Oxygen Anaesthesia Research Articles

Input from muscle and cutaneous nerves of the hand and forearm to neurones of the precentral gyrus of baboons and monkeys.

1. The precentral bank of the Rolandic fissure of the cortical arm area has been explored with extracellular micro-electrodes in primates (baboons and monkeys) under nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia, supplemented by small doses of Parkesernyl(R) and chloralose. The results in baboons and monkeys were the same.2. Single units were classified as pyramidal tract neurones or non-pyramidal tract neurones according to their antidromic responsiveness to stimuli applied in the dorsolateral funiculus at C1-2.3. Responses to electrical stimulation of the deep (motor) radial nerve, the deep palmar (motor) branch of the ulnar nerve, and the superficial (cutaneous) radial nerve could be recorded in the majority of neurones of the motor cortex provided that short trains of strong stimuli were used. Minimal responses to muscle nerve stimulation were observed in a few neurones at 1.4 x group I threshold, but most units reacted only with higher stimulus intensities (2-3 x group I threshold).4. The latencies to peripheral nerve stimulation were measured from the first peak of the incoming volley recorded at the root entry zone. The mean response latencies of pyramidal tract cells were between 20 and 25 msec; non-pyramidal tract cells were activated at slightly shorter mean latencies, the difference being significant for superficial radial nerve stimulation only (4 msec). These latencies are more than twice as long as those recorded in the postcentral gyrus, and the probability of discharge is lower than for postcentral neurones.5. A further difference between neurones of the postcentral and precentral gyrus is the pronounced convergence from different nerves and also from different modalities (cutaneous and muscle afferents) in units of the precentral cortex in contrast to units of the postcentral cortex.6. The high thresholds, necessary to activate precentral neurones by muscle nerve stimulation, make it unlikely that group I muscle afferents are involved. This is, furthermore, indicated by the lack of responsiveness to intravenous injection of succinylcholine which was, however, effective for driving neurones of the specific projection area for group I afferents, area 3a. The present experiments are consistent with the view that sensitivity of precentral neurones to muscle stretch (described in previous studies) is due to activation of secondary muscle spindle endings and their ascending pathways.7. The original hypothesis of a load compensating ;pyramidal reflex' with an oligosynaptic afferent contribution from the spindle primaries can be discarded. The present findings indicate that there is a feed-back from secondary muscle spindle afferents which, by way of a more complex pathway, can modulate the firing frequency of neurones in the motor cortex.

Effects of halothane anesthesia on functional residual capacity and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference.

Functional residual capacity (FRC) and alveolarto-arterial oxygen tension difference (A-aDo2) were measured and compared in 16 patients prior to and during halothane: oxygen anesthesia with spontaneous respiration. After an hour of anesthesia (end-tidal halothane 1.0 per cent), FRC had decreased to 81 per cent of awake control values (range 50-104 per cent) and A-aDo2 had increased from a preoperative value of 145 to 232 torr. The decrease in FRC correlated inversely with the changes in A-aDo2 (r = 0.63, P

METHOHEXTTONE AS A SUPPLEMENT TO NITROUS OXIDE DURING INTRACRANIAL SURGERY

SUMMARY The use of a methohexitone drip to supplement nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia for intracranial surgery is described. Operating conditions are equally as good as those with thiopentone, and recovery at the end is more rapid and more complete.

A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA PART IA: THE DISCOVERY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OF OXYGEN

A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA PART IA: THE DISCOVERY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OF OXYGEN

A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA: PART XII: DEVELOPMENTS IN AMERICA AND NITROUS OXIDE ANAESTHESIA BETWEEN WORLD WARS

A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA: PART XII: DEVELOPMENTS IN AMERICA AND NITROUS OXIDE ANAESTHESIA BETWEEN WORLD WARS

Clinical Signs of Anesthesia

The clinical signs of anesthetic depth (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pupil diameter, pupil reactivity to light, tearing, and eye movement) were correlated with anesthetic dose in healthy young volunteers. During halothane, halothane—nitrous oxide, Forane, or Forane–nitrous oxide anesthesia at normal PaCO2 (controlled ventilation), only hypotension in the first hour of anesthesia correlated with anesthetic dose. After five hours of halothane or halothane–nitrous oxide, blood pressure remained constant as anesthetic concentration increased. During cyclopropane, diethyl ether, and fluroxene anesthesia, only pupillary dilatation and reduced pupil reactivity to light correlated with anesthetic dose. When nitrous oxide was added to halothane, ether, or fluroxene, mean arterial pressure rose and pupils dilated. During halothane–oxygen anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation, the rise in PaCO2 allowed less hypotension and increased heart rate. Tidal volume decreased and respiratory rate increased as anesthesia deepened. During Forane–oxygen anesthesia with spontaneous respiration, mean arterial pressure, tidal volume, and minute ventilation decreased as anesthesia deepened. In healthy surgical patients anesthetized with halothane or Forane only, incision of the skin modified the clinical signs significantly. While surgery continued, this change in clinical signs persisted during Forane anesthesia, but returned to control during halothane anesthesia.

A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA PART XI: THE USE OF HEWITT'S “MIXTURE” AND THE DEVELOPEMENT OF NASAL ADMINISTRATION

A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA PART XI: THE USE OF HEWITT'S “MIXTURE” AND THE DEVELOPEMENT OF NASAL ADMINISTRATION

Plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone in man during halothane anaesthesia and surgery.

Effects of halothane-nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia alone for 11/2 hours and of surgery on plasmaadh, serum osmolality, urine volume and urine osmolality were studied in 14 patients. The mean plasmaadh level after premedication with pentobarbitone, pethidine and atropine was 2.8 μu/ml, which was within normal limits (0.4–3.5 μu/ml). It increased significantly by as much as 2.7 times the control level after 11/2 hours of halothane anaesthesia. Surgical stress further increased it (7.5 times). Serum osmolality remained relatively stable.adh secretion appears to play a role on the decreased urine volume and elevated urine osmolality. The clinical application of the present study is also discussed.

Projection from low-threshold muscle afferents of hand and forearm to area 3a of baboon's cortex.

1. The precentral and postcentral banks of the Rolandic fissure of the arm area of the baboon's cortex have been probed to their depths with extracellular micro-electrodes under nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia, supplemented by minimal intravenous pentobarbitone or chloralose.2. Afferent volleys were sent in from the deep (motor) radial nerve and the deep palmar (motor) branch of the ulnar nerve. Their entry into the central nervous system was timed at the dorsal root entry zone. The nerves were stimulated in continuity and the effects of stimuli below threshold for the motor axons were investigated.3. Area 3a, in the depths of the postcentral bank, which is cytoarchitectonically transitional between areas 3 and 4, is the receiving area for afferent impulses from muscle.4. Evoked potential waves and unitary discharges began 4 msec, and the majority of units discharged between 5 and 10 msec, after the afferent volley reached the dorsal root entry zone.5. Similar responses were elicited by a brief pull (70 mu in 1 msec) or brief vibration (50 mu at 250-400 Hz) applied to the tendons of m. extensor digitorum communis.6. No potential waves were evoked in area 4, even in the depths adjacent to area 3a, by muscle afferent volleys.

Preliminary Observations on the Effect of Halothana and Oxygen Anesthesia on the Immunologic Response in Man

Preliminary Observations on the Effect of Halothana and Oxygen Anesthesia on the Immunologic Response in Man

SERUM ENDOGENOUS THYROXINE LEVELS IN MAN DURING ANAESTHESIA AND SURGERY

SUMMARY Determinations of serum thyroxine concentrations were made before induction of anaesthesia, after 20 minutes and 40 minutes of anaesthesia before operation, during operation, and after the end of operation in 36 patients. After 40 minutes of anaesthesia with diethyl ether and halothane there were significantly increased endogenous serum thyroxine concentrations, but thiopentone, nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia definitely decreased the thyroxine level. Surgical operation further elevated the serum thyroxine level in both ether and halathane anaesthesia groups but no significant rise of thyroxine levels was observed in the thiopentone, nitrous oxide and oxygen groups.

Pulmonary extravascular water volume during halothane-oxygen anesthesia in dogs.

Pulmonary extravascular water volume during halothane-oxygen anesthesia in dogs.

THE EFFECT OF METHOXYFLURANE ON THE FOETUS

SUMMARY Sixty-four patients received methoxyflurane analgesia and/or anaesthesia for labour and delivery. Analgesia with methoxyflurane-air produced satisfactory analgesia for labour and delivery in the multigravidae of Group I. Foetal and maternal blood levels did not increase with increased duration of inhaler use, apparently due to the absence of pain-induced hyperventilation. Patients in Group II required the addition of light methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia. This resulted in the highest foetal memoxyflurane levels of the three groups, and the highest rate of neonatal depression. Group III patients arrived with delivery imminent, and were given light methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia. Despite high maternal levels of methoxyflurane, foetal levels were no higher than in Group I, presumably because of the short duration of exposure. Methoxyflurane has little effect on the foetus if low concentrations are administered to the mother, or if the duration of higher concentrations is kept short.

A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA PART IVA: FURTHER LIGHT ON HICKMAN AND HIS TIMES

A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA PART IVA: FURTHER LIGHT ON HICKMAN AND HIS TIMES

RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF PENTAZOCINE AND PETHIDINE EN PATIENTS ANAESTHETIZED WITH HALOTHANE AND OXYGEN

SUMMARY The respiratory effects of pentazocine given intravenously in two doses of 30 mg at 10-minute intervals were measured in six patients during halothane and oxygen anaesthesia and compared with six other patients similarly anaesthetized receiving two doses of pethidine 30 mg. Measurements were made of minute volume, tidal volume, respiratory rate, oxygen consumption and blood gases. Pethidine caused a similar degree of respiratory depression after each injection. Pentazocine, while causing a slightly greater degree of depression after the first injection, had very much less effect after the second injection.

Pulmonary venous admixture before, during, and after halothane: oxygen anesthesia in man.

ArticlePulmonary venous admixture before, during, and after halothane: oxygen anesthesia in man.B E Marshall, P J Cohen, C H Klingenmaier, and S AukbergB E Marshall, P J Cohen, C H Klingenmaier, and S AukbergPublished Online:01 Nov 1969https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1969.27.5.653MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByPulmonary Gas Exchange in Coronary Artery Surgery Patients During Sevoflurane and Isoflurane AnesthesiaAnesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 94, No. 5The Ventilation-Perfusion Relation and Gas Exchange in Mitral Valve Disease and Coronary Artery Disease Implications for Anesthesia, Extracorporeal Circulation, and Cardiac SurgeryAnesthesiology, Vol. 86, No. 4Effects of halothane and isoflurane on rat ventricular action potentials recorded in situLife Sciences, Vol. 58, No. 16Pulmonary circulation during inhalation anaesthesiaBaillière's Clinical Anaesthesiology, Vol. 7, No. 4Tidal Volume, Lung Hyperinflation and Arterial Oxygenation during General Anaesthesia22 January 2019 | Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Vol. 21, No. 6References and further readingMinimum oxygen requirements during anaesthesia with the Triservice anaesthetic apparatus A study of drawover anaesthesia in the young adultAnaesthesia, Vol. 46, No. 1References and further readingDiazepam sedation reduces functional residual capacity and alters the distribution of ventilation in manCanadian Anaesthetists’ Society Journal, Vol. 30, No. 5Intravenous versus Inhalation Anesthesia - Pulmonary EffectsActa Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 26Einfluß von Inhalationsanaesthetika auf Lungenventilation und -perfusionThe Effect of Inhalation Anaesthetics on Pulmonary Ventilation and PerfusionEffect of general anaesthesia on respiratory functionLung, Vol. 159, No. 1Anaesthesia and the respiratory systemCanadian Anaesthetists’ Society Journal, Vol. 26, No. 6Pulmonary shunt as a prognostic indicator in head injuryJournal of Neurosurgery, Vol. 50, No. 6Pulmonary shunts in the prone positionAnaesthesia, Vol. 33, No. 6Hypoxia-induced Vasoconstriction in Isolated Perfused Lungs exposed to Injectable or Inhalation AnestheticsActa Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 21, No. 2LiteraturMagill circuit and controlled ventilationCanadian Anaesthetists’ Society Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2Pulmonary shunting during anaesthesia in manCanadian Anaesthetists’ Society Journal, Vol. 22, No. 6Hypoxemia, atelectasis, and the elevation of arterial pressure and heart rate in paralyzed artificially ventilated ratLife Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 7Influence of induction agent on pulmonary venous admixture during halothane: Oxygen anaesthesia with controlled respiration in manCanadian Anaesthetists’ Society Journal, Vol. 21, No. 5Pulmonary Consequences of Upper Abdominal Surgery—Therapeutic Considerations14 January 2019 | Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Vol. 2, No. 3Effects of Halothane and Hydrogen Ion Concentration on the Alteration of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Induced by Graded Alveolar Hypoxia in the Isolated Perfused Cat Lung14 January 2019 | Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Vol. 2, No. 3An up-dated method for determining v̇a/Q̇ inequalities and direct shunt using 02, CO2 and N2Respiration Physiology, Vol. 19, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 27Issue 5November 1969Pages 653-7 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1969.27.5.653PubMed5360438History Published online 1 November 1969 Published in print 1 November 1969 Metrics

Cardiac Arrythmia During Oral Surgery

To the Editor:— In Cardiac Arrhythmias During Oral Surgery With Halothane-Nitrous-Oxide (Oxygen Anesthesia by Fisch et al (208:1839, 1969), the authors reported an incidence of arrhythmias of 42.7%. This would certainly be an unusually high incidence with a welladministered anesthetic in which adequate depth, intubation of the trachea, and ventilatory support are accomplished, as is done in the operating room for more involved oral surgical procedures. In lightly anesthetized patients, with surgery being performed on the upper portion of the airway and anethesia being administered without intubation through a demand nonrebreathing system, a high incidence of arrhythmias can certainly be expected. Lightness of anesthetic depth and carbon dioxide buildup must be considered as significant contributing factors. I firmly agree that this is not the best technique to be used routinely in this type of situation. I would further state that not only this technique butno form of anesthesia

SERUM ENDOGENOUS THYROXINE LEVELS IN MAN DURING ANAESTHESIA AND SURGERY

SUMMARY Determinations of serum thyroxine concentrations were made before induction of anaesthesia, after 20 minutes and 40 minutes of anaesthesia before operation, during operation, and after the end of operation in 36 patients. After 40 minutes of anaesthesia with diethyl ether and halothane there were significantly increased endogenous serum thyroxine concentrations, but thiopentone, nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia definitely decreased the thyroxine level. Surgical operation further elevated the serum thyroxine level in both ether and halathane anaesthesia groups but no significant rise of thyroxine levels was observed in the thiopentone, nitrous oxide and oxygen groups.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF HALOTHANE ON POSTOPERATIVE VOMITING

SUMMARY Observations on the frequency and severity of postanaesthetic nausea and vomiting were made in 252 women undergoing minor gynaecological operations under general anaesthesia consisting of thiopentone, nitrous oxide and oxygen. Anaesthesia lasted for 10 minutes in all patients. One per cent halothane in oxygen was given for 5 minutes at the end of anaesthesia to two groups of cases, one with and one without atropine premedication. This did not lead to a statistically significant reduction of the incidence and severity of sickness as compared with the unpremedicated control group. The administration of halothane in this way did, however, lead to a significant reduction in emergence vomiting in atropine-premedicated patients. The incidence and severity of sickness after chlorpromazine premedication was significantly lower than in the control group. Trichloroethylene supplementation of nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia did not materially influence sickness as compared with the control group. The major part of postoperative sickness occurred in the first postoperative hour in patients without effective anti-emetic premedication.

OXYGEN AND ANAEMIA: THEIR EFFECTS IN MICE, ON INDUCTION TIME AND SURVIVAL TIME WITH HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA

SUMMARY This paper reports the results of five studies on female mice to investigate the effects of halothane anaesthesia in air and 100 per cent oxygen on induction time, survival time and sensitivity to halothane, in bled and unbled mice. Studies on the effect of anaemia on induction time and survival time showed that reductions of haemoglobin content significantly reduced induction times in mice anaesthetized with 10 per cent halothane in air and 100 per cent oxygen (2 1./min), but did not significandy affect the survival times in the same groups of mice. The use of 100 per cent oxygen instead of air as the anaesthetic vehicle caused a highly significant increase in induction times and survival times in both bled and unbled mice. Toxicity studies to determine the halothane concentrations required to kill 50 per cent and 99 per cent of mice in 30 minutes were used to confirm the results of the above survival studies. One study showed that in unbled mice, the mice were significantly more sensitive to halothane/air anaesthesia than to halothane/100 per cent oxygen anaesthesia. Other studies showed that a mean haemoglobin reduction of 31 per cent did not significandy affect the mouse sensitivity to halothane/100 per cent oxygen anaesthesia, but a reduction of 45 per cent significantly increased the sensitivity of the bled mice to halothane/100 per cent oxygen. Body weight was shown to have a highly significant effect on induction time and survival time with 10 per cent halothane/100 per cent oxygen, but a non-significant effect with 10 per cent halothane/air.