Oxygen-containing Organic Compounds Research Articles

Composition of Gases in the Interporous Space of Technogenic Bodies

Abstract —We present results of studies of inclusions in secondary sulfates (antlerite and a mixture of copiapite and coquimbite) and arsenates (erythrite and picropharmacolite) formed on the surface of technogenic bodies, such as stored waste from the enrichment of sulfide (Belovo and Ursk waste heaps) and arsenide (disposal maps of the Tuvakobalt plant) ores. A wide range of components were identified in the gas–liquid inclusions, the main ones being water and carbon dioxide. Hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing organic compounds, and nitrogen- and sulfur-containing gases were found in smaller but measurable amounts. Arsine H3As was also detected in inclusions in picropharmacolite (calcium and magnesium arsenate–arsenite). The gas–liquid inclusions in secondary minerals reflect the composition of the interporous space in the waste body, filled with particular atmospheric gases entering the body in free form and with seasonal precipitation. The combination of in situ generated and penetrating gases determines the diversity of inorganic and biotic interactions in technogenic bodies. The presence of hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing organic compounds is, most likely, associated with bacterial transformations of organic matter (residual vegetation, wood, microalgae, and fungi). At the same time, carbon disulfide and sulfur dioxide are indicators of active inorganic reactions of decomposition of the sulfide matrix.

Odor emission pattern of the waste storage workshop of kitchen waste treatment plant and control strategy study with CFD simulation.

Odor emission has become a great issue for kitchen waste management plants. Among all, unorganized emission source such as waste storage tank is the key cause. It is necessary to understand the odor emission characteristics and provide a proper control solution. In this study, a typical kitchen waste treatment plant located in Guangdong Province of China was selected to investigate the odor emission characteristics. According to the survey, the main complaint due to odor emission is on waste storage workshop. Hence, its odor emission has been investigated in this study. The gas samples were collected from the workshop in different season. According to the results, the odor emission during summer is the worst. In total, 105 odorous gases were detected from the waste storage workshop. The main odorous gases can be categorized into sulfur compounds, oxygen-containing organic compounds and terpenes. In specific, ethanol, acetic acid, methylmercaptan, α-pinene, methioether and limonene were the major odorous pollutants. Based on grey correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and step-up regression analysis, methylmercaptan contributes the most to the odor concentration. It suggests that the odor emission control should pay more attention on methylmercaptan. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) stimulation was employed to investigate the odor distribution with applying air blowing as a curtain to separate the inside and outside atmosphere or suction to vacuum the inside air to prevent the odor emission. It was found that it could efficiently prevent odor emission by setting a 45° inclined air suction port at the top of the entrance gate. The study provides a theoretical basis on odor control for the waste storage workshop of kitchen waste management plants.

DIDACTIC AND METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR ENSURING THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY BY FUTURE SPECIALISTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

The article actualizes the research task of substantiating the didactic (content of the leading topics) and methodological (topics and objectives of laboratory work) foundations for ensuring general and professionally oriented competencies in the study of chemistry by future technology teachers and vocational education specialists. It is proposed to include the following topics in the content of training of higher education applicants majoring in 014.10 Secondary Education (Technology): basic concepts and laws of chemistry, periodic law and the D. Mendelieev’s periodic table of chemical elements; main classes of inorganic compounds; hydrocarbons; oxygen-containing organic compounds; non-trogen-containing organic compounds; general properties of high molecular weight compounds; chemical fibers; plastic masses. This block of the discipline includes laboratory work developed by the article author in accordance with the content of each topic. The article concludes the importance of chemical disciplines in the implementation of the educational profiles «Woodworking», «Agricultural Production», «Cooking», «Construction», «Energy», «Design and Modeling of Clothes», «Light Industry», «Design Basics», «Metalworking», etc. in high school in Ukraine.

Catalytic ethanolysis of Xiaojihan subbituminous coal to platform chemicals enhanced by pre-oxidation with ozone

Xiaojihan subbituminous coal (XSBC) was pre-oxidized by ozone to prepare oxidized XSBC (OXSBC). Then, the ethanolysis was conducted on OXSBC at 300 °C under an initial nitrogen pressure (INP) of 1 MPa for 2 h. On this basis, the influences of pre-oxidation conditions on the content of oxygen-containing functional groups and the yield of soluble portion (SP) from the ethanolysis of XSBC and OXSBC were explored. The research results show that the yield of SP from the OXSBC ethanolysis is higher than that from the XSBC ethanolysis, and the highest yield of SP from the OXSBC ethanolysis reaches 24.9 wt% at 50 °C for 3 h, an increase of 80.4 % compared to the yield of SP from the XSBC ethanolysis. Besides, the magnetic nanosphere Co-CuFe2O4 catalyst, prepared by adopting the one-pot hydrothermal method, was applied to the catalytic ethanolysis (CE) of OXSBC3 at 300 °C, 1 MPa INP, and 2 h. The catalyst is noticeably active in the CE of OXSBC3, as it promotes the yields of SP and oxygen-containing organic compounds obtained from the OXSBC3 ethanolysis from 24.9 wt% and 76.25 mg g−1 to 42.8 wt% and 204.16 mg g−1, respectively. The CE of the model compound demonstrates that ethanol is activated by Co-CuFe2O4 to release H+, H-, and +CH2CH3, which play a crucial role in the conversion of benzyloxybenzene. This study provides a novel approach for acquiring value-added organic chemicals from low-rank coals.

Composition Distribution of the Thermal Soluble Organics from Naomaohu Lignite and Structural Characteristics of the Corresponding Insoluble Portions.

With cyclohexane (CH), benzene (BE), and ethyl acetate (EA) as solvents, Naomaohu lignite (NL, a typical oil-rich, low-rank coal) from Hami, Xinjiang, was thermally dissolved (TD) to obtain three types of soluble organics (NLCH, NLBE, and NLEA) and the corresponding insoluble portions (NLCH-R, NLBE-R, and NLEA-R). Ultimate analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to characterize NL and its soluble and insoluble portions. Results showed that, compared with NL, the C element in NLCH-R, NLBE-R, and NLEA-R increased, while the O element decreased significantly, indicating that thermal dissolution is a carbon enrichment process and an effective deoxidation method. The GC/MS results showed that oxygen-containing organic compounds (OCOCs) are dominant in NLCH, NLBE, and NLEA. NLCH is mainly composed of ketones (11.90%) and esters (19.04%), while NLBE and NLEA are composed of alcohols (12.18% and 2.42%, respectively) and esters (66.09% and 84.08%, respectively), with alkyl and aromatic acid esters as the main components. Among them, EA exhibits significant selective destruction for oxygen-containing functional groups in NL. XPS, FTIR, and TG-DTG results showed that thermal dissolution can not only affect the macromolecular network structure of NL, but also improve its pyrolysis reactivity. In short, thermal dissolution can effectively obtain oxygen-containing organic compounds from NL.

Characterizing carbonaceous aerosols in residential coal combustion: Insights from thermal/spectral carbon analyzer coupled with photoionization mass spectrometry analysis

This study aims to identify unique signatures from residential coal combustion in China across various combustion conditions and coal types. Using a Thermal/Spectral Carbon Analyzer with a Photoionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (TSCA-PI-TOF-MS), we focus on the optical properties and organic mass spectra of the emissions. Bituminous coal emerged as the primary emitter of total carbon, releasing 729 μg C/mg PM2.5 under smoldering and 894 μg C/mg PM2.5 under flaming. Carbon fractions mainly comprised OC1 and OC2, except for anthracite's dominance of EC1 under smoldering. Pyrolysis carbon absorption shifted from 405, 445 and 532 nm during smoldering to near-infrared bands (635–980 nm) during flaming for both bituminous and anthracite coal. Conversely, clean coal exhibited an inverse trend, attributed to additives enhancing oxygen-containing organic compounds and long-chain hydrocarbons released in charring process. Sample of bituminous coal began charring at OC3 step, while anthracite began earlier at OC2 step, particularly pronounced under flaming. Clean coal displayed unconventional charring at OC1 step under smoldering condition, producing signature compounds like butenal, methylfuran, furanylalcohol, and naphthol. The mass spectra of bituminous coal featured characteristic peaks, including m/z 192 (methylphenanthrene), 206, 220 (alkylated phenanthrenes), and 234 (retene). Anthracite coal showed a potential tracer at m/z 223, shifting from OC1 in smoldering to OC2 in flaming. Clean coal under flaming condition exhibited elevated levels of aromatic compounds, indicating potential toxicity, with peaks at m/z 178 (phenanthrene), 228 (chrysene/benz[a]anthracene), 234 (retene), 242 (methylchrysene), and 252 (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene). Results also showed that the broader mass spectra range in the OC3 and OC4 steps across all coal types suggests that high-temperature pyrolysis promotes diversity. These findings contribute to refined source apportionment of carbon emissions from residential coal combustion and provide the scientific basis for the formulation of air pollution prevention strategies, crucial for coal-dependent regions.

Slow pyrolysis experimental investigation on the tar formation and its pyrolysis behavior characteristics

The problems of safety, environment and cost caused by biomass tar hinder the development of biomass-to-syngas technology. In this paper, the characteristics of biomass tar formation and pyrolysis behavior were studied by using a tubular furnace and a thermogravimetric analyzer. The activation energy and pyrolysis mechanism function of different pyrolysis tar samples were determined. Results indicated that phenols, furan-containing structures, ketones and other oxygen-containing organic compounds were the main components. The tar yield reached its maximum at 700 °C. Before 500 °C, the change of tar composition was mainly related to the decomposition of biomass structure. After 500 °C, the tar underwent homogeneous transformation, and after 700 °C, the secondary reaction of tar intensified. Among the three stages of tar pyrolysis, the first stage had the largest mass loss. And the pyrolysis mechanism functions followed by first stage of the two different tar were obviously different. 600 °C pyrolysis tar followed the Diffusion model, while 800 °C pyrolysis tar followed the Order of reaction model.

Solar oil refinery: Solar-driven hybrid chemical cracking of residual oil towards efficiently upgrading fuel and abundantly generating hydrogen

There is an urgent need to shift away from the present heavy dependence on fossil fuels and embrace renewable energy sources, particularly in the context of the energy-intensive oil refining process. Built on the Solar Reactive Utilization framework, this study presents an innovative concept called the Solar Oil Refinery, applying solar energy in the energy-demanding oil refining. Herein, a solar multi-energies-driven hybrid chemical oil refining system, exemplified by residual oil cracking, has been successfully developed and formulated in solar-driven thermo-electrochemical cracking of residual oil. This integrated solar oil refining system, coupled with solar pyrolysis and electrolysis - synergistic thermo- and electrochemistry, can greatly promote the “cracking” of residual oil. Owing to the simultaneous applications of solar heat, solar electricity, and the relevant chemical reactions, the system can significantly improve solar utilization efficiency, the cracking rate and the hydrogen yield. In the operation, solar energy, co-functioning with oil, is converted into light hydrocarbon fuel with the advantage of excess hydrogen energy storage. Notably, the temperature required for solar oil cracking is considerably reduced compared with that of conventional pyrolysis, with a cracking rate of 11.2% at the initial temperature of 230 ℃. As the temperature rises, the cracking rate is elevated, reaching 45.22% at 275 ℃ and an impressive 89.85% at the typical temperature of 425 ℃, in contrast to the 44.25% achieved in conventional pyrolysis. In the conventional pyrolysis, the gas, liquid, solid products and unreacted residual oil are accounted for 3.98%, 24.57%, 15.57%, and 55.75%, respectively, but, in the solar oil cracking, the gas, liquid, solid products and residual oil improve to 13.2%, 75.1%, 1.65%, and 10.05%, respectively. This process is characterized by a substantial increase of gas and liquid phase products, coupled with a significant reduction of solid phase products and unreacted residual oil. At 425 ℃, a noteworthy increase of 10.7% in gasoline, 21.7% in diesel, and 18.13% in vacuum gas oil occurs in solar oil cracking compared to conventional pyrolysis. The presence of light hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing organic compounds are detected in both gas-phase and liquid-phase products. In solar oil cracking, the hydrogen yield has been significantly boosted to 63.0% in the combined action of the hydrolysis and electrolysis, surpassing the hydrogen yield achieved through the conventional pyrolysis. The simultaneous utilization of both solar heat and solar electricity which substantially enhances total solar utilization efficiency and the oil conversion rate, can effectively reduce the consumption of the fossil energy in petroleum industry.

Catalytic ethanolysis of Hanglaiwan long flame coal to organic small-molecular compounds under mild conditions over SAPO-34-supported nickel nanoparticle catalyst

SAPO-34-supported nickel nanoparticle catalyst Ni/SAPO-34 was prepared by a modified deposition-precipitation method and nickel nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed onto the SAPO-34 crystal surface. Hanglaiwan long flame coal (HLFC) was subjected to the catalytic ethanolysis (CE) over Ni10%/SAPO-34 at 300 °C under 1 MPa of initial nitrogen pressure for 4 h to obtain more soluble organic small-molecule compounds (SOSMCs). Ni10%/SAPO-34 can effectively activate ethanol to release H+, +CH2CH3, and H-, and then precisely cleave >CH-O- and >Car-O- bridged bonds in HLFC. As a result, the total yield of soluble portion (SP) increases from 43.2 to 60.5 wt%. Arenes and oxygen-containing organic compounds are the main SOSMCs detected in SPCE from the CE and SPNCE from the ethanolysis, and the yields of arenes, hydroarenes, and phenols in SPCE are higher than those in SPNCE. In addition, compared to SPNCE, the condensation degree of aromatic rings in SPCE is higher. This investigation provides a promising alternative to the clean and value-added utilization of low-rank coals.

Investigation on the catalytic performance of magnetic copper ferrite nanoparticles in the catalytic hydroconversion of Hanglaiwan long flame coal

Magnetic copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method and used for the catalytic hydroconversion (CHC) of Hanglaiwan long flame coal (HLFC) in cyclohexane under 1 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure (IHP) at 300 °C for 4 h. The total yield of soluble portion (SP) from the CHC is 33.7 wt%, significantly being higher than that (10.5 wt%) from the non-CHC (NCHC) under the same conditions. The main compounds detected in SPCHC (for CHC) are arenes and oxygen-containing organic compounds (OCOCs). Benzyloxybenzene (BOB), 2-(benzyloxy)naphthalene (BON), oxybis(methylene)dibenzene (OBMDB), oxydibenzene (ODB), and 2,2′-oxydinaphthalene (ODN) were used as HLFC-related model compounds to investigate the catalytic activity of CuFe2O4 and understand the CHC mechanism of HLFC. According to the model reactions, CuFe2O4 activates H2 to biatomic active hydrogen (H…H) and splits H…H to mobile H+ and immobile H-. H+ addition to oxygen atoms (OAs) in >C-O- bridged bonds (BBs) cleaves the BBs and releases SP during the CHC of HLFC.

Release and evolution mechanism of oxygen-containing compounds and aromatics during the co-pyrolysis of waste tire and bamboo sawdust/rice husk by Py-GC/MS

Using the measurement technique pyrolysis gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry, the release characteristics of oxygen-containing compounds and aromatics during the pyrolysis of waste tire (WT) and the co-pyrolysis of WT and bamboo sawdust (BS)/rice hull (RH) were analyzed at low temperature (350 °C), medium temperature (550 °C) and high temperature (750 °C). The oxygen-containing compounds from the WT pyrolysis contained acids, phenols, alcohols, esters, peroxides and oxygen-containing heterocycles. Especially, the acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid presented the highest proportion of 8.68% at 350 °C. The oxygen-containing compounds proportion showed a sharply decreasing trend with the increase of temperature. The aromatics proportion was extremely low at 350 °C and 550 °C, while aromatics proportion was as high as 44.64%, including benzene, alkyl substituted benzene, indene, naphthalene and alkyl substituted naphthalene at 750 °C. The proportion of benzene, toluene and xylene was 17.05%, and that of naphthalene and its derivatives was 7.86%. After adding BS or RH, the aromatics proportion increased at 550 °C. The aromatics proportion decreased by more than 16% with the addition of BS, while the aromatics proportion increased with the addition of RH, such as benzene, indene and naphthalene derivatives. It was also found that the relative oxygen-containing components and aromatics proportion showed an opposite trend along the temperature. At 750 °C, oxygen-containing compounds could be converted into aromatics through a series of free radical reactions. For the WT pyrolysis, N-containing organic compounds proportion in gas product as the temperature increased. While the S-containing organic compounds were released into gas phase only at 550 °C. Adding BS could reduce the formation of N- and S- containing organic compounds. However, adding RH inhabited the N-containing organic compounds formation only at 350 °C. Adding RH also inhabited the formation of S-containing organic compounds formation, while this while this positive effect was weaker than that of adding BS. Finally, according to the obtained results from Py-GC/MS at different temperatures, it was found that the active oxygen-containing free radicals released from BS could promote the chain breaking of rubber components and release hydrogen free radicals. With the aggravation of hydrogen transfer reaction, the oxygen-containing organic compounds were continuously transformed into hydrocarbon products. Co-pyrolysis promoted decarboxylation and decarbonylation reaction, resulting in the formation of H2 and free radicals, thus promoting the generation of alicyclic hydrocarbons, aliphatic chain hydrocarbons and benzene. This work provided the in-depth comparison and investigation the waste tire pyrolysis and products evolution.

Mesoporous zeolite Beta supported Ni nanoparticles for the catalytic hydroconversion of extraction portion from Jinjitan subbituminous coal to cycloalkanes

The catalytic hydroconversion (CHC) of heavy carbon organic species (HCOSs) to cycloalkanes represents an importantly used chemical industry process due to the wide applicability of the resulting products in energy and fine chemistry. Despite the existing conventional catalysts applied to the CHC of HCOSs, the development of highly active bifunctional Ni-based heterogeneous catalysts for this process is still a challenge. Therefore, we show that the modified deposition–precipitation of nickel (II) nitrate on hydrothermally synthesized mesoporous zeolite Beta (MZB) prepares a Ni/MZB catalyst with a through-crosslinking mesopore structure and uniformly disperse Ni nanoparticles (NPs) at rough MZB crystal surface. The 10%Ni/MZB (10% Ni loading), in the presence of exposing on amount of accessible Lewis acid sites (LASs) and attaching Ni NPs by chemical bonding from the silica matrix of MZB skeleton, exhibits excellent activity to promote the CHC of all kind of aromatic rings and heteroatom-containing species, including chain alkanes, arenes, oxygen-containing organic compounds (OCOCs), nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NCOCs), and sulfur-containing organic compounds (SCOCs), to produce cycloalkanes and hydroarenes under mild conditions. Interestingly, density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the transfer of biatomic active hydrogen (H…H) and heterogenous H+ from 10%Ni/MZB plays important roles during the CHC of diphenoxybenzene (DPOB). After being recycled 4 times, 10%Ni/MZB is still maintains high activity for CHC of DPOB under mild conditions.

ETHOXYCARBONYLATION OF PENTENE-1 IN THE PRESENCE OF PdCl2(PPh3)2-PPh3-AlCl3SYSTEM

Reactions based on CO allow the synthesis of almost all oxygen-containing organic compounds, which are important raw materials for obtaining practically valuable products of wide consumption. Alkoxycarbonylation of olefins with CO and various alcohols in the presence of metal complex catalysts synthesizes esters of carboxylic acids in one step. The purpose:In accordance with previously synthesized ethyl esters of enanthic and 2-methylcapronic acids in the reaction of ethoxycarbonylation of hexene-1 with СОin the presence of the catalytic system PdCl2(PPh3)2-PPh3-AlCl3in this work we planned to synthesize ethyl esters of capronic and 2-methylvalerian acids by hydroethoxycarbonylation of pentene-1 with CO in the presence of the same catalytic system. Methodology: The autoclave was sealedand then filled with CO to 1.5 MPa pressure. The pressure of CO was brought to 2.0 MPa, the temperature was raised to 1000C for 1 hour and at this pressure and temperature the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h. Results and discussion: Experimental results show that the reaction proceeds with the formation of two isomeric products of linear (EECA) and branched structure (EE-2-MVA). Optimal reaction conditions have been found, at which the yield of the target products (sum of isomeric esters of EECA and EE-2-MVA) reaches 74.72 %. Conclusion:The catalytic activity of the three-component system PdCl2(PPh3)2-PPh3-AlCl3 containing AlCl3as a promoter in the reaction of ethoxycarbonylation of pentene-1 has been established. The reaction proceeds with the formation of two isomeric products of linear (EECA) and branched structure (EE-2-MVA).

Catalytic hydroconversion of an organic waster oil to cyclanes over Ni/SiO2

An organic waster oil (OWO) was ultrasonically extracted with isometric acetone/carbon disulfide mixed solvent at room temperature to obtain extractable portion (EP) with the yield of 99.1%. Ni/SiO2 was prepared by a deposition–precipitation method. EP consist of arenes (34.1%), oxygen-containing organic compounds (OCOCs, 62.4%), and nitrogen-containing aromatics (NCAs, 3.5%) determined with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). It was subjected to catalytic hydroconversion (CHC) over Ni/SiO2 in n-hexane under initial hydrogen pressure (IHP) of 4 MPa at 220 °C for different periods of time to obtain catalytically hydroconverted EPs (CHCEPs). All the organic species detected in EP were completely converted into cyclanes in CHCEP6 and the heat value increased from 28.52 to 37.04 MJ kg−1 by the CHC. In Ni/SiO2, highly dispersed nickel nanoparticles and mesoporous support with suitable acid sites play significant roles in hydrogenating aromatic rings and removing heteroatoms, respectively. To understand the mechanism for the CHC of EP, the catalytic activity of Ni/SiO2 was investigated using 4-cumylphenol (CP) and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (TPB) as the OWO-related model compounds. As a result, CP and TPB were completely converted over Ni/SiO2 in n-hexane at 220 °C or 200 °C under 4 MPa of IHP for 2 h, proving that Ni/SiO2 exhibits favorable CHC reactivity under mild conditions. Moreover, Ni/SiO2 has excellent cyclability after 4 runs and can be recovered by reduction with H2 at 500 °C for 4 h.

Complex mixture toxicology: Evaluation of toxicity to freshwater aquatic receptors from biodegradation metabolites in groundwater at a crude oil release site, recent analogous results from other authors, and implications for risk management

Aquatic toxicity posed by the complex mixture of biodegradation metabolites and related oxygen-containing organic compounds (OCOCs) in groundwater at typical petroleum release sites is of concern to regulatory agencies; several are using results from laboratory studies in older literature that are not appropriate analogs for risk management. Recent field studies from typical sites and natural groundwater should be utilized. In this study, OCOCs downgradient of the biodegrading crude oil release at the USGS Bemidji site were tested for freshwater aquatic toxicity using unaltered whole groundwater samples. This type of testing is optimal because the entire mixture of OCOCs present is tested directly and assessment is not affected by analytical limitations. Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas were tested for toxicity using USEPA Methods 1002 and 1000, which estimate chronic toxicity. OCOCs in representative samples up to the maximum concentration tested of 1710 ug/L Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) (nC10 to nC40; without silica gel cleanup) did not result in effects relative to the lab control for C. dubia survival, or for P. promelas survival or growth; and did not result in effects above background for C. dubia reproduction. This is consistent with findings using the same testing methods and species on samples from 14 biodegrading fuel release sites: OCOCs did not cause increased toxicity relative to background at a maximum tested concentration of 1800 ug/L TPH (nC10 to nC28). Based on their toxicity testing using the same species and USEPA methods on groundwater from a biodegrading diesel release site, Washington Department of Ecology recently set a freshwater screening level for OCOCs at 3000 ug/L TPH (“Weathered DRO”). These studies indicate that, in the absence of dissolved hydrocarbons, OCOCs in groundwater from typical biodegrading fuel or crude oil releases are not toxic to C. dubia or P. promelas at typical concentrations.

The use of augmented reality in chemistry lessons in the study of “Oxygen-containing organic compounds” using the mobile application Blippar

A training kit has been created to study the topic of “Oxygen-containing organic compounds” using augmented reality. We chose the Blippar platform to work, it is quite simple and relatively free. The kit contains markers we have developed, on which, with the camera from the Blippar application, students will be able to observe thematic experiments and molecules of individual substances with the help of augmented reality. There was also a study on the effectiveness of our developments to implement augmented reality in the course of chemistry. The study results showed an increase in pupils’ motivation to study chemistry and their level of interest, facilitating the perception of the theoretical foundations of organic chemistry related to the spatial structure of molecules. Also, the use of augmented reality technologies creates the conditions for improving the level of digital and technological competencies of students, provides support for high quality teaching of chemistry in distance learning.

Comprehensive investigation of the mechanisms for pyrolyzing macromolecular networks in Hecaogou subbituminous coal by comparing the ethanolysis and flash pyrolysis

The organic macromolecular networks (MMNs) from Hecaogou subbituminous coal (HSBC) were investigated by multiple technical strategies, including SEM, 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, XPS, TG/DTG, and flash pyrolysis (FP) technology. The pyrolysis mechanisms of MMNs were effectively investigated to release organic volatile species between ethanolyzed (E) inextractable portion (IEPE) and FP of IEP (IEPFP) at molecular level. In detail, solid-state 13C NMR analysis shows that carbon skeleton of IEP mainly consists of aliphatic (59.6%) and aromatic carbons (39.3%). XPS analysis shows that the >C–OH groups, pyrrolic, and sulfonic sulfurs in IEP surface are the most abundant O-, N-, and S-containing species. FTIR analysis proves that the weak- and medium >Cal-X (X denotes Cal<, H, O-, N<, and S-) in IEP could be cleaved during ethanolysis. Based on the destructive analysis with TG/DTG, the structure of MMNs in IEP features dissociating small molecular groups with different types >Cal-X bridge bonds, which facilitates the release of organic volatile species and then prevents the thermal condensation during pyrolysis process. Additionally, the relative content (RC) in IEPE of various organic species are as follows: chain alkanes (CAs, 18.5%), alkenes (0.9%), arenes (11.9%), and oxygen-containing organic compounds (OCOCs, 58.4%), while the RC of CAs (46.8%), alkenes (17.5%), arenes (16.8%), and OCOCs (13.8%) in IEPFP. Comprehensive investigation and detailed analysis the distribution of organic species further prove that the active hydrogen (H‧) cleave the >Cal-X of MMNs at different positions during the pyrolysis process to obtain more CAs, alkenes, alkanols, and phenols at molecular level.

Facile and continuous synthesis of graphene nanoflakes in RF thermal plasma

The aim of this work was to test the oxygen-containing organic compounds as prospective precursors of graphene flakes in a radiofrequency thermal plasma jet. The research covered the plasma processing of nine compounds, including alcohols, carboxylic acids, etc. Herein, the influence of the operating parameters, namely pressure, applied power, precursor feeding rate, and addition of hydrogen, on the efficiency of the product formation rate and yield was thoroughly studied. The morphology of the obtained materials was investigated by electron microscopy. The graphitization was evaluated via Raman spectroscopy. The thermal stability of products was studied utilizing thermogravimetry. Finally, the chemical composition was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Five compounds (ethanol, butyric acid, propionic acid, acetic anhydride, acetaldehyde) were found to be suitable precursors for continuous synthesis of graphene flakes, while ethyl acetate gave the mixture of graphene flakes and quasi-spherical byproduct. The plasma processing of methanol, formic acid, and acetic acid did not form any solid product.

Identification, distribution and geochemical significance of dinaphthofurans in coals

All six dinaphthofuran (DNF) isomers have been unequivocally identified in sedimentary organic matter through the co-injection with commercially available standards for the first time. The elution order and retention indices (I) of dinaphthofurans (DNFs) were obtained by GC–MS analysis. Quantum chemical computations were carried out to determine the thermodynamic stability sequence of DNF isomers, which is as follows: dinaphtho[1,2-b;2′,1′-d]furan > dinaphtho[1,2-b;1′,2′-d]furan > dinaphtho[1,2-b;2′,3′-d]furan > dinaphtho[2,1-b;2′,3′-d]furan > dinaphtho[2,3-b;2′,3′-d]furan > dinaphtho[2,1-b;1′,2′-d]furan. The DNF isomers are ubiquitous in coal samples in this study. The effects of maturity on the distribution patterns of DNFs in the coals were investigated and the relative abundance of dinaphtho[1,2-b;2′,1′-d]furan (1221DNF) to dinaphtho[1,2-b;2′,3′-d]furan (1223DNF) is significantly controlled by maturation. Based on theoretical calculations and geochemical data, a dinaphthofuran maturity indicator, defined as DNFR (1221DNF/1223DNF), is proposed. A preliminary calibration of DNFR against the vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) was established with the following relationship: %Rc = 1.27 × DNFR – 1.12 (for %Ro values > 1.00). DNFR is a useful indicator in evaluating the maturity for sediments with Type II–III organic matter. DNFs in coals may be produced during diagenesis and catagenesis and oxic environment contributes to their generation. This study helps us better understand the occurrence and significance of complex oxygen-containing organic compounds in sedimentary organic matter.

The Potential of Oxygenates to Increase the Risk of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons through Groundwater Contamination

The Clean Air Act (42 U.S. Code § 7401) is one of the United States of America’s most influential environmental laws. Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, oxygen-containing organic compounds must be added to some fossil fuels with the goal of combating CO2 and particulate emissions. However, one major implication is the effect of co-solvency on the leaching potentials of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into groundwater. Our research investigated this effect on three groups of recalcitrant PAHs that are present in diesel fuel. Our results reveal that ethanol addition enhances the leaching potentials of these otherwise hydrophobic contaminants, with 10% ethanol (E10) resulting in elution of all the PAHs studied. While 5% ethanol addition to diesel fuel resulted in the elution of an average of 2.5% of all the trimethylnaphthalenes and 6.0% of the C2 alkylphenanthrenes present in diesel fuel, 10% ethanol addition led to the elution of more than 80% of each of the studied trimethylnaphthalene peaks and more than 70% of each of the studied C2 alkylphenanthrene peaks present in diesel fuel. In view of the known mutagenic and carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to PAHs through groundwater contamination, our study highlights the need for energy scientists to carefully consider the environmental and health implications of ethanol-blended innovations holistically. It is not enough to save the atmosphere but ruin the hydrosphere and most importantly, human health.