PVA (CGP) composite aerogel by removing of frozen water (ice) through sublimation. The macroporous channels in CGP aerogel besides the mesoporosity of constituent materials facilitated the mass transfer (wastewater) and enhanced the accessibility of surface-active sites for dye adsorption. The CGP aerogel enriched with ample oxygen functionalities exhibited negative zeta potential (−25 mV), facilitating higher adsorption of cationic dyes than anionic ones. The excellent fitting of MB dye adsorption by Langmuir equilibrium isotherm suggested uniform dye adsorption on the surface of CGP aerogel with a maximum adsorption capacity of 535 mg.g−1. The spectroscopic analyses (XPS, FTIR, Raman) revealed charge-driven electrostatic attraction, hydrogen linkages (dipole-dipole and Yoshida), π-π, and n-π interactions between the surface-active sites of CGP aerogel and organic dyes as major adsorptive pathways. The MB dye adsorption increased with temperature and gradually declined with increasing ionic strength of simulated wastewater. The weak acidic to neutral pH range showed higher adsorption of MB dye by CGP aerogel. The size, charge, and hetero atoms of organic dyes, surface-active sites, charge, and porosity of aerogel, along with accessibility to adsorption sites through structural porosity, governed the adsorption process. The CGP aerogel showed excellent regenerability for subsequent batches and exhibited 98% MB dye removal efficiency even after seven adsorption-desorption cycles. Such porous nanocomposite aerogel shows immense potential for wastewater treatment applications to remove organic pollutants.

Decoding Carbon-Based Materials' Properties for High CO2 Capture and Selectivity.

Carbon-based materials are well established as low-cost, easily synthesizable, and low regeneration energy adsorbents against harmful greenhouse gases such as CO2. However, the development of such materials with exceptional CO2 uptake capacity needs well-described research, wherein various factors influencing CO2 adsorption need to be investigated. Therefore, five cost-effective carbon-based materials that have similar textural properties, functional groups, and porous characteristics were selected. Among these materials, biordered ultramicroporous graphitic carbon had shown an excellent CO2 capture capacity of 7.81 mmol/g at 273 K /1 bar with an excellent CO2 vs N2 selectivity of 15 owing to its ultramicroporous nature and unique biordered graphitic morphology. On the other hand, reduced graphene revealed a remarkable CO2 vs N2 selectivity of 57 with a CO2 uptake of 2.36 mmol/g at 273 K/1 bar. In order to understand the high CO2 capture capacity, important properties derived from adsorption/desorption, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were correlated with CO2 adsorption. This study revealed that an increase in ultramicropore volume and sp2 carbon (graphitic) content of nanomaterials could enhance CO2 capture significantly. FTIR studies revealed the importance of oxygen functionalities in improving CO2 vs N2 selectivity in reduced graphene due to higher quadruple–dipole interactions between CO2 and oxygen functionalization of the material. Apart from high CO2 adsorption capacity, biordered ultramicroporous graphitic carbon also offered low regeneration energy and excellent pressure swing regeneration ability for five consecutive cycles.

Effect of surfactant type on the magnetic and morphological properties of NiFeO4 / reduced graphene oxide composites

A systematic study of the effect of various types of surfactants (polyethylene glycol, Trinon X-100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) and subsequent annealing on the magnetic ordering and morphology of the nickel ferrite / reduced graphene oxide composite materials has been carried out. Hydrazine hydrate has been used both as an agent to initiate precipitation and as a reducing agent to remove oxygen functionality from the surface of graphene oxide particles. To characterize the material, Mössbauer spectroscopy and nitrogen absorption porosimetry have been used. The obtained result suggests a new way for one-pot synthesis of NiFe2O4/rGO composite materials with controlled magnetic ordering and porous structure.

Observation of Curative Effect of Lung Recruitment in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery.

Recruitment maneuver (RM) has become a routine supplementary maneuver for clinical rescue of severe ARDS with low tidal volume/pressure-limited mechanical ventilation. Recruitment of patients with ARDS mechanical ventilation can improve the lung compliance, promote the opening of collapsed alveoli, improve the ratio of ventilation to blood flow, reduce dead space, reduce shunt flow, and improve oxygenation function. In this paper, the patients were divided into lung recruitment group and conventional treatment group by the random number permutation table method. When the patient's percutaneous oxygen saturation is less than or equal to 88%, the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood gas is less than or equal to 55 mmHg, or the ventilator tube is disconnected during sputum suction or other accidents, a CPAP × 60 − second lung recruitment maneuver is required. Then adjust the ventilator parameters in the same way. In the process of lung recruitment, the changes in invasive continuous arterial blood pressure will also be observed. If the blood pressure dropped to ≤90/60 mmHg, one recruitment maneuver was terminated in advance. And both groups of patients used the Dräger- or PB840-imported multifunctional ventilator. The treatment of primary disease and predisposing factors, fluid management strategies, antibiotics and glucocorticoids, nutrition, and metabolic support in the two groups of patients in the study were the same. The PaO2/FiO2 value improved by 51% 10 minutes after recruitment, and the median increased from 111 (IQR, 73-265) before recruitment to 170 (IQR, 102-340) (P < 0.01), the improvement of PaO2/FiO2 at 4 hours after recruitment and 12 hours after recruitment was 78% (P < 0.05) and 39% (P < 0.01), respectively, and the median PaO2/FiO2 at 4 hours after recruitment was 198 (IQR, 116-256). The median PaO2/FiO2 became 155 (IQR, 127-235) 12 hours after recruitment. Recruitment can reduce the accumulation of neutrophils in lung tissue, reduce the release of inflammatory factors, reduce pulmonary edema, and reduce pathological damage.

Microporous carbon granules with narrow pore size distribution and rich oxygen functionalities for Xe/Kr separation

The direct adsorptive separations of xenon (Xe) and krypton (Kr) using granular porous carbons remain challenging yet industrially important. Herein, we report microporous carbon granules with narrow pore size distributions and rich oxygen functionalities for efficient Xe/Kr separation. The optimized granular carbon (GBC-900) breaks the trade-off effect by showing high Xe uptake capacity (4.71 mmol g−1) and Xe/Kr selectivity (18.3) at 298 K and 1.0 bar. Notably, the synergistic effect of oxygen-functionalities and uniform micropores renders the ultrahigh Xe uptake of 2.78 mmol g−1 at 0.2 bar. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations disclose the strong affinity between oxygen groups and Xe atoms. Dynamic breakthrough experiments confirm the practical Xe/Kr separation feasibility even from humid and low-concentration Xe/Kr gas-mixtures.

Carboxylated graphene oxide nanosheets as efficient electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors.

In the presence of dry ice, a series of graphitic materials with carboxylated edges (ECGs) were synthesized by ball milling graphite for varied times (24, 36, and 46 h). The influence of carboxylation on the physiochemical characteristics and electrochemical performance as effective electrodes for supercapacitors were assessed and compared with pure graphite. Several characterization techniques were employed to investigate into the morphology, texture, microstructure, and modification of the materials. Due to its interconnected micro-mesoporous carbon network, which is vital for fast charge-discharge at high current densities, storing static charges, facilitating electrolyte transport and diffusion, and having excellent rate performance, the ECG-46 electrode among the investigated samples achieved the highest specific capacitance of 223 F g−1 at 0.25 A g−1 current density and an outstanding cycle stability, with capacitance retention of 90.8% for up to 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor device based on the ECG-46 showed a high energy density of 19.20 W h kg−1 at 450.00 W kg−1 power density. With these unique features, ball milling of graphitic material in dry ice represents a promising approach to realize porous graphitic material with oxygen functionalities as active electrodes.

Evolution of Heterogeneity and Chemical Functionality during the Oxidation of Graphite

A kinetic study of graphite oxidation provided several insights into the mechanism of graphite oxide (GO) synthesis. The oxidation was observed to occur in two distinct stages, with the first stage lasting for 20 to 30 min and including a rapid disruption of the graphene sp2 network, the introduction of oxygen functional groups, and an increase in the spacing between the sheets. The second stage saw a marked decrease in the rate of change in spacing, a significant increase in the homogeneity of the GO, little to no further disruption of the sp2 network, and continuing evolution of the oxygen functionality. The study was based on the analysis by Raman spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TGA of material taken at various times from a modified Hummers oxidation reaction following work up.

Tailoring wood waste biochar as a reusable microwave absorbent for pollutant removal: Structure-property-performance relationship and iron-carbon interaction

This study innovated the concept in designing an efficient and reusable microwave (MW) absorbent through concurrent exploitation of carbon graphitization, oxygen functionalization, and carbothermal iron reduction underpinned by an endothermic co-pyrolysis of wood waste and low-dosage iron. A powerful MW assimilation was accomplished from nanoscale amorphous magnetic particles as well as graphitized microporous carbon-iron skeleton in the biochar composites. Relative to a weak magnetic loss derived from the iron phase, the graphitic carbon architecture with abundant surface functionalities (i.e., CO and CO) exhibited a strong dielectric loss, which was thus prioritized as major active sites during MW reuse. The MW-absorbing biochar demonstrated a fast, robust, and durable removal of a refractory herbicide (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) under mild MW irradiation with zero chemical input, low electricity consumption, and negligible Fe dissolution. Overall, this study will foster carbon–neutral industrial wastewater treatment and wood waste valorization.

Investigating the Role of Surface Roughness and Defects on EC Breakdown, as a Precursor to SEI Formation in Hard Carbon Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes.

Hard carbon (HC) anodes together with ethylene carbonate (EC)-based electrolytes have shown significant promise for high-performing sodium-ion batteries. However, questions remain in relation to the initial contact between the carbon surface and the EC molecules. The surface of the HC anode is complex and can contain both flat pristine carbon surfaces, curvature, nanoscale roughness, and heteroatom defects. Combining density functional theory and experiments, the effect of different carbon surface motifs and defects on EC adsorption are probed, concluding that EC itself does not block any sodium storage sites. Nevertheless, the EC breakdown products do show strong adsorption on the same carbon surface motifs, indicating that the carbon surface defect sites can become occupied by the EC breakdown products, leading to competition between the sodium and EC fragments. Furthermore, it is shown that the EC fragments can react with a carbon vacancy or oxygen defect to give rise to CO2 formation and further oxygen functionalization of the carbon surface. Experimental characterization of two HC materials with different microstructure and defect concentrations further confirms that a significant concentration of oxygen-containing defects and disorder leads to a thicker solid electrolyte interphase, highlighting the significant effect of atomic-scale carbon structure on EC interaction.

Treatment results of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants at the pediatric center of Hue Central Hospital

ABSTRACT Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in premature infants is one of the leading causes of death. Surfactant replacement therapy has been the mainstay of treatment for preterm infants with RDS. This study aimed to evaluate the results of surfactant therapy for premature infants with RDS at the Pediatric Center of Hue Central Hospital. Methods: A prospective, descriptive, and comparative study was conducted on 52 preterm infants with RDS based on clinical and chest radiographic findings before and after intervention. All infants received conventional surfactant therapy or INSURE. Evaluation of treatment results after 6 hours based on: SpO2, FiO2, a/APO2, and chest X-ray. Results: Surfactant treatment markedly reduced the need for FiO2 and Surfactant treatment markedly reduced FiO2. requirement and improved SpO2. The average SpO2 of 91.15% increased to 95.67%. The average FiO2 of 51.54% decreased to 40.5%. Lung lesions on X-ray have markedly improved after treatment, as shown in the improvement of lesions. Alveolar and arterial oxygen rates (a/APO2) improved significantly after surfactant administration. 33/52 (63.5%) cases eventually improved within 6 hours after treatment without any complications. Conclusion: A surfactant replacement that counterbalances surfactant inactivation seems to improve oxygenation and lung function in many preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome without any apparent negative side effects.

Levulinic Acid Is a Key Strategic Chemical from Biomass

Levulinic acid (LA) is one of the top twelve chemicals listed by the US Department of Energy that can be derived from biomass. It serves as a building block and platform chemical for producing a variety of chemicals, fuels and materials which are currently produced in fossil based refineries. LA is a key strategic chemical, as fuel grade chemicals and plastic substitutes can be produced by its catalytic conversion. LA derivatisation to various product streams, such as alkyl levulinates via esterification, γ-valerolactone via hydrogenation and N-substituted pyrrolidones via reductive amination and many other transformations of commercial utility are possible owing to the two oxygen functionalities, namely, carbonyl and carboxyl groups, present within the same substrate. Various biomass feedstock, such as agricultural wastes, marine macroalgae, and fresh water microalgae were successfully converted to LA in high yields. Finding a substitute to mineral acid catalysts for the conversion of biomass to LA is a challenge. The use of an ultrasound technique facilitated the production of promising nano-solid acid catalysts including Ga salt of molybophosphoric acid and Ga deposited mordenite zeolite, with optimum amounts of Lewis and Bronsted acidities needed for the conversion of glucose to LA in high yields, being 56 and 59.9 wt.% respectively. Microwave irradiation technology was successfully utilized for the accelerated production of LA (53 wt.%) from glucose in a short duration of 6 min, making use of the unique synergistic catalytic activity of ZnBr2 and HCl.

A comprehensive comparison of oxygen and nitrogen functionalities in carbon and their implications for the oxygen reduction reaction

Carbon materials have widespread use in catalysis mainly due to their abundance, high conductivity, large surface area, and facile functionalization through heteroatom-doping. However, both, the stability against corrosion and the catalytic performance caused by the exposure to high potentials present in relevant electrocatalytic reactions such as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is recurrently underestimated. We demonstrate that importance of oxygen and nitrogen binding motives to tailor the oxygen reduction activity, selectivity and stability against corrosion. Spectroscopic results revealed that the exposure to high oxidative potentials causes i) oxidation of N-groups and decrease in N content; and ii) enrichment of CO (hydroxyl and ethers), CO (quinones), and COOH functional groups and, together, dramatically impact the ORR activity and selectivity. We present guidelines how the activity, selectivity and stability can be precisely tuned. The developed guidelines highlight the potential of tailoring the oxygen and nitrogen containing functional groups on carbon catalysts for future catalytic applications.

Studies on tuning surface electronic properties of hydrogenated diamond by oxygen functionalization

Ultra-wide bandgap and the absence of shallow dopants are the major challenges in realizing diamond based electronics. However, the surface functionalization offers an excellent alternative to tune electronic structure of diamonds. Herein, we report on tuning the surface electronic properties of hydrogenated polycrystalline diamond films through oxygen functionalization. The hydrogenated diamond (HD) surface transforms from hydrophobic to hydrophilic nature and the sheet resistance increases from ~8 kΩ/sq. to over 10 GΩ/sq. with progressive ozonation. The conductive atomic force microscopic (c-AFM) studies reveal preferential higher current conduction on selective grain interiors (GIs) than that of grain boundaries confirming the surface charge transfer doping on these HDs. In addition, the local current conduction is also found to be much higher on (111) planes as compared to (100) planes on pristine and marginally O-terminated HD. However, there is no current flow on the fully O-terminated diamond (OD) surface. Further, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) studies reveal a redshift in binding energy (BE) of C1s on pristine and marginally O-terminated HD surfaces indicating surface band bending whilst the BE shifts to higher energy for OD. Moreover, XPS analysis also corroborate c-AFM study for the possible charge transfer doping mechanism on the diamond films which results in high current conduction on GIs of pristine and partially O-terminated HDs.

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide and its Composites

The chemical approach synthesis of graphene oxide easily with four to five layers. Pt nanoparticles are anchored to graphene oxides by lattice defects and functional groups like carbonyls, epoxides, hydroxyls, etc. The electrical characteristics of these graphene oxide sheets were enhanced. The shape and physical properties of these graphene materials are comparable, but because of variations in the number of oxygen functions, significant changes in electrical conductivity, graphitization, and stability have been seen.

Abnormal preferential oxygen functionalization on the surface of soft/hard carbon for sodium storage

Soft carbon (SC) and hard carbon (HC) have been widely used in the field of energy storage, and oxygen functional groups (OFGs) plays important roles on the electrochemical performances. Herein, we study the oxygen functionalization behaviors on the surface of classical SC and HC, by post-treatment of liquid phase oxidation. Surprisingly, CO contained OFGs were formed preferentially on the SC while CO contained OFGs on the HC, evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and absorption near-edge spectroscopies (XANES). The abundant sodium-ion storage sites contribute a capacity of 322 mAh/g at current density of 0.05 A/g after cycles for oxygen functionalized SC (OSC), higher than that of 256 mAh/g for oxygen functionalized HC (OHC). In addition, the mesoporous structure of SC and OSC also provides a good transport channel for sodium ions. The different oxygen functionalization behaviors on SC and HC in this work, provide some fundamental and universal guidance for surface modification of carbon materials.

Faradaic-active N-doped reduced graphene as electrode for supercapacitor with high-volumetric performances

The rich porosity of carbon based materials results in low packing density (ρ) thus causing low volumetric capacitances (<200 F/cm3) of the corresponding supercapacitor. Developing a functional carbon material with large packing density while maintaining moderate gravimetric capacitance (Cg) would be an effective way to realize the enhancement of volumetric performances of carbon-based supercapacitor. Herein, we presented a strategy to get a high-volumetric supercapacitor performances by constructing a nitrogen doped reduced graphene (N-rG) via a template induced assembly and nitriding method, in which the graphene oxide (GO) was firstly assembled by induction of MgO to form the composite of GO/MgO, which was then mixed with carbon nitride and carbonized to get the final nitrogen doped reduced graphene (N-rG). The developed N-rG owns surface area of 283 m2/g, nanosheet morphology, large packing density (1.64–1.69 g/cm3), rich redox heteroatoms including nitrogen (8.2–8.9 atom%) and oxygen functionalities (4.7–20.4 atom%). Due to these features, the resultant N-rG16 fabricated with mass ratio of GO/MgO (1:6) exhibits a typical pseudocapacitive behavior, large volumetric capacitance of 272 F/cm3@1.0 A/g and 200 F/cm3@20 A/g, showing an excellent rate capability with capacitance retention of 73.5 %. The N-rG16 based symmetric supercapacitor delivers a high specific energy density of 33.6 Wh/L@1352 W/L and long cycling stability with near 99 % retention of the initial capacitance after 10,000 cycles test showing a great potential for packed energy storage devices. Moreover, the developed N-rG with rich heteroatoms may also find wide applications in many other fields such as sorption, catalysis and so on.

Biomass blend derived porous carbon for aqueous supercapacitors with commercial-level mass loadings and enhanced energy density in redox-active electrolyte

Herein, oxygen-enriched porous carbon (PC-x) was prepared via co-pyrolysis, and activation of a ternary mixture of biomass (viz. sugarcane bagasse, water hyacinth, and yellow oleander). The PC-x possessed large surface area (1439–2297 m2 g−1), high pore volume, rational micro/mesopore distribution, and surface oxygen functionalities (C/O = 2.5–3.1). The optimized PC-x electrodes at commercial electrode mass loading (∼10 mg cm−2) unveiled a gravimetric capacitance of 251.6F g−1, high rate capability, and cycle stability in 6 M KOH electrolyte. The high voltage (2 V) aqueous symmetric supercapacitor fabricated in 1 M Li2SO4 electrolyte exhibited an energy density of 22.75 W h kg−1 (at 200 W kg−1) with 96.8% capacitance retention over 10,000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The energy density of the supercapacitor was augmented to 37.24 W h kg−1 (at 200 W kg−1) using 0.1 M Na2MoO4 as the redox-additive in the Li2SO4. The approach of using biomass blends offers flexibility in terms of choosing multiple waste biomass as precursors for large-scale and sustainable production of carbon materials for energy storage applications.

Effect of intraoperative alveolar recruitment maneuver on intraoperative oxygenation and postoperative pulmonary function tests in patients undergoing robotic-assisted hysterectomy: a single-blind randomized study

BackgroundRobotic-Assisted Hysterectomies (RAH) require Trendelenburg positioning and pneumoperitoneum, which further accentuate alteration in respiratory mechanics induced by general anesthesia. The role of Recruitment Maneuver (RM) as a lung-protective strategy during intraoperative surgical settings has not been much studied. We planned this study to evaluate the effect of RM on perioperative oxygenation and postoperative spirometry using PaO2/FiO2 and FEV1/FVC, respectively in patients undergoing RAH. MethodsSixty-six ASA I‒II female patients scheduled for elective RAH were randomized into group R (recruitment maneuver, n = 33) or group C (control, n = 33). Portable spirometry was done one day before surgery. Patients were induced with general anesthesia, and mechanical ventilation started with volume control mode, with Tidal Volume (TV) of 6–8 mL.kg−1, Respiratory Rate (RR) of 12 min, inspiratory-expiratory ratio (I: E ratio) of 1:2, FiO2 of 0.4, and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O. Patients in group R received recruitment maneuvers of 30 cmH2O every 30 minutes following tracheal intubation. The primary objectives were comparison of oxygenation and ventilation between two groups intraoperatively and portable spirometry postoperatively. Postoperative pulmonary complications, like desaturation, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, were monitored. ResultsPatients who received RM had significantly higher PaO2 (mmHg) (203.2+-24.3 vs. 167.8+-27.3, p < 0.001) at T2 (30 min after the pneumoperitoneum). However, there was no significant difference in portable spirometry between the groups in the postoperative period (FVC, 1.40 ± 0.5 L vs. 1.32 ± 0.46 L, p = 0.55). ConclusionThis study concluded that intraoperative recruitment did not prevent deterioration of postoperative spirometry values; however, it led to improved oxygenation intraoperatively.

Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of thermally reduced graphene oxide: Influence of thermal annealing on microstructural features

Controlling the overall microstructure of graphene oxide (GO), which influences its properties (grain size, structural disorder, degree of oxygen functions, thermal stability, and so on), is a major challenge in material research. Moreover, electrochemically generated GO is riddled with flaws and structural disorder. Thermal annealing was utilized to control the microstructural characteristics that affect the properties of the GO. There has been much discussion on whether annealing graphene at a high temperature cleans it or causes additional flaws and structural disorder. In this study, the effect of annealing on the microstructural characteristics of the thermally reduced graphene oxide (TrGO) has been investigated. To get a high yield, GO has been synthesized by using high potential (~80 V DC power) in an aqueous solution of 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In order to have a high yield of GO, the electrolyte temperature is significantly essential. The synthesized GO was thermally reduced at 850, 900, 950, and 1000 °C followed by furnace cooling. The results of the XRD and the Raman spectral analysis show that the thermal annealing process has a substantial effect on the diffraction peak, the inter-planar distance, the crystallite size, and the structural disorder of the TrGO. The FE-SEM, TEM, and AFM analysis demonstrates that thermal annealing seemed to have a significant impact on the microstructural characteristics and surface topography of the TrGO. Thermal annealing has little impact on the thermal stability and oxygen-containing functional groups, according to FT-IR and TGA analysis.