Susceptibility To Oxidation Research Articles

Magnetic Supraparticles Capable of Recording High‐Temperature Events

AbstractSuperparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are prone to oxidation at elevated temperatures (>300 °C) and lose their magnetizability upon transition from magnetite/maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3 / Fe3O4) to hematite (α‐Fe2O3). Silica (SiO2) shells can effectively prevent this undesired effect up to ≈1000 °C. Herein, the study shows how to utilize SPIONs with varying SiO2 shell thickness and thus, different oxidation susceptibility, and how to combine them in micrometers sized assemblies – so‐called supraparticles (SPs), to create a structurally emerging magnetic temperature recording functionality. The desired oxidation of non or weakly‐protected SPIONs within SPs upon temperature events reduces dipole–dipole interactions of well‐protected SPIONs in the confined SP entity. The resulting change of magnetic interactions therefore contains information on the thermal history of the SP, which can be spectrally read out via magnetic particle spectroscopy within seconds. Their working range can be tuned from 400 to 1000 °C on two independent structural hierarchy levels, namely the SiO2 shell thickness and the freely selectable ratios of different building blocks in the SP. The application of such SPs as particulate additives for magnetic recording of high‐temperature events, especially relevant in metal, alloy, and ceramic processing, representing a yet unexplored and optically‐independent option for bulk temperature recording is proposed.

Efficient Sn–Pb Mixed Perovskite Solar Cells Via Minimizing Solvent Oxidation

AbstractTin (Sn)–lead (Pb) mixed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) stand out as the optimal choice for the bottom subcell of the all‐perovskite tandem solar cells. One of the major challenges impeding the further enhancement of Sn–Pb mixed PSCs power conversion efficiency (PCE) is the easy oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ and a large number of Sn vacancies in the perovskite films. In this work, the sources of Sn2+ oxidation in the perovskite precursor solution are systematically investigated, focusing on the oxidation state of raw materials, solvent‐dissolved oxygen, and solvent oxidizing ability. It is discovered that compared to the commonly used dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent, N, N'‐Dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU) exhibits a weaker oxidizing ability while forming excellent coordination with the perovskite precursor. Using a mixed solvent of N, N‐Dimethylformamide (DMF), and DMPU as the precursor solvent not only obviates the need for additional antioxidants but also demonstrates reduced oxidation susceptibility toward Sn–Pb mixed perovskite. Utilizing a gas‐assisted technique without anti‐solvents, high‐efficiency Sn–Pb mixed PSCs are fabricated. These findings not only deepen the understanding of the oxidation phenomena in Sn–Pb perovskite precursor solutions but also provide essential guidance for the scalable production of Sn–Pb mixed PSCs and tandem solar cells.

An Emerging Stannous Fluoride Complex‐Enabled Highly Efficient Electron Collection and High Stability of Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells

In advancing high‐performance tin‐based perovskite solar cells, rapid crystallization and oxidation susceptibility are key challenges. SnF2, often added to control crystallization and oxidation, may impact cell performance, particularly postannealing. This study uses in situ variable‐temperature X‐Ray diffraction to examine SnF2's physicochemical behavior and phase transitions in these cells. The analysis highlights how residual SnF2 affects carrier recombination through energy‐level structures. Postfilm formation, SnF2 chemically interacts with 2,2′:6′,2″‐Terpyridine (TPY), forming a stannous fluoride complex that enhances electron transport and energy alignment. Crucially, TPY passivates surface defects and reduces tin vacancies, boosting device stability. The experimental results indicate that the unencapsulated devices in air atmosphere exhibit a stabilized power output retention rate above 90% of the initial efficiency after 29.5 h. After ≈800 h of continuous illumination in ambient air, the conversion efficiency can still be maintained above 100%. Remarkably, t90 (time to retain 90% efficiency) of the target device in pure oxygen is over 24 h.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ЖЕЛЕЗА В РЕЧНОЙ ВОДЕ НА ТЕХНОЛОГИЮ ОЧИСТКИ

Various iron compounds in dissolved colloidal and complex forms can be found in the surface source water. Iron content in the water of the Tura depends on the time of year and changes from 0.12 to 3.8 mg/dm3. The variety of iron forms in river water depending on annual changes requires the application of relevant technologies for its elimination. Most iron compounds are removed by coagulation and, if complex compounds are present, by the use of oxidizing agents. Systematic analyses of qualitative indicators of the Tura water by the laboratory of Metelevsky water treatment plant of Metelevsky water intake made it possible to graph the dependences of iron quantitative values on water level (river flow rate), turbidity, colour, oxidation susceptibility and hydrogen pH. Since the forms of iron compounds in natural water affect the effective choice of water treatment technology for household and drinking water, the ratios of iron (II) and iron (III) in total iron in river water depending on the value of redox (Eh) and hydrogen (pH) indices were determined for different periods of the year. The results of the study showed that during water treatment it is necessary to carry out aeration with the introduction of oxidizing agent. The objectives of the study were to identify the ratio of iron (II) and iron (III) in total iron in river water for different periods of a year in terms of Eh and pH values. The ratio of iron forms in natural water is important in the choice of water treatment technology for domestic and drinking purposes. The research showed that if total iron content in the Tura water was 0.67 mg/dm3 the amount of iron (II) was 60 percent and iron (III) was 40 percent.

Effect of the surface status on corrosion fatigue of the strained structural materials

Fatigue failure of metal structures during operation is a frequent cause of machinery and equipment failure, and sometimes of human losses. This is especially true for operating conditions in the presence of corrosive environment. Reliable and safe operation of metal products and engineering devices during operation is largely determined by the structure and properties of the used materials and is ensured by optimizing the process operating conditions. The analysis of domestic and foreign literature data has shown that systematic theoretical and experimental studies of the impact of corrosive environment on the resistance to alternating loads on strained metals and alloys are practically absent. In this regard, the issue of identifying the patterns of corrosion and fatigue failure seems to be urgent in order to increase the corrosion fatigue life of plastically strained metals and alloys. This paper analyzes the impact of the status of surface layers of structural metals in a thermally treated and plastically strained state. The factors influencing the metals oxidation susceptibility have been established. During cyclic loading all processes related to vacancies’ concentration and fatigue cracks nucleation are ahead of schedule in the surface layers of metal, and all structural damage is concentrated at the surface, especially in case of corrosion fatigue. Plastic deformation increases both the thermodynamic possibility of oxide formation on the metal surface and the speed of this process. An increase in the active sites density on the surface of the strained metal contributes to the emerging of a large number of oxide nuclei, the growth of which leads to a faster formation of a continuous passivating film than on the surface of an unstrained metal.

First-principles study of the oxidation susceptibility of WS2, WSe2, and WTe2 monolayers.

The environmental stability of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers is of great importance for their applications in electronic, photonic, and energy storage devices. In this study, we focus on understanding the susceptibility of WS2, WSe2, and WTe2 monolayers to oxygen exposure in the form of atomic oxygen and O2 and O3 molecules, respectively. Calculations based on the van der Waals-corrected density functional theory predicted that O2 and O3 molecules are weakly adsorbed on these monolayers, although atomic oxygen prefers chemisorption accompanied by a significant charge transfer from the surface to oxygen. In the physisorbed molecular configurations consisting of O2 and O3, the partially oxidized monolayers retain their geometrical and electronic structures. The calculated transition path as the oxygen approaches the surface shows a high-energy barrier for all cases, thus explaining the photo-induced formation of the oxidized configurations in the experiments. Furthermore, oxidizing the WS2 monolayer is predicted to modify its electronic structure, reducing the band gap with increasing oxygen coverage on the surface. Overall, the calculated results predict the resilience of WS2, WSe2, and WTe2 monolayers against oxygen exposure, thus ensuring stability for devices fabricated with these monolayers.

Predicting Autoxidation of Sulfides in Drug-like Molecules Using Quantum Mechanical/Density Functional Theory Methods.

Autoxidation of drugs and drug-like molecules is a major concern in the development of safe and effective therapeutics. Because active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that contain sulfur atoms can form sulfoxides under oxidative stress, predicting oxidative susceptibilities within an organic molecule can have a major impact in accelerating the compound's stability assessment. For investigation of a sulfur atom's oxidative stability, density functional theory (DFT) methods were applied to accurately predict S-O estimated bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of sulfoxides. Our process employed B3LYP/6-31+G(d) for geometry optimization and frequency calculation, and we employed B3P86/6-311++G(2df,2p) to obtain electronic energies from single-point energy calculations. A total of 84 drug-like molecules containing 50 different sulfide scaffolds were used to develop a risk scale. Our results showed that when S-O BDE is less than 69 kcal/mol, the sulfur atom has low oxidative susceptibility. High oxidation risk occurs when the S-O BDE is greater than 75 kcal/mol. The risk scale was successful in predicting the relative propensities of sulfide oxidation among the small organic molecules and commercial drugs examined.

A hypothesis about the influence of oxidative stress on amino acid protein composition during evolution

Life emerged in an anoxic world, but the release of molecular oxygen, the by-product of photosynthesis, forced adaptive changes to counteract its toxicity. However, reactive oxygen species can damage all cellular components, including proteins. Therefore, several mechanisms have evolved to balance the intracellular redox state and maintain a reductive environment more compatible with many essential biological functions. In this study, we statistically interrogated the amino acid composition of E. coli proteins to investigate how the proneness or susceptibility to oxidation of amino acids biased their sequences. By sorting the proteins into five compartments (cytoplasm, internal membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, and extracellular), we found that various oxidative lesions constrain protein composition and depend on the cellular compartments, impacting the evenness of distribution or frequency. Our findings suggest that oxidative susceptibility could influence the observed differences in amino acid abundance across cellular compartments. This result reflects how the oxidative atmosphere could restrict protein amino acid composition and impose a codon bias trend.

Circulating Total Extracellular Vesicles Cargo Are Associated with Age-Related Oxidative Stress and Susceptibility to Cardiovascular Diseases: Exploratory Results from Microarray Data.

Aging is a risk factor for many non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVP) carry microRNAs that may play a role in age-related diseases and may induce oxidative stress. We hypothesized that aging could impact EVP miRNA and impair redox homeostasis, contributing to chronic age-related diseases. Our aims were to investigate the microRNA profiles of circulating total EVPs from aged and young adult animals and to evaluate the pro- and antioxidant machinery in circulating total EVPs. Plasma from 3- and 21-month-old male Wistar rats were collected, and total EVPs were isolated. MicroRNA isolation and microarray expression analysis were performed on EVPs to determine the predicted regulation of targeted mRNAs. Thirty-one mature microRNAs in circulating EVPs were impacted by age and were predicted to target molecules in canonical pathways directly related to cardiovascular diseases and oxidative status. Circulating total EVPs from aged rats had significantly higher NADPH oxidase levels and myeloperoxidase activity, whereas catalase activity was significantly reduced in EVPs from aged animals. Our data shows that circulating total EVP cargo-specifically microRNAs and oxidative enzymes-are involved in redox imbalance in the aging process and can potentially drive cardiovascular aging and, consequently, cardiac disease.

Mullite‐type EMBO4: synthesis, structural, optical, and vibrational properties of rare tin(II) borates with M = Al and Ga

AbstractMetal tin‐(II)‐borates are rarely studied mainly due to the susceptibility of either oxidation into tin(IV) or disproportionation into elemental tin(0) and tin(IV). We report mullite‐type SnAlBO4 and SnGaBO4 ceramics produced by conventional solid‐state synthesis in sealed quartz tubes at low pressure of 10–7 MPa. Both compounds are isostructural to PbAlBO4 as confirmed by Rietveld refinements of powder X‐ray data. The crystal structures are highly influenced by the stereochemical activity of the 5s2 lone electron pair of the Sn2+ cation measured by the Wang–Liebau eccentricity parameter. To further consolidate the structural features 119Sn Mössbauer, solid state NMR, Raman, IR and UV/vis spectroscopic measurements are performed. The 119Sn Mössbauer isomer shifts and the quadrupole splitting values confirm the SnO4 coordination and Sn(II) valence states. Solid state 11B, 27Al and 119Sn NMR spectra provided insights into the local crystal‐chemical environment. The vibrational properties are discussed from group theoretical analysis to mode assignments. SnAlBO4 and SnGaBO4, respectively, possess an electronic band gap of 3.73(9) and 3.21(4) eV calculated from the diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectra.

Origin of environmentally structural susceptibility of nickel-based layered oxide cathodes

Environmental susceptibility is an intrinsic property associated with the handling and storage process of nickel-based layered oxide materials in ambient air, which combines with electrochemical factors to determine the cathode performance. Nonetheless, the mechanism underlying such environmental effect has not been well elucidated yet. In this work, using atomic-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, we discover that chemical desodification of Ni-based sodium oxides upon air-exposure triggers extensive initiation and propagation of intragranular cracks along the a-b plane in the lattice, which is distinct from the dense interphase layer for chemically delithiated Ni-based lithium oxides. We rationalize that the diverse environmental susceptibility of Ni-based layered oxides is dictated by Li/Na chemical reaction-diffusion-induced structural evolution or failure, based on the ab initio calculation and numerical kinetic modeling. The established correlation between reaction-diffusion-induced stress fields and structural changes provides new visions for developing high energy and high stability Ni-based layered cathode materials.

Interaction of chromium-sulfur-iron during Cr(VI) stabilization by polysulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron for groundwater remediation: Batch experiments and numerical simulation

Sulfidated nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a vital technology for stabilizing hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in groundwater. However, it faces challenges such as oxidation susceptibility and unclear reaction mechanisms. In this study, a novel CaSx-modified nZVI material (PS-nZVI) was synthesized through an improved preparation method by using a two-step method to investigate its interactions with chromium, sulfur and iron for Cr(VI) immobilization. Results showed that the addition of PS significantly altered the microstructure and properties of the material. As the PS content increased, the material transformed from nZVI to a flower-like FeSn structure, enhancing its reduction capability and protecting the internal nZVI. PS-nZVI exhibited higher Cr(VI) removal capacity compared to nZVI, with the best efficiency at a PS/Fe molar ratio of 1/10. The removal process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that chemical adsorption dominated. Initially, PS-nZVI focused on reducing Cr(VI), differentiating it from other sulfide-modified nZVI. The formation of FeSn on the surface of material facilitated the reduction of Fe(III) and Cr(VI) and acted as an electron transfer intermediate, enabling efficient Cr(VI) stabilization. Using a reactive transport model, it can be found that iron contributed 57.4% to Cr(VI) solidification as chromite, while sulfur and iron contributed 95.9% and 4.1%, respectively, to Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III).

Effects of Dibutylphthalate and Steroid Hormone Mixture on Human Prostate Cells.

Phthalates are a family of aromatic chemical compounds mainly used as plasticizers. Among phthalates, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is a low-molecular-weight phthalate used as a component of many cosmetic products, such as nail polish, and other perfumed personal care products. DBP has toxic effects on reproductive health, inducing testicular damage and developmental malformations. Inside the male reproductive system, the prostate gland reacts to both male and female sex steroids. For this reason, it represents an important target of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), compounds that are able to affect the estrogen and androgen signaling pathways, thus interfering with prostate homeostasis and inducing several prostate pathologies. The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of DBP, alone and in combination with testosterone (T), 17β-estradiol (E2), and both, on the normal PNT1A human prostate cell-derived cell line, to mimic environmental contamination. We showed that DBP and all of the tested mixtures increase cell viability through activation of both estrogen receptor α (ERα) and androgen receptor (AR). DBP modulated steroid receptor levels in a nonmonotonic way, and differently to endogenous hormones. In addition, DBP translocated ERα to the nucleus over different durations and for a more prolonged time than E2, altering the normal responsiveness of prostate cells. However, DBP alone seemed not to influence AR localization, but AR was continuously and persistently activated when DBP was used in combination. Our results show that DBP alone, and in mixture, alters redox homeostasis in prostate cells, leading to a greater increase in cell oxidative susceptibility. In addition, we also demonstrate that DBP increases the migratory potential of PNT1A cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that DBP, alone and in mixtures with endogenous steroid hormones, acts as an EDC, resulting in an altered prostate cell physiology and making these cells more prone to cancer transformation.

Chemoproteomic strategy identified p120-catenin glutathionylation regulates E-cadherin degradation and cell migration

Identification of cysteines with high oxidation susceptibility is important for understanding redox-mediated biological processes. In this report, we report a chemical proteomic strategy that finds cysteines with high susceptibility to S-glutathionylation. Our proteomic strategy, named clickable glutathione-based isotope-coded affinity tag (G-ICAT), identified 1,518 glutathionylated cysteines while determining their relative levels of glutathionylated and reduced forms upon adding hydrogen peroxide. Among identified cysteines, we demonstrated that CTNND1 (p120) C692 has high susceptibility to glutathionylation. Also, p120 wild type (WT), compared to C692S, induces its dissociation from E-cadherin under oxidative stress, such as glucose depletion. p120 and E-cadherin dissociation correlated with E-cadherin destabilization via its proteasomal degradation. Lastly, we showed that p120 WT, compared to C692S, increases migration and invasion of MCF7 cells under glucose depletion, supporting a model that p120 C692 glutathionylation increases cell migration and invasion by destabilization of E-cadherin, a core player in cell-cell adhesion.

Effects of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid on the growth performance, fatty acid profile, immunity and heat tolerance of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A 93-day growth trial was performed to evaluate the influences of graded dietary EPA levels (0.03% (control group), 0.24%, 0.63%, 1.07%, 1.72% and 2.25%) on the growth performance, immunity and heat tolerance of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai with a mean initial weight of 4.15 ± 0.18 g. After the feeding trial, the findings found that the highest weight gain rate (WGR) belonged to the groups fed with 0.63% ∼ 1.72% of dietary EPA (P < 0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio was distinguished in the groups with 0.63% ∼ 1.07% of dietary EPA (P < 0.05). Also, EPA supplementation in abalone feed increased the content of crude lipid in the soft body and the activity of lipase in the intestine (P < 0.05). The total antioxidative capacity increased when dietary EPA levels rose from 0.03% to 1.07%, and then decreased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, compared to the control group, the 0.24% and 0.24% ∼ 0.63% of dietary EPA significantly down-regulated the mRNA levels of IκB kinase and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, respectively (P < 0.05). However, nuclear factor-κB and interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 genes expression in the digestive gland were significantly up-regulated by the use of 1.72% and 2.25% of EPA in diet (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 16 were significantly up-regulated by the 2.25% of dietary EPA (P < 0.05). The 1.72% of dietary EPA significantly increased the falling rate of abalone after the heat stress compared with the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the optimal dietary EPA requirement of juvenile abalone was determined as 1.36% based on quadratic regression analysis against WGR. Moderate dietary EPA content (0.63% ∼ 1.07%) improved the immunity and heat resistance of abalone. Excessive dietary EPA content (1.72% ∼ 2.25%) decreased the growth, meanwhile, increasing the oxidative stress, inflammation and susceptibility of abalone to heat stress.

Engineered coumarin accumulation reduces mycotoxin-induced oxidative stress and disease susceptibility.

Coumarins can fight pathogens and are thus promising for crop protection. Their biosynthesis, however, has not yet been engineered in crops. We tailored the constitutive accumulation of coumarins in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana, Glycine max and Arabidopsis thaliana plants, as well as in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 suspension cells. We did so by overexpressing A. thaliana feruloyl-CoA 6-hydroxylase 1 (AtF6'H1), encoding the key enzyme of scopoletin biosynthesis. Besides scopoletin and its glucoside scopolin, esculin at low level was the only other coumarin detected in transgenic cells. Mechanical damage of scopolin-accumulating tissue led to a swift release of scopoletin, presumably from the scopolin pool. High scopolin levels in A. thaliana roots coincided with reduced susceptibility to the root-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii. In addition, transgenic soybean plants were more tolerant to the soil-borne pathogenic fungus Fusarium virguliforme. Because mycotoxin-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and cell death were reduced in the AtF6'H1-overexpressors, the weaker sensitivity to F. virguliforme may be caused by attenuated oxidative damage of coumarin-hyperaccumulating cells. Together, engineered coumarin accumulation is promising for enhanced disease resilience of crops.

Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity Susceptibility.

Individual susceptibility to pulmonary oxygen toxicity (PO2tox) is highly variable and currently lacks a reliable biomarker for predicting pulmonary hyperoxic stress. As nitric oxide (NO) is involved in many respiratory system processes and functions, we aimed to determine if expired nitric oxide (FENO) levels can provide an indication of PO2tox susceptibility in humans. Eight U.S. Navy-trained divers volunteered as subjects. The hyperoxic exposures consisted of six- and eight-hour hyperbaric chamber dives conducted on consecutive days in which subjects breathed 100% oxygen at 202.65 kPa. Subjects' individual variability in pulmonary function and FENO was measured twice daily over five days and compared with their post-dive values to assess susceptibility to PO2tox. Only subjects who showed no decrements in pulmonary function following the six-hour exposure conducted the eight-hour dive. FENO decreased by 55% immediately following the six-hour oxygen exposure (n = 8, p < 0.0001) and by 63% following the eight-hour exposure (n = 4, p < 0.0001). Four subjects showed significant decreases in pulmonary function immediately following the six-hour exposure. These subjects had the lowest baseline FENO, had the lowest post-dive FENO, and had clinical symptoms of PO2tox. Individuals with low FENO were the first to develop PO2tox symptoms and deficits in pulmonary function from the hyperoxic exposures. These data suggest that endogenous levels of NO in the lungs may protect against the development of PO2tox.

Structural and functional fine mapping of cysteines in mammalian glutaredoxin reveal their differential oxidation susceptibility

Protein-S-glutathionylation is a post-translational modification involving the conjugation of glutathione to protein thiols, which can modulate the activity and structure of key cellular proteins. Glutaredoxins (GLRX) are oxidoreductases that regulate this process by performing deglutathionylation. However, GLRX has five cysteines that are potentially vulnerable to oxidative modification, which is associated with GLRX aggregation and loss of activity. To date, GLRX cysteines that are oxidatively modified and their relative susceptibilities remain unknown. We utilized molecular modeling approaches, activity assays using recombinant GLRX, coupled with site-directed mutagenesis of each cysteine both individually and in combination to address the oxidizibility of GLRX cysteines. These approaches reveal that C8 and C83 are targets for S-glutathionylation and oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in vitro. In silico modeling and experimental validation confirm a prominent role of C8 for dimer formation and aggregation. Lastly, combinatorial mutation of C8, C26, and C83 results in increased activity of GLRX and resistance to oxidative inactivation and aggregation. Results from these integrated computational and experimental studies provide insights into the relative oxidizability of GLRX’s cysteines and have implications for the use of GLRX as a therapeutic in settings of dysregulated protein glutathionylation.

Oxidation of whey protein isolate after thermal convection and microwave heating and freeze-drying: Correlation among physicochemical and NIR spectroscopy analyses

This study investigated the oxidative susceptibility of whey protein isolate (WPI) dispersions treated by microwave or thermal convection before freeze-drying. WPI (20 mg protein/mL) in distilled water (DW) was heated at 63 ± 2 °C for 30 min by microwave (WPI-MW) or convection heating (WPI–CH) and freeze-dried. Untreated WPI (WPI–C), WPI solubilized in DW and freeze-dried (WPI-FD), and WPI solubilized in DW, heated at 98 ± 2 °C for 2 min and freeze-dried (WPI–B) were also evaluated. Structural changes (turbidity, ζ potential, SDS-PAGE, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR)) and protein oxidation (dityrosine, protein carbonylation, and SH groups) were investigated. WPI-FD showed alterations compared to WPI-C, mainly concerning carbonyl groups. Microwave heating increased carbonyl groups and dityrosine formation compared to conventional heating. NIR spectrum indicated changes related to the formation of carbonyl groups and PCA analysis allowed us to distinguish the samples according to carbonyl group content. The results suggest that NIR may contribute to monitoring oxidative changes in proteins resulting from processing.

Multifactorial revealing the association between components and lipid oxidation of edible vegetable oils in bulk and emulsion systems

Herein, the effect of components and colloidal structures on the lipid oxidation of three edible vegetable oils was investigated by comparison in bulk, oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion systems. For all systems, it was fund that the lipid oxidation was highly dependent on the fatty acid profile. Moreover, the lipid oxidation in emulsion systems was obviously higher than that of in bulk state, and the oxidation susceptibility of O/W emulsion was highly comparing with the W/O ones due to a lipid hydrolysis. Correlation analysis confirmed that oil unsaturation in the three systems were obviously positively correlated with the lipid oxidation; whileas α-tocopherol, carotenoids and total polyphenols were negatively correlated with the oxidation sensitivity. Meanwhile, the chemical reactivities (DPPH and FRAP) from the antioxidant components in oils were also retard to the lipid oxidation in these systems. This study provides a reference for understanding the complex relationship between lipid oxidation and oil components in different systems, promoting the designing strategies and the development of novel antioxidant technologies to protect the oil against oxidation and increase shelf-life of lipid foods.