Oxidized LDL Levels Research Articles

Oxidative stress indexes as biomarkers of the severity in COVID-19 patients.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 causes a global pandemic, with severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients often experiencing poor prognoses. Severe infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. Detecting markers of macromolecular damage caused by OS may provide valuable insights into disease progression. Methods: This study included 187 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, categorized into non-severe, severe, and critically ill COVID-19 groups. We monitored the changes in serum indexes such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), OxLDL/LDL-C ratio, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in patients with different clinical types. Results: 48 non-severe patients, 90 severe patients, and 49 critically ill patients were enrolled. Compared with the non-severe group, OxLDL level and OxLDL/LDL-C ratio were increased in severe COVID-19 patients and critically ill COVID-19 patients, while 3-NT and TXB2 concentrations were lower in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Critically ill COVID-19 patients also exhibited lower concentrations of Lp-PLA2 and a higher OxLDL/LDL-C ratio compared to severe COVID-19 patients. No significant differences were observed in AOPP and 8-OHdG concentrations. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that CRP was associated with OxLDL, OxLDL/LDL-C ratio, AOPP, 3-NT, TXB2, and Lp-PLA2 (P <0.05). OxLDL was identified as an independent risk factor for progression from non-severe to severe/critically ill COVID-19. OxLDL and OxLDL/LDL-C ratio demonstrated good discriminatory value between non-severe and severe/critically ill COVID-19, with the OxLDL/LDL-C ratio also distinguishing between severe and critically ill patients. Conclusion: Patients with severe and critically ill COVID-19 exhibit elevated levels of oxidative damage to lipoproteins. OxLDL and the OxLDL/LDL-C ratio can serve as biomarkers for assessing disease severity in COVID-19 patients.

Alterations of Some Apolipoprotein Levels and ApoE RNA Expression in Iraqi Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Viral Infection

Abstract Background: The high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) makes it a significant health concern, especially in Iraq. Clinical studies have found that chronic HBV infection affects the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by regulating cholesterol metabolism in liver cells. Objective: This study aimed to determine alterations in some serum lipoproteins (ApoA, ApoB, and apolipoprotein E [ApoE]) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), as well as ApoE gene expression in Iraqi patients with chronic HBV infection, as potential markers for increased cardiovascular risk. Materials and Methods: This case-control study involved fifty patients with chronic HBV admitted to the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital in Medical city, Baghdad, besides 40 individuals serving as a healthy control group. Results: The current study showed significantly higher levels of ApoA, ApoB, ApoE, and OxLDL among patients compared to the control group. Additionally, HBV patients demonstrated lower expression of ApoE gene in HBV patients. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for all parameters showed high sensitivity and specificity, with area under the curve affirming their potential as biomarkers for increased CVD risk in patients with chronic HBV infection. Conclusion: The study reveals significant disparities in plasma levels of ApoA, ApoB, ApoE, and OxLDL between HBV patients and controls, along with reduced ApoE gene expression in these patients, suggesting a potential role of HBV in apolipoproteins dysfunction. Thus, serum ApoA, ApoB, ApoE, and OxLDL in CHB patients may help identify high-risk patients for CVD, thereby preventing the development of CVD or early diagnosis of (CVD) in these patients.

Pro-Inflammatory Signaling Cascade Markers, Oxidative Stress-Inflammatory Signaling Axis, and Chronic Total Occlusion of Tibial Artery in Elderly Patients Suffering from Occlusion of Coronary Arteries.

Oxidative response is a risk factor in the progression of arterial atherosclerosis. This research study aimed to examine the effects of oxidative response on atherosclerotic susceptibility as well as the development of arteriosclerosis occlusions of the tibial artery through pro-inflammatory mediator genes in elderly patients with occlusion of coronary arteries. We determined that oxidative stress biomarkers (Malondialdehyde-modified Low-density Lipoprotein (MDA-LDL), Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) as well as Heme Oxygenase- 1 (HO-1)] and the expressions of pro-inflammatory mediator genes [Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), Nuclear Factor kappa-B (NF-κB), Myeloid Differentiating factor 88 (MyD88) and Growth Arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6)] have an impact on the severity of arteriosclerosis occlusions of tibial artery in elderly patients suffering from occlusion of coronary arteries. Levels of MDA-LDL, Ox-LDL, HO-1, TLR4, NF-κB, MyD88, and GAS6 were increased in the occlusion of tibial arteries + two-vessel coronary occlusion group compared to the CON group and occlusion of tibial arteries + one-vessel coronary occlusion group, respectively (p < 0.001); they were also elevated in occlusion of tibial arteries + multiple-vessel coronary occlusion group compared to occlusion of tibial arteries + one-vessel coronary occlusion group and occlusion of tibial arteries + two-vessel coronary occlusion group, respectively (P < 0.001). This has indicated the key roles of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediator genes in arteriosclerosis occlusions of tibial artery in elderly patients with occlusion of coronary arteries. Oxidative response may promote the expressions of inflammatory genes and enhance susceptibility to arteriosclerosis occlusions of the tibial artery in elderly patients with chronic total coronary occlusions.

Roles of MDA-LDL/OX-LDL/LOX-1 and TNF-α/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Myocardial Damage by Implantations of Cardiac Pacemakers in Elderly Patients.

Permanent pacemakers are an established treatment for sick sinus syndrome and high-grade atrioventricular block. Permanent cardiac pacemaker implantations may damage the myocardium. This study evaluated markers of myocardial injury, oxidative stress and inflammation in elderly patients with permanent pacemaker implantations. Various markers were measured at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months after permanent pacemaker implantations in elderly patients. The levels of high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT), lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were increased in 2-month group compared with control and 1- month groups (P<0.001), and were further increased at 4-month group compared with 2- and 3- month groups after pacemaker implantations (P<0.001). Patients with dual-chamber pacemakers had higher levels of hsTnT, LOX-1, MDA-LDL, OX-LDL, TNF-α, TLR4 and NF-κB than patients with single chamber pacemakers (P<0.001). Patients who underwent the pacemakers with the active fixation leads had raised levels of hsTnT, LOX-1, MDA-LDL, OX-LDL, TNF-α, TLR4 and NF-κB compared patients with pacemakers using the passive fixation leads (P<0.001). Myocardial blood flows in 3-month and 4-month groups were lower than 1-month and 2-month groups (P<0.001). Levels of hsTnT, LOX-1, MDA-LDL, OX-LDL, TNF-α, TLR4 and NF-κB were elevated in elderly patients with permanent pacemaker implantations and the activations of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signalling pathways may be associated with myocardial damages and ischemia after pacemaker implantations in elderly patients.

Establishment of reference intervals of oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a population of West Bengal

Background: Elevated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) was significantly associated with the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease as well as retinal vascular diseases but there were no studies to show the reference range of Ox-LDL levels in any Indian population. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to formulate the reference intervals of Ox-LDL cholesterol in a population of West Bengal. Materials and Methods: Ox-LDL levels of 434 apparently healthy individuals were estimated based on the history, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package for the social sciences software. Results: The reference range of Ox-LDL levels for all ages was 34.1±4.9 mol/L in healthy male and 34.5±4.5 mol/L in healthy female. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentile values of Ox-LDL level in the reference population were 27 (0.90 CI = 26.4–27.6) and 42 (0.90 CI = 41.4–42.6), respectively. Conclusions: Reference intervals for Ox-LDL may help clinicians to predict the future risk for coronary heart disease and retinal vascular disease by taking medical decision limits and also open up the scope for further research for other laboratories to formulate their own reference interval of Ox-LDL.

Elevated Oxidized LDL Level is Associated with Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE2) High-Risk Prediction Algorithm: A Preliminary Study

Elevated Oxidized LDL Level is Associated with Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE2) High-Risk Prediction Algorithm: A Preliminary Study

A phase 1 proof-of-concept study evaluating safety, tolerability, and biological marker responses with combination therapy of CTLA4-Ig and interleukin-2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

To determine whether a combination therapy with abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) is safe and suppresses markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and degeneration in ALS. In this open-label study, four participants with ALS received subcutaneous injections of low dose IL-2 (1 × 106 IU/injection/day) for 5 consecutive days every 2 weeks and one subcutaneous injection of CTLA4-Ig (125 mg/mL/injection) every 2 weeks coinciding with the first IL-2 injection of each treatment cycle. Participants received a total of 24 treatment cycles during the first 48 weeks in this 56-week study. They were closely monitored for treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and disease progression with the ALSFRS-R. Phenotypic changes within T cell populations and serum biological markers of oxidative stress [4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL)], inflammation (IL-18), and structural neuronal degeneration [neurofilament light chain (Nf-L)] were assessed longitudinally. CTLA4-Ig/IL-2 therapy was safe and well-tolerated in all four participants over the 56-week study. During the first 24 weeks, the average rate of change in the ALSFRS-R was +0.04 points/month. Over the 48-week treatment period, the average rate of change was -0.13 points/month with one participant improving by 0.9 points/month while the other three participants experienced an average decrease of -0.47 points/month, which is slower than the average - 1.1 points/month prior to initiation of therapy. Treg suppressive function and numbers increased during treatment. Responses in the biological markers during the first 16 weeks coincided with minimal clinical progression. Mean levels of 4-HNE decreased by 30%, ox-LDL decreased by 19%, IL-18 decreased by 23%, and Nf-L remained the same, on average, in all four participants. Oxidized-LDL levels decreased in all four participants, 4-HNE and IL-18 levels decreased in three out of four participants, and Nf-L decreased in two out of four participants. The combination therapy of CTLA4-Ig and IL-2 in ALS is safe and well-tolerated with promising results of clinical efficacy and suppression of biomarkers of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration. In this open-label study, the efficacy as measured by the ALSFRS-R and corresponding biomarkers suggests the therapeutic potential of this treatment and warrants further study in a phase 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06307301.

Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution on Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein Levels among Car Maintenance Workshop Workers

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between heavy metal pollution and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) among workers in car maintenance workshops in Baghdad, Iraq. Blood samples were collected from 70 male workers, including car maintenance and vehicle painting workers, along with a control group of healthy males. The levels of heavy metals, specifically cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), as well as OxLDL and the marker of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), were measured. The results revealed a significant increase in the level of Pb in the blood of workers compared to the control group, whereas Cd levels did not exhibit a significant difference. Furthermore, both groups of workers exhibited significantly elevated levels of OxLDL compared to the control group. Additionally, the MDA level was significantly increased across all the study groups. Correlation analysis demonstrated positive associations between OxLDL levels and the extent of Pb and Cd pollution in the car maintenance worker group. These findings indicate an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) among workers in car maintenance workshops due to exposure to heavy metals. The observed elevation in the levels of OxLDL and lipid peroxidation markers underscores the potential health issues associated with occupational exposure to these polluted environments.

Instant and short-term effects of acupuncture for depression and anxiety in unstable angina pectoris patients with percutaneous coronary interventions.

Patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP) usually present anxiety or depression during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study sought to investigate the instant and short-term effects of acupuncture for anxiety and depression in UAP patients with PCI. A total of 210 UAP patients who underwent PCI were recruited and randomly assigned (1:1:1) to acupuncture, placebo, or control groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP), advanced oxidation protein products (AoPPs), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL). Serial questionnaires with the Hamilton Anxiety (HAMA) scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were evaluated, and heart rate variability indicators were obtained. Primary end-point: low frequency/high frequency (HF) was lower in the electroacupuncture group (p = 0.014), while standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, average standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, percentage of successive intervals that differ more than 50 ms, and HF were increased with acupuncture (p = 0.018, p = 0.043, p = 0.016, and p = 0.002, respectively). Secondary end-point: significant improvements in anxiety levels (HAMA) were observed in the three groups (p < 0.001). The fasting insulin and HOMA-IR levels were similar between the control group and the acupuncture group (p = 0.285 and p = 0.165, respectively). The levels of IL-6 and AoPPs differed among the three groups (p = 0.021 and p < 0.001, respectively). However, no significant differences were found in fasting plasma glucose, fasting c-peptide, Hs-CRP, and OX-LDL levels among the three groups (p = 0.585, p = 0.611, p = 0.902, and p = 0.756, respectively). In this study, short-term acupuncture may potentially relieve clinical symptoms before PCI treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier (NCT03789344).

Oxidative Changes among Women Suffering From Urinary Tract Infection in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria

Background: The action of bacterial infection in the urinary tract can trigger the release of free radicals which could progress and overwhelm endogenous antioxidants, hence oxidative changes occur. This work aimed to estimate the level of oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), among women suffering from urinary tract infection in Enugu metropolis. Materials and Methods: Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics committee (HREC) of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku–Ozalla, Enugu State. Informed consent was obtained from all recruited subjects. About forty (40) women diagnosed of UTIs at the UNTH were recruited for the study and twenty (20) women free of UTIs and who are not registered with UNTH were used as a control for this study. Blood specimens were collected and analysed using the ELISA technique to check for Ox-LDL and SOD levels. Results: The mean value of the antioxidant enzyme, SOD, was lower than that of the control which suggests a possibility of oxidative stress. However, Ox-LDL mean value was lower than that of the control population showing absence of lipid peroxidation in all sampled population, which may have been pronounced if the subjects had complicated UTI like pyelonephritis. Conclusion: This study showed a drop in the levels of an antioxidant enzyme among UTI patients placing the patients at risk of oxidative stress. Ox-LDL should be higher in test than in control population indicating lipid peroxidation. However, in this study, the Ox-LDL showed no increase in values. Oxidative stress should be looked out for and treated by physicians when treating UTIs.

Plasma/Serum Oxidant Parameters in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Most published results have revealed variations in the association of serum/plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study was performed to establish MDA, ApoB, and OxLDL levels in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Electronic databases were searched for the included articles up to 27th February 2023. The meta-analysis included 48 articles with 2358 SLE patients and 2126 healthy controls considered for MDA, ApoB, and OxLDL levels. There were significantly higher MDA, ApoB, and OxLDL levels in SLE patients than those in the control groups. Subgroup analysis indicated that European/American SLE patients and patients of both ages <36 and ≥36 exhibited higher MDA, ApoB, and OxLDL levels. Arab and Asian SLE patients had higher ApoB and MDA/OxLDL levels. African SLE patients recorded higher OxLDL levels than the control groups. SLE patients with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥23 and a disease duration of <10 recorded significantly higher MDA, ApoB, and OxLDL levels. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) ≥8 of SLE had higher MDA and ApoB levels, whereas SLE patients with SLEDAI <8 showed significantly higher ApoB levels. Patients with BMI <23 of SLE had higher MDA and OxLDL levels. This study established significantly higher MDA, ApoB, and OxLDL levels in SLE patients, suggesting a possible role of MDA, ApoB, and OxLDL in the disease.

The Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs5883 in The CETP Gene with Oxidized-LDL Level in Coronary Atherosclerosis Patients

Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory disorder of the arterial wall and can affect any artery in the body. When it occurs in the heart (Coronary atherosclerosis), it can cause MI, angina, and even sudden death; in the brain, stroke, and transient ischemic attack; and in the limbs causing claudication and critical limb ischemia. CETP plays a role in transferring the cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver through the collection of triglycerides of VLDL and LDL for exchange by the cholesteryl ester of HDL. Therefore, it has a role in HDL metabolism by converting it to LDL and increasing the risk of incident atherosclerosis.Aim of the study: To investigate the rs5883 genotypes and their association with the coronary atherosclerosis and to study the impact of this SNP on the CETP gene with the lipid profile including the OX-LDL in patients and controls.Patients and method: All patients underwent angiography to confirm diagnosis in a case- control study, comparing 60 volunteers as the control group. The lipid profile test was measured by colorimetric method, Ox-LDL was measured by ELISA technique and the CETP SNP genotypes by RT-PCR technique.Results: There was a significant difference in genotypes in the rs5883 SNP, the heterozygous genotype (TC) was much more frequent in patients (20%) than controls (3.7%) with a significant difference (OR= 6.5, 95%CI=1.38-30.55). There was no association of this SNP with lipid profile, there was a significant impact of rs5883 with Ox-LDL, the medians of CT carriers significantly higher than CC genotypes.

Correlation Between Serum Magnesium &amp; Zinc with Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) In Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MS) increases cardiovascular disease and death risk. Many studies have found a link between vascular inflammation and metabolic disorders. Discovering unique and specific blood-based indicators for vascular inflammation, particularly in metabolic syndrome related to obesity, such as (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2) and Lp-PLA2, could provide valuable assistance in identifying individuals at an elevated risk for cardiovascular incidents. Lp-PLA2 has been implicated in metabolic dysregulation, playing a crucial role in the onset of microvascular dysfunction and the exacerbation of oxidative stress. Lp-PLA2 is essential in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and may be used as a biomarker to predict future cardiovascular events. The study comprised 200 participants categorized into two groups: individuals diagnosed with MS (Metabolic Syndrome) (Test, n = 100) and those without MS (controls, n = 100). The serum activity levels of hs-CRP and Lp-PLA2 were measured and subsequently analysed for correlation with micronutrients (magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn)) and lipoprotein markers (Ox LDL, Apo-A1, and Apo-B). The study showed a significant correlation between Lp-PLA2 and the Mg level of patients with MS, whereas Hs-CRP did not exhibit a significant correlation. The test population did not exhibit a noteworthy elevation in oxidized LDL level, despite the presence of inflammatory changes as indicated by the level of Lp-PLA2. A significant correlation was observed between the Zn level in patients with MS and Lp-PLA2, whereas Ox LDL did not exhibit a significant correlation. The current study revealed a significant link between Mg and Zn and CVD risk in the Kerala population. The study found elevated levels of LpPLA2, an emerging biomarker for cardiovascular risk, in people with MS

Elevated glycosylation of CD36 in platelets is a risk factor for oxLDL-mediated platelet activation in type 2 diabetes.

Platelet activation and related cardiovascular complications are the hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated the mechanism of platelet activation in T2D using MS-based identification of differentially expressed platelet proteins with a focus on glycosylated forms. Glycosylation is considered one of the common post-translational modifications in T2D, and N/O-linked glycosylation of glycoproteins (GPs)/integrins is known to play crucial roles in platelet activation. Our platelet proteome data revealed elevated levels of GPs GPIbα, GPIIbIIIa, GPIV (CD36), GPV and integrins in T2D patients. T2D platelets had elevated N-linked glycosylation of CD36 at asparagine (Asn)408,417 . Enrichment analysis revealed a close association of glycosylated CD36 with thrombospondin-1, fibrinogen and SERPINA1 in T2D platelets. The glycosylation of CD36 has previously been reported to increase cellular uptake of long-chain fatty acids. Our in silico molecular docking data also showed a favorable binding of cholesterol with glycosylated Asn417 CD36 compared to the non-glycosylated form. We further investigated the CD36:LDL cholesterol axis in T2D. Elevated levels of oxidized-low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) were found to cause significant platelet activation via CD36-mediated stimulation of Lyn-JNK signaling. Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate, an inhibitor of CD36, effectively inhibited oxLDL-mediated platelet activation and adhesion in vitro. Our study suggests increased glycosylation of CD36 in T2D platelets as a potential route for oxLDL-mediated platelet activation. The oxLDL:CD36 axis may thus be exploited as a prospective target to develop therapeutics against thrombosis in T2D.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Promotes the Expression of TNF-α in THP-1 Cells by Mechanisms Involving ROS/CHOP/HIF-1α and MAPK/NF-κB Pathways.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome involve chronic low-grade inflammation called metabolic inflammation as well as metabolic derangements from increased endotoxin and free fatty acids. It is debated whether the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in monocytic cells can contribute to amplify metabolic inflammation; if so, by which mechanism(s). To test this, metabolic stress was induced in THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes by treatments with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), palmitic acid (PA), or oleic acid (OA), in the presence or absence of the ER stressor thapsigargin (TG). Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and markers of ER/oxidative stress were determined by qRT-PCR, TNF-α protein by ELISA, reactive oxygen species (ROS) by DCFH-DA assay, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1,2, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) phosphorylation by immunoblotting, and insulin sensitivity by glucose-uptake assay. Regarding clinical analyses, adipose TNF-α was assessed using qRT-PCR/IHC and plasma TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL) via ELISA. We found that the cooperative interaction between metabolic and ER stresses promoted TNF-α, ROS, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression (p ≤ 0.0183),. However, glucose uptake was not impaired. TNF-α amplification was dependent on HIF-1α stabilization and p38 MAPK/p65 NF-κB phosphorylation, while the MAPK/NF-κB pathway inhibitors and antioxidants/ROS scavengers such as curcumin, allopurinol, and apocynin attenuated the TNF-α production (p ≤ 0.05). Individuals with obesity displayed increased adipose TNF-α gene/protein expression as well as elevated plasma levels of TNF-α, CRP, MDA, and OX-LDL (p ≤ 0.05). Our findings support a metabolic-ER stress cooperativity model, favoring inflammation by triggering TNF-α production via the ROS/CHOP/HIF-1α and MAPK/NF-κB dependent mechanisms. This study also highlights the therapeutic potential of antioxidants in inflammatory conditions involving metabolic/ER stresses.

The effect of probiotics on oxidized LDL levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

It has been widely reported that the use of probiotics has beneficial effects on the prevention and treatment of a wide range of human diseases. Previous clinical trials have investigated the effect of probiotics on oxLDL, but the results are controversial. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials to assess the effect of probiotic consumption on oxLDL levels. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus using the appropriate search strategy. After the screening, seven studies comparing the effects of probiotic consumption with the control were included in the analysis. A random-effects analysis was used to estimate the overall effect size. Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced oxLDL (Hedge's: -1.18; 95% CI:-1.85, -0.52) compared to the control group. Subgroup analysis showed that reduction was greater in the unhealthy group compared to healthy subjects (-2.05 vs. -0.84). The results also showed that probiotic supplementation reduced TC by -14.77 mg/dl (95% CI: -24.46, -5.08), LDL-C by -10.03 mg/dl (95% CI: -16.05, -4.001), LDL-C/HDL-C ratio by -0.37 (95% CI: -0.66, 0.07), and TG by -14.86 mg/dl (95% CI: -23.45, -6.28) but the effects on HDL-C and glucose were not significant. In this study, probiotic supplementation was found to improve oxLDL concentrations and have favorable effects on lipid profiles, but no significant positive effect on HDL-C and glucose was reported. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to the low number of included studies.

Association between myeloperoxidase polymorphism (MPO-129G/A), oxidized low-density lipoprotein level, and atherogenic indices in patients with atherosclerosis; a case-control study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the correlation between myeloperoxidase polymorphism (MPO-129G/A) and the risk of atherosclerosis and its association with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) levels and atherogenic indices. Materials and methodsThe present study was performed on 255 subjects, including 125 controls and 130 atherosclerotic patients. To determine MPO-129G/A polymorphism, the restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) method was utilized. Serum lipid profile levels and fasting blood sugar (FBS) level were calculated using an auto-analyzer. Atherogenic indices and Ox-LDL levels were measured using formulae and ELISA method, respectively. ResultsThe findings illustrated no considerable difference between the patient and control groups concerning MPO-129G/A genotypes (p > 0.05). There was no substantial relationship between MPO-129G/A genotypes, Ox-LDL levels, and atherogenic indices in the patient group (p > 0.05), while patients possessed considerably higher Ox-LDL level and atherogenic indices (p < 0.05). In addition, CRI-II (LDL/HDL) was significantly correlated with Ox-LDL (p = 0.001) and FBS (p = 0.0007). ConclusionMPO-129G/A indicated no association with Ox-LDL levels and atherogenic indices. However, atherosclerotic patients had higher Ox-LDL levels and atherogenic indices. Furthermore, CRI-II was significantly correlated with levels of Ox-LDL and blood glucose, suggesting a strong marker for predicting the risk of atherosclerosis.

Measurement of cholesterol levels of lipoprotein subclasses in human serum using anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with a linear concentration gradient of sodium perchlorate.

Relationships between the subclasses of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have been studied, and using various methods, such as ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, and nuclear magnetic resonance, for analysing lipoprotein subclasses. We established a method for HDL and LDL subclasses using anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (AEX-HPLC) with a linear concentration gradient of sodium perchlorate (NaClO4). In the AEX-HPLC, the subclasses of HDL and LDL were separated, and detected using a post-column reactor with an enzymatic cholesterol reagent, that contained cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, and peroxidase as major ingredients. LDL subclasses were divided based on the absolute value of first-derivative chromatogram. Three HDL subclasses, HDL-P1, HDL-P2, and HDL-P3, and three LDL subclasses, LDL-P1, LDL-P2, and LDL-P3, were separated by AEX-HPLC, and detected in order. The major components of HDL-P2 and HDL-P3 were HDL3 and HDL2, respectively. The linearity was determined for each lipoprotein subclass. The coefficients of variation of cholesterol concentration of the subclasses for within-day assay (n = 10) and between-day assay (n = 10) ranged between 3.08-8.94% and 4.52-9.97%, respectively. Cholesterol levels in HDL-P1 of diabetic patients were positively correlated with oxidized LDL levels (r = 0.409, p = 0.002). Moreover, cholesterol levels in LDL-P2 and LDL-P3 were positively correlated with oxidized LDL levels (r = 0.393, p = 0.004 and r = 0.561, p < 0.001, respectively). AEX-HPLC may be highly suitable as an assay to clinically assess lipoprotein subclasses.

Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets: Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Left Carotid Artery Stenosis with Coronary Artery Disease.

Patients with left carotid artery atherosclerotic stenosis have an increased ischemic stroke risk. Left carotid stenosis, the most common cause of the transient ischemic attack, is related to a higher risk of acute stroke. Left carotid artery stenosis is also associated with cerebral artery infarction. The significant coronary stenosis promotes ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions. The severe coronary stenosis plays an important role in development and progression of myocardial infarction. However, the dynamic changes of circulating oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the carotid stenosis combined with coronary artery stenosis are not clear, and it also remains unknown whether markers of oxidative stress and inflammation are potential therapeutic targets for carotid stenosis combined with coronary artery stenosis. This study aims to explore the effects of oxidative stress combined with an inflammatory response on left carotid artery stenosis with coronary artery disease in patients. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that levels of markers of oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with coexistent severe carotid and coronary artery stenosis in patients. We measured the circulating levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL), homocysteine (Hcy), F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in patients with combined carotid and coronary artery severe stenosis. We also assessed the relationships among oxidative stress, inflammation, and severe stenosis of the carotid with a coronary artery in patients. Levels of MDA, OX-LDL, Hcy, F2-IsoPs, TNF-α, hs-CRP, PG-E2, and IFN-γ were remarkably increased (P < 0.001) in patients with combined carotid and coronary artery severe stenosis. High levels of oxidative stress and inflammation may be related to severe stenosis of the carotid with coronary arteries in patients. Our observations indicated that measurements of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers may be valuable for the assessment of the degree of carotid with coronary artery stenosis. The biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory response may become therapeutic targets for carotid artery stenosis with coronary artery stenosis in patients.

Assessment of oxidative and cardiovascular changes in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Federal Medical Centre, Owerri Nigeria

Background: In pregnancy which is a physiological state that is accompanied by high energy demand, there is an increased intake and utilization of oxygen, hence augmented levels of oxidative changes that are associated with a lot of risks, one of which is cardiovascular diseases. This research aims to investigate the oxidative changes that occur among pregnant women by determining the levels of High Sensitivity c-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) and Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (OxLDL) in first, second and third trimesters. Materials and Methodology: A total of 60 pregnant women were recruited for the study. Twenty (20) pregnant women each from the three trimesters while Twenty (20) non-pregnant pubertal women without any chronic disease were used as control. 5ml of venous blood was collected from all subjects and analyzed for OxLDL and hs-CRP using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18. Results: Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (OxLDL) showed mean variations across the groups but was not significant (P&gt;0.05) but Pregnant women in their second trimester showed significant mean variation (P&lt;0.05) (3716.11±599.86) in when compared to non-pregnant women (control) (4305.33±68.90) respectively. Pregnant women in the second trimester showed significantly decreased mean variation (P&lt;0.05) in High sensitivity C-reactive protein (85.09 ±12.38) when compared to non-pregnant women (control) (219.45 ±64.61) respectively. Conclusions: This study shows that there are increases in levels of OxLDL and a decrease in plasma concentration of hs-CRP which are more significant in the second trimester.