Oxo Ions Research Articles

Crystal structure of a blue laccase from Lentinus tigrinus: evidences for intermediates in the molecular oxygen reductive splitting by multicopper oxidases

BackgroundLaccases belong to multicopper oxidases, a widespread class of enzymes implicated in many oxidative functions in pathogenesis, immunogenesis and morphogenesis of organisms and in the metabolic turnover of complex organic substances. They catalyze the coupling between the four one-electron oxidations of a broad range of substrates with the four-electron reduction of dioxygen to water. These catalytic processes are made possible by the contemporaneous presence of at least four copper ion sites, classified according to their spectroscopic properties: one type 1 (T1) site where the electrons from the reducing substrates are accepted, one type 2 (T2), and a coupled binuclear type 3 pair (T3) which are assembled in a T2/T3 trinuclear cluster where the electrons are transferred to perform the O2 reduction to H2O.ResultsThe structure of a laccase from the white-rot fungus Lentinus (Panus) tigrinus, a glycoenzyme involved in lignin biodegradation, was solved at 1.5 Å. It reveals a asymmetric unit containing two laccase molecules (A and B). The progressive reduction of the copper ions centers obtained by the long-term exposure of the crystals to the high-intensity X-ray synchrotron beam radiation under aerobic conditions and high pH allowed us to detect two sequential intermediates in the molecular oxygen reduction pathway: the "peroxide" and the "native" intermediates, previously hypothesized through spectroscopic, kinetic and molecular mechanics studies. Specifically the electron-density maps revealed the presence of an end-on bridging, μ-η1:η1 peroxide ion between the two T3 coppers in molecule B, result of a two-electrons reduction, whereas in molecule A an oxo ion bridging the three coppers of the T2/T3 cluster (μ3-oxo bridge) together with an hydroxide ion externally bridging the two T3 copper ions, products of the four-electrons reduction of molecular oxygen, were best modelled.ConclusionThis is the first structure of a multicopper oxidase which allowed the detection of two intermediates in the molecular oxygen reduction and splitting. The observed features allow to positively substantiate an accurate mechanism of dioxygen reduction catalyzed by multicopper oxidases providing general insights into the reductive cleavage of the O-O bonds, a leading problem in many areas of biology.

Adsorption properties of oxidized gallium-modified zeolite ZSM-5 from diffuse reflectance IR and quantum-chemical data: 1. Interaction with hydrogen and ethane

Diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy was used to study adsorption and subsequent high-temperature hydrogen and ethane transformations on gallium ions in gallium-modified ZSM-5 zeolite. The results were correlated with the corresponding quantum-chemical calculations. From the experimental and calculated data, it follows that trivalent gallium oxo ions are reduced to the univalent state in a hydrogen or ethane atmosphere even at moderate temperatures. Therefore, gallium oxo ions can function as active sites only at the early stages of light-paraffin aromatization. At the later stages, the dehydrogenation of light paraffins involves univalent gallium ions through the formation of intermediate gallium and alkylgallium hydrides.

Oxoclusters of the Lanthanides Begin to Resemble Solid-State Materials at Very Small Cluster Sizes: Structure and NIR Emission from Nd(III)

The reaction of Nd(SePh)3 with SeO2 and Hg in pyridine gives the dodecanuclear cluster [(py)18Nd12O6Se4(Se2)4(SePh)4(Se2Ph)2Hg2(SePh)4][(Hg(SePh)3]2. In this compound the 12 Nd(III) ions are stacked in four sets of Nd3, with pairs of tetrahedral oxo ligands separating the Nd3 planes and Se, SeSe, SePh, pyridine, and HgSePh groups encapsulating the oxo core. Both the Nd-O bond lengths and the geometries about the oxo ions are remarkably similar to those found in solid-state Nd2O3. Near-IR emission experiments indicate that the cluster emission properties are less intense than those of highly emissive (DME)2Nd(SC6F5)3 or (THF)8Nd8O2Se2(SePh)16 but brighter than the nonemissive solid-state compound Nd2O3. Intensity variations are interpreted in terms of concentration quenching and phonon relaxation.

Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of an oxo-bridged dinuclear iron(III) complex [(TPyA)FFe IIIOFe IIIF(TPyA)](BF 4) 2 · 0.5MeOH (TPyA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) containing the FFe IIIOFe IIIF linkage

The reaction of [Fe II(H 2O) 6](BF 4) 2 with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPyA) and triethylamine in methanol under aerobic conditions forms [(TPyA)FFe IIIOFe IIIF(TPyA)](BF 4) 2 · 0.5MeOH ( 1), in which each Fe(III) ion is coordinated to a TPyA and an F − ion as well as an oxo ion (O 2−) linking two Fe(III) ions. 1 has offset face-to-face π–π interactions between the dimers, and possesses a supramolecular network structure. The magnetic susceptibility of 1 can be fit with g = 2.0, J/k B = − 153 K (106 cm −1), and θ = − 0.3 K [ H = − 2 JS a · S b]. These indicate that very strong antiferromagnetic interactions occur via the oxo bridge within the Fe(III) dimer and weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the dimers.

An ab initio cluster-in-lattice model for the luminescence of K 2NbOF 5 crystal

A converged model containing the NbOF 5 2 - cluster surrounded by 10 K + ions described by effective core potentials (ECPs) embedded into 36 unit cells of (partial-)point charges was used to calculate the electronic structure of the K 2NbOF 5 crystal. These calculations were performed with several ab initio methods: CIS, TD-HF and CAS(6,5) with the 6-31+G(d) basis sets for O and F and the ECP-SBK basis set for Nb being the most adequate ones. The effects of the surrounding (partial-)point charges are significant and a proper description by ECPs of the nearest ions (10 K +) is important, even for a qualitative model. The luminescence of the K 2NbOF 5 crystal is related to the charge-transfer transitions from the 2p lone-pair at the oxo ion to the 4d 0 orbitals of the Nb(V). The 4d orbitals on Nb are more strongly perturbed as the Nb O (niobyl) bond distance decreases, and are shifted upwards. Whereas, changes in the Nb–O bond distance do not affect the lowest transition energies. These results, in addition to a detailed analysis of the molecular orbitals involved in the transitions, corroborate localized behavior of the lowest transitions, which are characterized as charge-transfer bands within the niobyl moiety. A semi-quantitative description of the K 2NbOF 5 · H 2O crystal photophysics was obtained with the CAS(6,5)/6-31+G(d) method, where the flatness of the ground and first excited states minima explains the uncertainties in the crystallographic position of the Nb ions as well as the very large broadening of the observed bands.

Different coordination modes of tetradentate Schiff bases in monomeric and dimeric oxorhenium(V) complexes

The reactions of the tetradentate amine-phenol type Schiff bases H2sal2en (1,2-ethylenebis(salicylideneimine) and H2sal2mp (1,2-benzylenebis(salicylideneimine)) with trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] or (n-Bu4N)[ReOCl4] in air gave the products (µ-O)[ReO(sal2en)]2 (1) and [ReOCl(sal2mp)] (2), respectively. X-ray and spectroscopic studies have shown that 1 contains the linear O=Re–O–Re=O grouping, with the four donor atoms of sal2en2− coordinating in the square plane cis to the oxo ions. In 2, a cis oxo-chloro arrangement is observed with a phenolic oxygen being coordinated trans to the oxo group. The terminal Re=O bond lengths in 1 and 2 are 1.709(4) and 1.683(3) Å, respectively.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Oxime-Bridged Polynuclear Ni(II) and Cu(II) Complexes

Two new polynuclear complexes [Ni6(amox)6(mu6-O)(mu3-OH)2](Cl2).6H2O and [Cu3(amox)3(mu3-OH)(mu3-Cl)](ClO4).4H2O (amox- = anion of 4-amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone oxime) have been synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically. The Ni(II) complex contains a novel Chinese-lantern-like Ni6 cage centered by an oxo ion. It contains the nearest octahedral Ni(II)...Ni(II) separation (<2.8 A) and exhibits strong antiferromagnetic properties. The Cu(II) complex has a cyclic trinuclear copper(II) core bridged by both mu3-OH(-) and mu3-Cl(-) ions. The magnetic susceptibilities of both antiferromagnetic complexes were fitted by using approximate models.

Synthesis, Structure and Properties of a Novel Chloro-Oxo Alkoxide: Sr2Er2OCl(OPri)7(HOPri)4

A new chloro-oxo-alkoxide, Sr 2 Er 2 OCl(OPr i ) 7 (HOPr i ) 4 has been prepared by reacting 4ErCl 3 with 5Sr dissolved in toluene:HOPr i . The structure, determined by single-crystal X-ray techniques, is built from two polymer strands, each formed by repeating two molecular Sr 2 Er 2 O(OPr i ) 7 (HOPr i ) 4 complexes, inter-tied by a chloro atom. The four independent, but very similar complexes contain two Er and two Sr ions, all binding to a central oxo ion. The great similarity of the FT-IR and UV-vis-NIR spectra of the solid and the hexane/toluene/2-propanol solutions shows that the molecular complexes have similar complex structures in the solid state and in solution.

Chemical Anchoring of Palladium by Fe Oxo Ions in Zeolite ZSM-5

Zeolite supported mono- and bimetallic catalysts Pd/ZSM-5 and PdFe/ZSM-5 were prepared by exchanging Pd from a dilute aqueous solution of [Pd(NH3)4](NO3)2 into either H/ZSM-5 or Fe/ZSM-5. The Fe/ZSM-5 was prepared by sublimation; it contains a major part of the Fe as dinuclear oxygen-bridged Fe3+ ions. Significant differences between Pd/ZSM-5 and PdFe/ZSM-5 are revealed after calcination: in Pd/ZSM-5 the Pd is present as large PdO particles, but in PdFe/ZSM-5 it is highly dispersed over the zeolite cavities and invisible in TEM. Evidently, the Fe ions and/or Fe oxo ions act as very effective chemical anchors. It is argued that Pd0 is formed by autoreduction of [Pd(NH3)4]2+ ions even under calcination conditions. The Fe ions promote nucleation and limit growth of Pd0n clusters, which are subsequently converted to PdO.

Characterization by EXAFS of Co/MFI Catalysts Prepared by Sublimation

Catalysts have been prepared by subliming CoCl2 or CoBr2 vapor onto the H form of the zeolite MFI, followed by replacing the halide ions by OH groups and subsequent heat treatments. The Co sites have been characterized by EXAFS and XANES spectra at liquid nitrogen temperature. The data are correlated with the H2-TPR profiles of the same samples and their catalytic performance in reducing NOx with hydrocarbons. Materials with fairly large Co3O4 particles after calcination, displaying a Co−Co distance of 3.5 A and negligible interaction between Co and T sites (T = Si or Al), have a poor selectivity in NOx reduction, because such oxide particles catalyze the combustion of the hydrocarbon. In contrast, highly selective catalysts show no Co3O4 clusters and distinct interaction between Co and T atoms. Heating in H2 at 400 °C reduces Co−oxo ions, while cobalt oxide clusters are incompletely reduced and isolated Co2+ ions in exchange positions remain unreduced. The water formed in the reduction of oxo species can...

Reaction Intermediates in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx over Fe/ZSM-5

For the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with alkanes to N2 over Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts, prepared by sublimation, we had previously shown that NO is oxidized over Fe–oxo ions to NO2 which forms chemisorbed NOy complexes. Subsequent reaction of the NOy groups with alkanes results in N-containing deposits that react with different adsorbed NO2 molecules to form N2. At low temperature, the reactivity of n-butane exceeds that of i-butane. Quantitative evaluation of the reaction kinetics for the deposits from not only propane and butanes but also adsorbed model compounds, including ammonia, amines, nitriles, and isocyanates, provide information on the reaction steps on the catalyst surface. Reaction of NO2 with the catalyst deposit follows Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics. The primary intermediates which contain N atoms at a high valence state have to be transformed into deposits containing amino groups. Nitrogen–nitrogen bonds are formed when these groups react with adsorbed NO2. The chemical reactions, transforming the primary intermediate into a deposit containing N atoms in a low oxidation state, are easy if an H atom is available in the α position with respect to the NO2 group; the absence of such H atoms in the primary product from i-butane is the cause for its lower reactivity.

Novel Square Arrangements in Tetranuclear and Octanuclear Iron(III) Complexes with Asymmetric Iron Environments Created by the Unsymmetric Bridging Ligand N,N,N'-Tris((N-methyl)-2-benzimidazolylmethyl)-N'-methyl-1,3-diamino-2-propanol.

The synthesis and characterization of novel tetranuclear and octanuclear iron(III) complexes with structures based on a nearly square arrangement of four iron ions are reported. Reaction of ferric nitrate, sodium acetate, and the unsymmetrical binucleating ligand HBMDP, where HBMDP is N,N,N'-tris((N-methyl)-2-benzimidazolylmethyl)-N'-methyl-1,3-diamino-2-propanol, in acetone/water yields the tetranuclear iron complex [Fe(4)(&mgr;-O)(2)(&mgr;-BMDP)(2)(&mgr;-OAc)(2)](4+), which exhibits coordination number asymmetry. The structure of [Fe(4)(&mgr;-O)(2)(&mgr;-BMDP)(2)(&mgr;-OAc)(2)](NO(3))(3)(OH).12H(2)O has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Each (&mgr;-BMDP) ligand spans two iron(III) ions and causes these ions to become structurally distinct. Within this binuclear unit one iron atom is five-coordinate with distorted square pyramidal geometry and an N(2)O(3) donor set, while the other iron is six-coordinate with distorted octahedral geometry and an N(3)O(3) donor set. Two of these binuclear units are linked through a pair of oxo and acetato bridges to form the centrosymmetric tetranuclear complex. The coordinatively nonequivalent iron atoms exhibit distinct Mössbauer spectroscopic parameters and produce a pair of doublets at 80 K. The iron(III) centers are coupled antiferromagnetically with a room-temperature moment of 1.9 &mgr;(B) per iron with J = -103.3 cm(-)(1), zJ' = -105.9 cm(-)(1). The properties of the unsymmetric cation [Fe(4)(&mgr;-O)(2)(&mgr;-BMDP)(2)(&mgr;-OAc)(2)](4+) are similar to those observed for binuclear iron proteins with comparable coordinative inequivalence. Efforts to increase the solubility of [Fe(4)(&mgr;-O)(2)(&mgr;-BMDP)(2)(&mgr;-OAc)(2)](4+) by metathesis with sodium tetrafluoroborate resulted in the isolation of crystals of a new octanuclear iron species, [Fe(8)(&mgr;-O)(4)(&mgr;-BMDP)(4)(OH)(4)(&mgr;-OAc)(4)](BF(4))(3)(OH).2CH(3)CN.8H(2)O( )()(2), which has also been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The asymmetric unit consists of an Fe(2)(&mgr;-O)(&mgr;-BMDP)(&mgr;-OAc)(OH) group which is externally bridged via the oxo ions to form a molecular square with four of the eight iron ions at the corners. Both iron sites are six-coordinate with distorted octahedral geometry. One has an N(2)O(4) donor set; the other has an N(3)O(3) donor set.

Synthesis and crystal structure of a seven-coordinate dinuclear iron(III) complex containing only bidentate ligands

A novel seven-coordinate dinuclear iron(III) complex, [Fe 2(O)(NO 3) 4(bpy) 2] ( 1) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine), with a linear Fe-O-Fe bridge has been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography and magnetic susceptibilities. Each into atom of 1 has a distorted pentagonalbipyramidal geometry in which four oxygen atoms of two bidentate nitrato ligands and one nitrogen atom of bpy form the pentagonal plane. The other nitrogen atom of bpy and the bridging oxo ion occupy the axial positions. The iron-iron and iron-oxo distances are 3.550(3) and 1.775(1) Å, respectively. The − J value of 104 cm −1 for 1 indicates the presence of an antiferromagnetic interaction due to superexchange coupling between two iron(III) ions via an oxo-bridge.

Mixed-valent μ-oxo-bridged diiron complexes produced by radiolytic reduction at 77 K studied by EPR

Several dinuclear diferric complexes were prepared, bridged by only an oxo ion, by an oxo ion and additionally one or two carboxylate groups, or by two hydroxo ions. Frozen solutions of these EPR-silent diferric complexes were radiolytically reduced by γ-irradiation at 77 K. The reduced forms gave EPR spectra typical of mixed-valent diiron species with S = 1/2. The yield was about 50% at high doses. With 57Fe replacing 56Fe the spectral features were broadened because of hyperfine interaction with one or both of the 57Fe nuclei. All oxo-bridged complexes give mixed-valent species with unbroadened EPR spectra observable up to 110 K. The anisotropy is small, Δg = g 1–g 3<0.07, and g av = (g 1+g 2+g 3)/3 falls in the range 1.93–1.96. Annealing at T≥115 K causes the EPR spectra to change and finally become more anisotropic, 0.14<Δg<0.32 and to have smaller g av, 1.78<g av<1.89. These spectra are observable only at T≤35 K. Radiolytic reduction of the diferric complexes with hydroxo bridges leads directly without annealing to this second type of mixed-valent species. The annealing-induced transition from a primary to a secondary mixed-valent species in the case of an oxo-bridged diferric starting complex is suggested to be a structural relaxation including protonation of the bridge. Annealing at temperatures above ca. 180 K and final thawing causes the mixed-valent dinuclear species to disappear, probably by disintegration to mononuclear species. These mixed-valent species are useful models for similar species in proteins, where primary-type species may take part in transient electron transfer, and the secondary-type species are usually more persistent forms in redox reactions. For proteins, available data show that there is a tendency for both primary and secondary species to have larger g anisotropy, Δg, and smaller g av, than obtained with the models. These differences suggest that the diiron centers of proteins are affected by their specific surroundings. Our results also show that the nature of the bridge, oxo or hydroxo, may not always safely be determined from a measured J value. Measurement of the EPR parameters, Δg, g av and limiting temperature of observation (relaxation properties) of a mixed-valent complex, or, in the case of a diferric complex, of the primary mixed-valent species induced by radiolysis at 77 K, offers an alternative empirically based method to determine the nature of the bridge.

Synthesis, Properties, and Crystal Structures of a Series of Dinuclear Manganese(III) Complexes with 1,5-Bis(salicylideneamino)-3-pentanol and Various Anions: Formation of a Tetranuclear Manganese(III) Complex

Abstract μ-Alkoxo-bridged dinuclear and tetranuclear manganese(III) complexes with 1,5-bis(salicylideneamino)-3-pentanol (H3L), [Mn2(L)(CH3O)Cl2(CH3OH)2] (1), [Mn2(L)(CH3O)(CH3COO)(CH3OH)2]X (X = Br (2), I (3)), [Mn2(L)(CH3O)(CH3COO)(CH3OH)Y] (Y = NCS (4), N3 (5), ClO4 (6)), [Mn2(L)(CH3O)(NCO)2(H2O)2] (7), and [Mn4(L)2(O)2(CH3COO)2]·4H2O·2CH3OH (8) have been prepared and characterized by infrared and electronic spectra, magnetic susceptibilities, and cyclic voltammetry. The molecular structures of 1–5, 7, and 8 were determined by the single-crystal X-ray structure analyses. All the complexes except for 8 have a similar structure, where Cl−, CH3COO−, N3−, NCS−, CH3OH, or H2O is incorporated into the fifth or sixth coordination site on the Mn2(L)(CH3O) plane. The structure of 8, is a tetramer consisting of two Mn2(L)(O)(CH3COO) dimeric units held together through the oxo ions and the phenoxo-oxygen atoms of L. The spectral and magnetic properties were discussed in relation to the crystal structures.

Oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylates by the aquachromium(IV) ion

Four methods have been developed to prepare aquachromium (IV), which is believed to be an oxo ion, CrO{sup 2+}. It readily converts Ph{sub 3}P to Ph{sub 3}PO (k = 2.1 x 10{sup 3} L mol{sup -1} s{sup -1}) at 25 {degrees}C in 85% CH{sub 3}CN/H{sub 2}O (0.10 M HClO{sub 4}). The reactions used to form CrO{sup 2+} are those between Cr{sup 2+} and (a) O{sub 2} (b) anaerobic CrO{sub 2}{sup 2+}, (c) anaerobic CrOOCr{sup 4+}, and (d) anaerobic Tl(III). The CrO{sup 2+} has a half-life of 30 s in acidic solution at room temperature and will oxidize alcohols, aldehydes, and certain carboxylates as well as diethyl ether. The second-order rate constants (L mol{sup -1} s{sup -1}) in acidic solution ({mu} = 1.0 M HClO{sub 4}/LiClO{sub 4}, 25 {degrees}C) are as follows: CH{sub 3}OH, 52; CD{sub 3}OH, 15; C{sub 2}H{sub 5}OH, 88; C{sub 2}D{sub 5}OH, 41; (CH{sub 3}){sub 2}CHOH, 12.0; (CD{sub 3}){sub 2}CDOH, 4.6; CH{sub 2}=CHCH{sub 2}OH, 101; CH{sub 3}(CH{sub 2}){sub 2}CH{sub 2}OH, 44; (C{sub 2}H{sub 5})(CH{sub 3})CHOH, 41; (CH{sub 3}){sub 3}CCH{sub 2}OH, 39; C{sub 6}H{sub 5}CH{sub 2}OH, 56; (C{sub 6}H{sub 5})(CH{sub 3})CHOH, 30; (C{sub 6}H{sub 5}){sub 2}CHOH, 10.5; p-CH{sub 3}OC{sub 6}H{sub 4}CH{sub 2}OH, 71; p-CH{sub 3}C{sub 6}H{sub 4}CH{sub 2}OH, 66;more » p-CF{sub 3}C{sub 6}H{sub 4}CH{sub 2}OH, 60; c-C{sub 4}H{sub 7}OH, 44; c-C{sub 5}H{sub 9}OH, 31; HCHO-H{sub 2}O, 92; (CH{sub 3}){sub 3}CCHO, 37; HCO{sub 2}H, 11.6; HCO{sub 2}{sup -}, 6.9x10{sup 3}; HC{sub 2}O{sub 4}{sup -}, 2.2x10{sup 3}; (C{sub 2}H{sub 5}){sub 2}O, 4.5. Activation parameters were also determined for selected reactions. 48 refs., 10 figs., 3 tabs.« less

Structure and water-oxidizing capabilities of dimeric ruthenium EDTA complex ions

Low-temperature resonance Raman (RR) spectra of the dimeric Ru{sup III}Ru{sup IV} ion formed by oxidation of Ru(edta)OH{sub 2}{sup {minus}} exhibited a prominent band at 433 cm{sup {minus}1}, which shifted to 431 cm{sup {minus}1} upon substitution of ({sup 18}O)-H{sub 2}O in the primary coordination sphere of the precursor ion. A second band, at 324 cm{sup {minus}1}, underwent a comparable isotope-dependent shift to lower energies. The RR spectra were insensitive to deuterium substitution. These features establish that the dimer is a {mu}-oxo ion, i.e. (Ru(edta)){sub 2}O{sup 3{minus}}; from the magnitude of the isotopic shifts, the Ru-O-Ru angle was estimated to be 165{degree}. The reduction potential for the Ru{sup IV}{sub 2}/Ru{sup III}Ru{sup IV} couple was acid-insensitive over the range pH 2-11, suggesting that the dimer does not contain coordinated H{sub 2}O in either oxidation state. Cyclic voltammographic results in neutral solution suggested that (Ru(edta)){sub 2}O{sup 2{minus}} was unstable with respect to decomposition. A reinvestigation of the water-oxidizing capabilities of this ion by polarographic, gas chromatographic, and mass spectrometric methods failed to reveal O{sub 2} among the gaseous products. Instead, copious quantities of CO{sub 2} were formed, the source of which was coordinated EDTA. 29 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.

ChemInform Abstract: Pillaring of Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH′s) by Polyoxometalate Anions.

AbstractPillaring of the LDH's with idealized formulas of (Zn2Al(OH)6)Cl·2 H2O, (Zn2Cr(OH)6)Cl·2 H2O, and (Ni3Al(OH)8)Cl·2.3 H2O is achieved by ion exchange with (NH4)6(V10O28)·6 H2O at pH 4.5.

Isobutene oxidation on heterogenized W-containing complexes

From the comparison of catalysts synthesized by different methods it has been established that active catalysts contain WO3+ oxo ions coordinated to organic ligands.

ChemInform Abstract: OXYGEN-18 EXCHANGE STUDIES OF AQUA AND OXO IONS

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 15, Issue 45 Reviews ChemInform Abstract: OXYGEN-18 EXCHANGE STUDIES OF AQUA AND OXO IONS H. + GAMSJAEGER, H. + GAMSJAEGERSearch for more papers by this authorR. K. MURMANN, R. K. MURMANNSearch for more papers by this author H. + GAMSJAEGER, H. + GAMSJAEGERSearch for more papers by this authorR. K. MURMANN, R. K. MURMANNSearch for more papers by this author First published: November 6, 1984 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198445375AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume15, Issue45November 6, 1984 RelatedInformation