Nitrogen Oxides Research Articles

Air Pollution, Genetic Susceptibility, and Risk of Incident Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Prospective Cohort Study.

There are few existing studies that investigate the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with long-term exposure to air pollutants. This study aimed to explore associations between long-term exposure to air pollutants and incident SLE and further evaluate interactions and joint effects of genetic risk and air pollutants. A total of 459,815 participants were included from UK Biobank. The concentrations of air pollutants (fine particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 μm [PM2.5], particulate matter diameter ≤10 μm [PM10], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], and nitrogen oxides [NOx]) were estimated by land-use regression model. We applied Cox proportional hazards model to explore linkages of air pollutants and incident SLE. The polygenic risk score (PRS) was used for further assessing the interactions and joint effects of genetic risk and air pollutants. A total of 399 patients with SLE were identified during a median follow-up of 11.77 years. There were positive associations between air pollutant exposure and incident SLE, as the adjusted hazard ratios were 1.18 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.06-1.32), 1.23 (1.10-1.39), 1.27 (1.14-1.41), and 1.13 (1.03-1.23) for each interquartile range increase in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx, respectively. Moreover, participants with high genetic risk and high air pollution exposure had the highest risk of incident SLE compared with those with low genetic risk and low air pollution exposure (adjusted hazard ratio: PM2.5, 4.16 [95% CI 2.67-6.49]; PM10, 5.31 [95% CI 3.30,-8.55]; NO2, 5.61 [95% CI 3.45-9.13]; and NOx, 4.80 [95% CI 3.00-7.66]). There was a significant multiplicative interaction between NO2 and PRS. Long-term exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx) may increase the risk of developing SLE.

Exposure to air pollution and cardiovascular risk in young children - a pilot project.

To examine relationships between traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and markers of pre-clinical cardiovascular risk in young children. We studied a cohort of healthy children ages 2-5 recruited from pediatric primary care sites (n = 122). We obtained child weight, height, blood pressure and hair nicotine levels. A blood sample was obtained for biomarkers of systemic inflammation, oxidation, and prevalence of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. This manuscript represents a secondary analysis. TRAP exposure (particulate levels, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and proximity to major roadways) was assessed using national air pollution data based on child's census tract of residence. TRAP exposure had significant positive associations with prevalence of two of the three EPC subtypes (CD34 + /CD133 + /CD45- and CD133 + /CD45-) in unadjusted correlations. In a linear regression model, adjusting for sex, age, race, ethnicity, body mass index, parental education, child insurance, and secondhand smoke exposure, one EPC subtype (CD133 + /CD45-) had a positive significant correlation to every TRAP measure. No significant relationships between air pollution and measures of inflammation and oxidation was found. Our findings of the upregulation of EPCs may signal a response to early vascular damage during early childhood due to air pollution exposure. Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) - known cardiovascular risk factor during adulthood Current pilot study in very young children shows upregulation of cells which protect the endothelial lining of blood vessels (endothelial progenitor cells, EPCs) Upregulation of EPCs aligns with other cardiovascular risks during childhood (obesity, prematurity, type 1 diabetes) Demonstrated with TRAP exposure lower than EPA threshold Response to air pollution may be protective of cardiovascular damage during early childhood.

Integration of ten years of daily weather, traffic, and air pollution data from Norway’s six largest cities

This study integrates ten years of daily weather, traffic, and air pollution data across the six largest Norwegian cities, utilizing data from the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, the Norwegian Institute of Air Research, and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. The compilation of this dataset involved detailed selection and verification of monitoring stations to ensure consistency and accuracy. Initial data collection focused on the top ten most populous cities in Norway, with the subsequent examination of traffic and air pollution monitoring sites. Weather variables were then matched to the selected sites, resulting in a comprehensive dataset from 2009 to 2018. The resulting dataset encompasses extensive information, including harmful pollutants such as Nitric oxide (NO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Particulate Matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5), and Particulate Matter less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM10). The dataset’s potential for further analysis and its utility in informing policy decisions underscore its significance. This integrated dataset is a valuable resource for researchers and policymakers alike, facilitating comprehensive studies on the intersection of weather, traffic, and air pollution in urban environments.

Biodiesel Sustainability: Review of Progress and Challenges of Biodiesel as Sustainable Biofuel

Biodiesel, an environmentally degradable and renewable biofuel derived from organic matter, has exhibited its capacity as a viable and sustainable substitute for traditional diesel fuel. Numerous comprehensive investigations have been conducted to assess the effects of biodiesel on internal combustion engines (ICEs), with particular emphasis on diesel engine performance metrics, combustion dynamics, and emission profiles. Biodiesel demonstrates a significant decrease in emissions of particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) in diesel engines. The addition of biodiesel has shown a minor decrease in power output and a slight increase in fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Nevertheless, the extensive implementation of biodiesel, despite its potential to effectively reduce detrimental emissions, has encountered obstacles stemming from external influences including restricted availability of feedstock, volatile petroleum oil prices, and inadequate governmental backing. This review presents a concise summary of significant advancements in the global adoption of biodiesel from a sustainability perspective. This review provides valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with the advancement of sustainable biofuel technologies by synthesizing the current state of palm biodiesel and examining global trends in biodiesel implementation. The wider adoption of biodiesel can be facilitated by addressing concerns pertaining to feedstock availability, price stability, and policy support. This would allow for the realization of significant environmental advantages and contribute to a more environmentally friendly and sustainable biofuel.

Towards carbon-neutral and clean propulsion in heavy-duty transportation with hydroformylated Fischer–Tropsch fuels

AbstractClean transport requires tailored energy carriers. For heavy-duty transportation, synthetic fuels are promising but must fulfil the key challenges of achieving carbon neutrality while reducing air pollution and ensuring scalability through compatibility with existing infrastructure. Here we show that hydroformylated Fischer–Tropsch (HyFiT) fuels composed of optimized alkane–alcohol blends simultaneously address these challenges. First, the design of the HyFiT fuel process flexibly closes the carbon cycle by employing biomass or carbon dioxide as feedstock, while being scalable through mature technologies. Second, fuel testing shows that HyFiT fuels comply with global fuel standards. Material compatibility is demonstrated for two standard sealing materials, enabling the retrofit of today’s vehicle fleets. Third, vehicle testing shows that HyFiT fuels substantially reduce combustion-induced particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. Fourth, a well-to-wheel life cycle assessment finds that HyFiT fuels enable the transition to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, showing simultaneously a favourable profile in other environmental parameters. HyFiT fuels can thus complement electrification for heavy-duty transportation.

NO Formation in Combustion Engines Fuelled by Mixtures of Hydrogen and Methane

The present work addresses the production of nitrogen oxides in ICEs burning hydrogen mixed with methane. A mathematical model that allows the calculation of nitrogen oxide emissions from such combustion was built; this model uses the extended chemical kinetic mechanism of Zeldovich. Numerical simulations were carried out on the production of NO, varying the following variables: proportion of H2 to CH4, the equivalence ratio of the reactant mixture, the compression ratio, and the engine speed. The essential purpose was to assess how NO production is affected by the mentioned variables. The main assumptions were (i) Otto cycle; (ii) instantaneous combustion; (iii) chemical equilibrium reached just at the end of combustion; (iv) the formation of NO only during the expansion stroke of pistons. Results were obtained for various proportions of hydrogen and methane, various equivalence ratios, speeds of rotation, and compression ratios of an engine. In short, the results obtained in the current work show that the lowering of the equivalence ratio leads to a lower concentration of NO; that increasing the compression ratio also lowers the concentration of NO; that NO production occurs until shortly after the beginning of the expansion stroke; and finally, that the NO concentration in the engine exhaust is not very sensitive to the H2/CH4 ratio in the fuel mixture.

Associations of ambient air pollution exposure and lifestyle factors with incident dementia in the elderly: A prospective study in the UK Biobank

ObjectiveDementia is an important disease burden among the elderly, and its occurrence may be profoundly affected by environmental factors. Evidence of the relationship between air pollution and dementia is emerging, but the extent to which this can be offset by lifestyle factors remains ambiguous. MethodsThis study comprised 155,828 elder adults aged 60 years and above in the UK Biobank who were dementia-free at baseline. Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to examine the associations of annual average levels of air pollutants in 2010, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse) and lifestyle factors recorded at baseline [physical activity (PA), sleep patterns, or smoking status] with incident risk of dementia, and their interactions on both multiplicative and additive scales. ResultsDuring a 12-year period of follow-up, 4,389 incidents of all-cause dementia were identified. For each standarddeviationincrease in ambient NO2, NOX or PM2.5, all-cause dementia risk increases by 1.07-fold [hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.07 (1.04, 1.10)], 1.05-fold (95 % CI: 1.02, 1.08) and 1.07-fold (95 % CI: 1.04, 1.10), whereas low levels of PA, poor sleep patterns, and smoking are associated with an elevated risk of dementia [HR (95 % CI) = 1.17 (1.09, 1.26), 1.13 (1.00, 1.27), and 1.14 (1.07, 1.21), respectively]. Furthermore, these air pollutants show joint effects with low PA, poor sleep patterns, and smoking on the onset of dementia. The moderate to high levels of PA could significantly or marginally significantly modify the associations between NO2, NOX or PM2.5 (P-int = 0.067, 0.036, and 0.067, respectively) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but no significant modification effects are found for sleep patterns or smoking status. ConclusionThe increased exposures of NO2, NOX, or PM2.5 are associated with elevated risk of dementia among elderly UK Biobank population. These air pollutants take joint effects with low PA, poor sleep patterns, and smoking on the development of dementia. In addition, moderate to high levels of PA could attenuate the incident risk of AD caused by air pollution. Further prospective researches among other cohort populations are warranted to validate these findings.

Improved Air Quality and Asthma Incidence from School-Age to Young Adulthood: A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study.

Background The benefits of improved air quality on asthma remain understudied. Therefore, our aim was to investigate associations of changes in ambient air pollution with incident asthma from school-age until young adulthood in an area with mostly low air pollution levels. Methods Participants in the BAMSE birth cohort from Stockholm without asthma before the 8-year follow-up were included (N=2371). We estimated the association of change in individual-level air pollutant exposure (particulate matter with diameter ⩽2.5 μm (PM2.5) and, ⩽10 μm (PM10), black carbon (BC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)) from the first year of life to the 8-year follow-up with asthma incidence from the 8-year until the 24-year follow-up. Multi-pollutant trajectories were identified using Group-Based Multivariate Trajectory model. We also used parametric g-computation to quantify the asthma incidence under different hypothetical interventions regarding air pollution levels. Results Air pollution levels at residency decreased during the period, with median reductions of 5.6% for PM2.5, 3.1% for PM10, 5.9% for BC, and 26.8% for NOx. A total of 395 incident asthma cases were identified from the 8-year until the 24-year follow-up. The odds ratio for asthma was 0.89 (95%CI: 0.80, 0.99) for each interquartile range reduction in PM2.5 (equal to 8.1% reduction). Associations appeared less clear for PM10, BC and NOx. Five multi-pollutant trajectories were identified, where the largest reduction trajectory displayed the lowest odds of asthma (OR=0.55, 95%CI: 0.31, 0.98) compared with the least reduction trajectory. If the PM2.5 exposure had not declined up to the 8-year follow-up, the hypothetical asthma incidence was estimated to have been 10.9% higher (95%CI: 0.8%, 20.8%). Conclusions Decrease in PM2.5 levels during childhood was associated with lower risk of incident asthma from school-age to young adulthood in an area with relatively low air pollution levels, suggesting broad respiratory health benefits from improved air quality. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Kinetic Characterization and Identification of Key Active Site Residues of the L-Aspartate N-Hydroxylase, CreE.

CreE is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase (FMO) that catalyzes three sequential nitrogen oxidation reactions of L-aspartate to produce nitrosuccinate, contributing to the biosynthesis of the antimicrobial and antiproliferative nautral product, cremeomycin. This compound contains a highly reactive diazo functional group for which the reaction of CreE is essential to its formation. Nitro and diazo functional groups can serve as potent electrophiles, important in some challenging nucleophilic addition reactions. Formation of these reactive groups positions CreE as a promising candidate for biomedical and synthetic applications. Here, we present the catalytic mechanism of CreE and the identification of active site residues critical to binding L-aspartate, aiding in future enzyme engineering efforts. Steady-state analysis demonstrated that CreE is very specific for NADPH over NADH and performs a highly coupled reaction with L-aspartate. Analysis of the rapid-reaction kinetics showed that flavin reduction is very fast, along with the formation of the oxygenating species, the C4a-hydroperoxyflavin. The slowest step observed was the dehydration of the flavin. Structural analysis and site-directed mutagenesis implicated T65, R291, and R440 in the binding L-aspartate. The data presented describes the catalytic mechanism and the active site architecture of this unique FMO.

Effect of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides to triphenyl phosphate degradation and cytotoxicity on surface of different transition metal salts

Nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, as the dominant toxic gases in the atmosphere, can induce severe human health problems under the composite pollutant conditions. Currently the effect of nitrogen or sulfur oxides in atmospheric environment to the degradation and cytotoxicity of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) on atmospheric particle surfaces still remain poorly understood. Hence, laboratory simulation methods were used in this study to investigate the effect and related mechanism. First, particle samples were prepared with the TPhP coated on MnSO4, CuSO4, FeSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3 surface. The results showed that, when nitrogen or sulfur oxides were present, more significant TPhP degradation on all samples can be observed under both light and dark conditions. The results proved nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides were the vital influence factors to the degradation of TPhP, which mainly promoted the OH generation in the polluted atmosphere. The mechanism study indicated that diphenyl hydrogen phosphate (DPhP) and OH-DPhP were two main stable degradation products. These degradation products originated from the phenoxy bond cleavage and hydroxylation of TPhP caused by hydroxyl radicals. In addition, no TPhP related organosulfates (OSs) or organic nitrates (ON) formation were observed. Regarding the cytotoxicity, all the particles can induce more significant cellular injury and apoptosis of A549 cells, which may be relevant to the adsorbed nitrogen oxides or sulfur oxides on particles surfaces. The superfluous reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was the possible reason of cytotoxicity. This research can supply a comprehensive understanding of the promoting effect of nitrogen and sulfur oxides to TPhP degradation and the composite cytotoxicity of atmospheric particles.

Study on the Catalytic Activity Modification of Pr and Nd Doped Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 Catalysts for Simultaneous Removal of PM and NOX

Cerium-zirconium composite oxides (Ce0.7Zr0.3O2) have a remarkable effect on catalytic removal of carbon particles (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emitted from diesel engine, in order to further improve the thermal stability, oxygen storage capacity and low temperature catalytic REDOX performance of cerium zirconium composite oxides (Ce0.7Zr0.3O2), a small amount of Pr and Nd rare earth elements are doped to improve the catalytic activity of cerium zirconium composite oxides. In this paper, the composite oxide of Pr6O11–Nd2O3–CeO2–ZrO2 is prepared by unsteady co-precipitation method, and the physicochemical properties of the composite oxide catalyst are analyzed by BET, SEM, XRD and ICP. The gas adsorption capacity and catalytic activity of composite oxide catalysts are measured by temperature programmed reaction technology (TPR). The results show that the composite oxide of Pr0.05Nd0.05Ce0.6Zr0.3O2 prepared by using rare earth elements Pr and Nd inhibits the growth process of grain, refining the grain, and improving the sintering phenomenon at high temperature. The addition of Pr and Nd causes lattice defects, increases the number of oxygen vacancies, and improves the mobility of lattice oxygen, namely promotes oxide oxygen storage property, gas adsorption and catalytic oxidation reduction ability. After modification, Pr0.05Nd0.05Ce0.6Zr0.3O2 has good resistance to high temperature aging performance, prolongs the service life, reduces the PM lowest ignition temperature and minimum catalytic activity temperature of nitrogen oxide, and promotes the NOX reduction rate. For Pr0.05Nd0.05Ce0.6Zr0.3O2, the lowest ignition temperature of PM is about 150 °C, and the lowest catalytic activity temperature of NO is about 130 °C. The maximum CO2 production rate is 68.3%, and the maximum NO reduction rate is 45%.

Dispersion model of NOx emissions from a liquefied natural gas facility

Natural gas used widely in terms of energy production. Energy production is among the most prominent sectors of humankind. Combustion processes inevitably produces air pollutants. The major pollutant during a combustion process is nitrogen oxide emissions. The term of nitrogen oxides primarily include nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. These pollutants are generated regardless of the fuel content since air composition itself is the major source for these pollutants. It is possible to calculate emissions through the activity data and emission factors. Calculation of emissions is not enough for an environmental assessment. The impact of pollutants on human health relies on their concentration in the atmosphere. In order to determine their concentrations several modelling practices are developed. In this study, AERMOD used for modelling purpose of NOx emissions from a liquefied natural gas facility. It was observed that the pollutants were dispersed mostly towards south-southwest of the facility, where Marmaraereğlisi district is located. Although the pollutants transported directly to the settlement, the concentrations remained limited. During operation conditions, the highest daily NOx concentration was 1.7 μg/m3 and the highest annual concentration was 0.1 μg/m3. At maximum operating conditions, the highest daily NOx concentration was 16.2 μg/m3 and the highest annual concentration was 2.5 μg/m3. At minimum operating conditions, the highest daily NOx concentration was 1.1 μg/m3 and the highest annual concentration was 0.2 μg/m3.

Assessment of seasonal variations in the air quality index (2019–2022) in Al-Jahra city, Kuwait

The daily air quality indices (AQIs) for pollutants, including particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO2), ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), were evaluated for the period of 2019–2022 in Al-Jahra City, Kuwait. This study is designed to (1) evaluate overall and seasonal changes in pollutants, (2) investigate the correlation for PM10 and PM2.5 and other pollutants during each season, and (3) examine the best model for prediction of air pollutant concentration of PM10 and PM2.5. An assessment of air quality indices was carried out by using different algorithms models, including random forest (RF), an artificial neural network (ANN), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The overall level of PM10, PM2.5, and SO2 pollutants shows an increasing trend from 2019 to 2022, reaching their highest in 2022 with a significant decrease in 2020 during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. The pollutants CO and O3 reached their peak in 2021.The obtained results showed that the PM10 and O3 levels are higher in the summer, whereas PM2.5, NO2, and CO were recorded at the highest levels during spring, autumn, and winter respectively due to a variation in the meteorologic condition. Furthermore, during the winter season, the PM10 is positively correlated with CO (rp = 0.401), NO2 (rp = 0.121), and SO2 (rp = 0.119) AQIs while PM2.5 is significantly positively correlated with the CO (rp = 0.198), O3 (rp = 0.310), and SO2 (rp = 0.129) AQIs. In contrast, the performance of XGBoost is a more reliable predictor for PM10 and PM2.5 levels.

Aroma profiling analysis of grape berries based on electronic nose detection

Aroma analysis of grape berries can provide support for the breeding of new varieties and increase economic value. In order to preliminarily explore and screen the berry aroma characteristics of 191 grape germplasm resources, the electronic nose detection method was used to analyze the berry aroma characteristics. The clustering results of 10 sensors showed that the aroma types of grape berries could be identified. The first category (I) contains 139 germplasm; The second group (II) contains 32 germplasms; The third group (III) contains four germplasms; The fourth group (IV) and the fifth group (V)include 8 germplasm. The berry aroma of cluster I, II, IV and V was significantly different from that of cluster III, mainly manifested by the significant difference in the response values of W1S (methane), W2S (alcohols) and W5S (nitrogen oxides). The W1S, W2S and W5S sensors, as well as the W2W (aromatic components and organic sulfides) aroma sensors show high response values for 'Ayaneskeal' and 'Urbana', indicating a strong aroma. The results of this study preliminarily elucidates the aroma differences among different grape germplasms, providing a data basis for the selection of grape germplasms with distinct aroma, which will be used as a source to obtain new varieties with aromatic value for the production of grapes for fresh consumption and beverages, such as wine. It also provided data basis for the establishment of grape germplasm resource bank.

Experimental study on peak shaving during preheating combustion for different coal ranks: Thermal modification and variable load operation

With the large-scale integration of renewable energy into the power grid, coal-fired power plants shoulder an enormous burden of peak shaving. In this study, the variable load characteristics of different coal ranks were extensively investigated on a 40 kWth down-fired test platform. Moreover, the preheating modification of fuel at ultra-low loads was investigated. A comprehensive evaluation coefficient (Eph) was established to characterize the reactivity of different coal ranks at wide loads. The determination criterion of combustion stability for variable load processes was modified. The results show that the preheating modification of different coal ranks was significant, especially for lower-activity coals such as anthracite and lean coals. The minimum loads after modification were 25 %, 25 %, 35 % and 40 % for ARG (lignite), SM (bituminous), RG (lean coal) and SH (anthracite), respectively. Furthermore, the preheating modification had a positive effect on increasing the variable load rate, which was positively correlated with Eph for different coal ranks. The maximum variable load rates after modification for ARG, SM, RG and SH were 2.78 %/min, 3.13 %/min, 1.79 %/min and 1.15 %/min, which corresponded to the optimum load steps of 25–30 %. The response rate of NO and N2O with time in the low-rank coal is faster than that in the high-rank coal during the variable load process, which is consistent with the trend of the variable load rate. In addition, the conversion of nitrogen oxides decreases and then increases with load, and the inflection points corresponding to AGB, SM, RG and SH are 40 %, 38 %, 70 % and 80 %, respectively. The NOx emissions were less than 335 mg/m3 (@6 % O2) for the different coal ranks during load changes.

Moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) alleviates the negative effect of methylisothiazolinone on the nitrification-denitrification process

Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is an emerging contaminant used as a biocide in housecleaning and skin care products. Therefore, MIT can reach civil wastewater treatment plants due to domestic usage, thus potentially inhibiting the biological process. This study aims to investigate, for the first time, the effect of MIT on the nitrification-denitrification process in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). After a preliminary study performed in a fed-batch reactor, two MBBRs were simultaneously operated in semi-continuous mode for 136 days evaluating a concentration of MIT in the influent of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L. A parallel study was also conducted under anaerobic conditions to evaluate the effect of MIT on methane production and volatile fatty acid accumulation. At a concentration of 0.1 mg MIT/L, the nitrification process experienced an initial complete inhibition. Subsequently, nitrifying bacteria gradually recovered, reaching approximately 49 % oxidation of ammonia nitrogen, a removal improved up to 64 % at 1.0 mg MIT/L. Although denitrification dealt with a temporary inhibition, the process ultimately achieved a 100 % decrease in nitrite and nitrate concentrations when the MIT concentration was increased from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/L. The cumulative methane yield reached approximately 134 mL CH4/g VS for the control group and was similar to the methane production obtained in the presence of MIT. A MIT removal of 100 % was achieved under aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions.

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Associated with Rheumatoid Lung at The Koulikoro Reference Health Center, Mali

Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a cause of bronchial dilatation, associated with rheumatoid lung is rare. This is why we report a case with the aim of discussing the clinical, diagnostic characteristics and therapeutic possibilities of ciliary pathology and showing the link between it and rheumatoid arthritis. Observation: This is a 40-year-old African patient, married without children, from a consanguineous couple, with a family history of a brother who died in adulthood in a picture of respiratory failure and productive cough. She presented with recurrent rhinorrhea since childhood and bronchorrhea in a picture of progressively worsening dyspnea and clubbing. During the evolution of the disease, inflammatory polyarthralgia was associated. The ultrastructural ciliary study by electron microscopy and the measurement of nasal nitrogen oxide are the confirmatory examinations of primary ciliary dyskinesia. They are not achievable in our practice. However, based on the history and clinical findings, the patient presented several elements in favor of this pathology. additional investigations, notably the rheumatoid factor and the chest CT scan, allowed us to suggest rheumatoid lung. Our therapeutic conduct was the administration of antibiotic therapy, oxygen therapy, immunosuppressant, anti-inflammatory and the practice of respiratory physiotherapy. Conclusion: Primary ciliary dyskinesia associated with pulmonary involvement in rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of developing respiratory failure.

Flame Characterization of Cofiring Gaseous and Solid Fuels in Suspensions.

This work characterizes technical scale flames of suspension firing of gaseous and solid fuel mixtures through in-flame measurements with focus on nitrogen oxide (NOx) formation. The aims are to investigate the impacts of substituting a solid fuel with a gaseous fuel on the important mechanisms for NOx formation and to highlight important considerations for burner design. The investigation was performed in a 100 kW test unit that fires mixtures of propane and lignite. The global emissions levels and in-flame compositions were measured. A detailed reaction model was used to interpret the experimental results. The study highlights the importance of the early release of volatile nitrogen to reduce the levels of NOx. The findings indicate that substituting lignite by propane is advantageous in terms of reducing NO emissions, primarily due to the diminished input of fuel-bound nitrogen to the flame. However, this holds true only if the flame temperature of the gaseous fuel does not increase excessively. Finally, introducing a relatively small quantity of solid fuel to a propane flame appears to alter the flame behavior to resembles that of the "solid fuel," with a longer and wider flame. Despite this, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide concentrations remain like gas combustion but more dispersed.

ENVİRONMENTAL PROTECTİON AGAİNST THE EFFECTS OF CLİMATE CHANGE THE ROLE OF GIS İN İTS FORMATİON

The article provides information about climate changes, which have become one of the global problems, and their impact on the living world, which worries the world community more and more. Unstable weather conditions are felt not only in Azerbaijan but also in several countries of the world and create problems. Increasing attention to these problems is manifested in the holding of a number of international events, including scientific and practical conferences. According to the latest assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the average temperature on Earth has increased by 0.8 degrees in the last 100 years. The increase in temperature is mainly due to anthropogenic factors. The basis of anthropogenic factors are gases that create a thermal effect: carbon, methane, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen 1 oxide and chlorine-fluorine compounds. Space observations of the last 100 years show that the intensity and frequency of storms and blizzards have increased. Hot winds, hurricanes, and precipitation have intensified. At the same time, the number of flood events has also increased. If the surface of the ocean used to heat up to a depth of 1000 meters, then the warming reaches up to a depth of 2000 meters; resulting in hot currents becoming even hotter. That is, the main factor in the increase of all these natural disasters is climate change.

Highly Stable Perovskite Oxides for Electrocatalytic Acidic NOx− Reduction Streamlining Ammonia Synthesis from Air

Electrochemical nitrogen oxide ions reduction reaction (NOx−RR) shows great opportunity for ammonia production under ambient conditions. Yet, performing NOx−RR in strong acidic conditions remains challenging due to the corrosion effect on the catalyst and competing hydrogen evolution reactions. Here, we demonstrate a stable La1.5Sr0.5Ni0.5Fe0.5O4 perovskite oxide for the NOx−RR at pH 0, achieving a Faradaic efficiency for ammonia of approaching 100% at a current density of 2 A cm−2 in a H‐type cell. At industrially relevant current density, the NOx−RR system shows stable cell voltage and Faradaic efficiency for >350 h in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) at pH 0. By integrating the catalyst in a stacked MEA with a series connection, we have successfully obtained a record‐breaking 2.578 g h−1 NH3 production rate at 20 A. This catalyst's unique acid‐operability streamlines downstream ammonia utilization for direct ammonium salt production and upstream integration with NOx sources. Techno‐economic and lifecycle assessments reveal substantial economic advantages for this ammonia production strategy, even when coupled with a plasma‐based NOx production system, presenting a sustainable complement to the conventional Haber‐Bosch process.