Blood Oxygen Capacity Research Articles

THE HEMOGLOBIN, OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATIONS IN THE UMBILICAL BLOODS OF SHEEP AND GOATS AS SAMPLED VIA INDWELLING PLASTIC CATHETERS.

A method is described for the introduction of plastic catheters into the umbilical vessels of fetal goats and lambs whereby samples of blood may be obtained over a period of days and weeks in conditions in which the mother is free from obvious stress. The results of the analyses of samples so obtained, indicate that (1) the oxygen capacity of the fetal blood does not increase after 100 days and (2) that the oxygen saturation does not fall systematically in the last month of gestation. Data on the day to day variations in the blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH are reported.

The Influence of Body Size, Season, Sex, Age and Other Factors upon Some Blood Parameters in Small Mammals

Measurements were made of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit ratio, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and erythrocyte diameter in 34 species of wild mammals from widely separated areas in the United States and Canada representing 5 orders, 10 families and 25 genera. Included in these determinations were measurements on two races of Tamias striatus , two races of Oryzomys palustris , two races of Peromyscus leucopus and three races of Peromyscus maniculatus . Differences in blood values related to species, age, body size and other factors were evident. Hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit ratios and MCHC's showed a correlation with body size, smaller species generally having higher blood values. A number of exceptions were noted which were probably related to season, altitude, behavior or special physiological adaptations. Members of the families Soricidae and Vespertilionidae which include many small-bodied forms with high rates of metabolism generally had the highest blood values. Pregnant and lactating females usually had lower mean blood values than non-gravid females and males, but no significant differences were found between adult non-gravid females and males. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values in juveniles were often significantly lower than in adults. There was some indication that erythrocyte size was larger in juveniles than in adults, and this may have compensated in some unexplained way for the lower hemoglobin and hematocrit values. No significant differences were noted between the blood values of immatures (subadults) and adults. Seasonal differences in mean blood values were observed in cotton rats ( Sigmodon hispidus ), harvest mice ( Reithrodontomys fulvescens ) and deer mice ( Peromyscus leucopus , P. maniculatus and P. boylii ). Lower blood values in summer in cotton rats could possibly be correlated with either increase in weight or increase in the ambient temperature of the environment during this season. A tendency for high-altitude forms to have higher mean blood values than forms living at low altitudes was noted, but it was inferred from the data that the differences were probably mainly due to differences in ambient temperature. High blood oxygen capacities associated with high hemoglobin and hematocrit values in species of small body size with high metabolic rates would be a distinct advantage in increasing the delivery of oxygen to the tissues. The advantage of increased blood oxygen capacity of the smaller species coupled with a higher carbonic anhydrase activity in their red cells is discussed.

Blood Oxygen Capacity in Ranid Frogs

The blood oxygen capacity of 145 frogs, including 50 Rana pipiens, 43 R. clamitans, and 52 R. catesbeiana, was determined by the Grant modification of the Roughton and Scholander microgaso- metric syringe method. Hemoglobin concentrations were determined by the acid-hematin method, and erythrocyte counts were made in all of the R. pipiens, in 15 R. clamitans, and in 9 R. catesbeiana. R. pipiens, R. clamitans, and R. catesbeiana were found to have a mean body weight of 33.1, 30.4, and 132.8 gm; a mean standard length of 72.7, 68.9, and 98.1 mm; a mean blood oxygen capacity of 10.3, 6.0, and 6.9 vol. %; a mean hemoglobin concentration of 9.9, 6.5, and 6.5 gm per 100 ml of blood; and a mean erythrocyte count of 0.379 x 106, 0.320 x 106, and 0.280 x 106 per cmm of blood, respectively. Significant differences exist when the mean blood oxygen capacities of the two aquatic species, R. clamitans and R. catesbeiana, were compared with the mean blood oxygen capacity of the semi-terrestrial R. pipiens. A significant difference was also found between R. clamitans and R. cates- beiana in regard to their blood oxygen capacities. Sexual dimorphism in regard to blood oxygen capacity was not found in R. pipiens. Wide differences in the body weight of male and female. frogs in the other two species made the determination of this parameter infeasible. The data show that as the body weight in each of the three species in- creases, the blood oxygen capacity per gram of body weight decreases; this relation also exists in fishes, turtles, birds, and mammals.

The role of haemoglobin in the aquatic pulmonate, Planorbis corneus

1. 1. Limiting external pO 2's have been determined for full and zero saturation of arterial and venous blood of Planorbis corneus and the pO 2 range for pigment function has been deduced. 2. 2. For oxygen uptake from the lung the pigment is functional over the pulmonary pO 2 range 20–60 mm; this is precisely the region over which Planorbis pulmonary oxygen utilization exceeds that in Lymnaea stagnalis lacking a respiratory pigment. 3. 3. Cutaneous uptake is facilitated by haemoglobin down to a dissolved pO 2 of about 30 mm. 4. 4. The oxygen capacity of Planorbis blood was found to range from 0.94 to 2.49 vol per cent; the question of a possible storage function is discussed.

Blood Oxygen Capacity in Turtles

Blood oxygen capacity determinations were made on 40 individuals of the aquatic turtle, Chrysemys picta, and 48 individuals of the terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina. The turtles were collected under natural conditions from 4 counties in eastern Virginia. All blood oxygen determinations were made by the Grant modification of the Roughton-Scholander microgasometric syringe method. Statistically, there was neither a significant difference between the mean oxygen capacities of the aquatic and terrestrial turtles, nor between males and females within each species. The mean values in volumes per cent were: C. picta total sample - 6.6 (males = 6.5, females = 6.8); T. carolina total sample = 5.9 (males - 5.4, females = 6.3). However, there was a relation between blood oxygen capacity and body weight in each species in that the blood oxygen capacity per gram of body weight decreases as the body weight increases. This relation has been shown previously to exist in mammals and fishes.

The oxygen capacity of fetal hemoglobin

The oxygen capacity of fetal blood has been noted to be the same as that of the blood of the human adult. Statistical considerations allow the assumption that the oxygen capacity of fetal hemoglobin is the same as that of the adult hemoglobin as defined by resistance to alkaline denaturation.

Comparative Gas Carrying Capacities of Blood from Brahman and Hereford Cattle

The carbon dioxide and oxygen contents, oxygen capacity and percent oxygen saturation of venous blood are presented for 36 Hereford (Bos taurus) and 36 Brahman (Bos indicus) female bovines. The animals were divided according to two breeds, three ages (calves, heifers and mature cows) and two levels of dietary protein (100% and 50% of the N.R.C. recommended allowances). Venous blood from Hereford cattle had significantly more carbon dioxide than that from Brahmans. Calf blood had less oxygen than blood from heifers or cows. Oxygen capacity expressed on both the total volume and body weight basis decreased while the percent oxygen saturation of blood increased with age. A 50% reduction in dietary protein did not affect the blood gases studied when expressed in volumes percent. However, when oxygen capacity was expressed on a body weight basis, animals receiving the recommended protein allowance had a significantly lower oxygen capacity. This effect was probably the result of differences in body weight and composition.

The Oxygen Capacity of Goldfish (Carassius Auratus L.) Blood in Relation to Thermal Environment*

ABSTRACT The Roughton & Root (1945) modification of the Van Slyke method for measuring haemoglobin content of blood as carboxyhaemoglobin is satisfactory for fish blood, provided at least 0·1 ml. is available. Measurements of iron content are of doubtful value in estimating the oxygen capacity of fish blood. The following photometric methods of determining haemoglobin content were found to be unreliable with fish blood : acid haematin, alkaline haematin and cyanhaematin. The following photometric procedures gave satisfactory measurements of the haemoglobin content of fish blood: Haldane (carboxyhaemoglobin), oxyhaemoglobin and pyridine haemochromogen. Blood from goldfish acclimatized to temperatures near the extremes of their thermal range shows no difference from normal blood in oxygen capacity.

Fetal blood studies: X. A comparative study of the oxygen capacity of human fetal blood in normal and abnormal pregnancy: Prystowsky: p. 264

Fetal blood studies: X. A comparative study of the oxygen capacity of human fetal blood in normal and abnormal pregnancy: Prystowsky: p. 264

Oxygen capacity and affinity of blood from erythroblastotic newborns. I. Effects of plasma environment on erythrocytes containing fetal or adult hemoglobin.

Difference between the hemoglobins of the fetus and the adult was first demonstrated by Korber in 18661and has been found in all species subsequently studied. Distinctions between the two hemoglobins have been demonstrated by several methods, particularly resistance to alkaline denaturation,2chemical structure,3immunological properties,4behavior of monomolecular layers,5and electrophoretic mobility.6 The oxygen dissociation curves were first investigated by Huggett7in 1927, who found that the curve of blood from the goat fetus did not resemble the curves measured on the bloods of adults of other species, which might indicate the presence of an unusual form of hemoglobin. Barcroft and his co-workers8(1934) studied the degree of inflection and the position of curves from fetal and maternal blood in the goat at weekly intervals in the later stages of pregnancy. The dissociation curve of fetal blood not only lay to

Respiratory response of anesthetized dogs to progressive anemic hypoxia.

Breath-to-breath analyses of air-flow responses of lightly anesthetized dogs to progressive anemic hypoxia by hemodilution or by breathing dilute carbon monoxide in air reveal only moderate changes in pulmonary ventilation. However, tidal volume undergoes progressive diminution, the alveolar ventilation remaining normal or slightly above normal by the concurrent increase in breathing rate. Despite the increase in breathing rate, hypoventilation and respiratory failure ensue when but 20–30% of the blood oxygen capacity is present. Administration of oxygen of high concentration to severely hypoxic dogs increases tidal volume, usually slowing the rate. The experimental method described lends itself to the study of factors which regulate and control pulmonary ventilation in the absence of chemoreceptor activity and when diminished blood oxygen capacity is the primary disturbing factor.

A spectrophotometic method for the rapid estimation of blood oxygen saturation, content, and capacity.

A spectrophotometic method for the rapid estimation of blood oxygen saturation, content, and capacity.

Blood oxygen capacity of albino rats.

The oxygen capacity of the blood of 64 albino Rattus norvegicus (Sherman strain) was determined by the microgasometric syringe method. Data were obtained showing the relationship of blood oxygen capacity to weight and sex of the animals. It was found that blood oxygen capacity in volumes per cent increased as the weight of the rats increased. Statistically, there was no difference in the blood values in either male or female rats as analyzed in different weight groups and ranges. Also, the oxygen capacity of the blood per unit of body weight decreased as the weight of the rats increased.

A note on determination of oxygen capacity of blood.

A note on determination of oxygen capacity of blood.

The arterial blood gases, the oxygen dissociation curve, and the acid-base balance in polycythemia vera.

Studies of the circulation and pulmonary function in normal children and in patients with polycythemia related to cyanosis in congenital heart disease raised questions concerning the extent to which polycythemia itself might be responsible for some of the abnormalities observed in the blood in cyanotic congenital heart disease. These questions concerned the possibility that the increased viscosity of polycythemic blood might prevent proper diffusion of oxygen in the alveolarcapillary system, resulting in arterial oxygen unsaturation, the characteristics of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in polycythemia vera, since this has been found shifted to the right in the blood of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (1), and the relation of a low CO2 content and combining power to polycythemia, since these were observed to be low in the secondary polycythemia of congenital heart disease (2-4). Studies of the blood in polycythemia vera were made and compared with similar studies in cyanotic congenital heart disease. These included determinations of the oxygen content, oxygen capacity and oxygen saturation of arterial blood, the effect of breathing oxygen on the oxygen content of such blood, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and the carbon dioxide content, combining

Red cell volume, water content and oxygen capacity of blood expelled from spleen of the dog by epinephrine.

ArticleRed Cell Volume, Water Content and Oxygen Capacity of Blood Expelled From Spleen of the Dog by EpinephrineKenneth E. PenrodKenneth E. PenrodFrom the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, North CarolinaPublished Online:30 Sep 1952https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1952.171.1.233MoreSectionsPDF (784 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 171Issue 1September 1952Pages 233-237 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1952 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1952.171.1.233PubMed12985985History Received 26 June 1952 Published online 30 September 1952 Published in print 30 September 1952 Metrics

Blood haemoglobin: the relationship between oxygen capacity and iron content of blood in men and women

Blood haemoglobin: the relationship between oxygen capacity and iron content of blood in men and women

THE EFFECT OF SULFONAMIDES ON THE BLOOD OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CAPACITY, ARTERIAL SATURATION, AND BLOOD PIGMENTS

ArticleTHE EFFECT OF SULFONAMIDES ON THE BLOOD OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CAPACITY, ARTERIAL SATURATION, AND BLOOD PIGMENTSJohn F. Hall JR.John F. Hall JR.From the Aero Medical Laboratory, U. S. Army Air Forces, Wright Field, Dayton, OhioPublished Online:01 Jan 1944https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1944.140.4.483MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 140Issue 4January 1944Pages 483-489 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1944 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1944.140.4.483History Received 15 September 1943 Published online 1 January 1944 Published in print 1 January 1944 Metrics

The blood volume and oxygen capacity of the fœtal blood in the goat

The blood volume and oxygen capacity of the fœtal blood in the goat

Oxygen Capacity and Hemoglobin Content of Normal Blood of Men.

It is almost universally recognized that Haldane's figure for the oxygen capacity of human blood (18.5 vol. p. c.) is too low. In spite of this the old standard is still used. A recent text book1 states that “the standard (referring to Haldane's) is regarded by American workers as too low,” and Drinker,2 in describing a hemoglobin standard, writes that “although the blood of normal men in this country .… contains on the average 16.6 gm. of hemoglobin which would correspond to an oxygen capacity of about 22 p. c., it was thought best to keep Haldane's standard for the present.” It appears unreasonable to accept as a standard a scale on which every normal blood is well over 100 p.c. Haldane's figure was based on an original series of 12 men3 and substantiated later by a second series of equal size.4 Although Haldane's method of analysis has long since outlived its usefulness, and we now have an accurate and simple method for determining blood oxygen, no extensive observations on normal subjects have been re...