Management Of Oxidative Stress Research Articles

#612 Serum citrulline level is associated with oxidative stress and chronic kidney disease progression

Abstract Background and Aims Citrulline, an α-amino acid crucial for the urea cycle and nitric oxide production, plays a protective role against free radicals and is indirectly related to protein metabolism. It is synthesized in the intestine and efficiently absorbed by the proximal renal tubules, where it is converted to urea via arginine. Although citrulline has multiple physiological effects, its involvement in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been explored. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum citrulline levels, CKD progression, and markers of oxidative stress. Method A total of 135 subjects were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. This cohort included 30 relatively healthy individuals who constituted the control group and 105 CKD patients who were categorized according to their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We measured serum citrulline concentrations along with markers of oxidative stress, including paraoxonase 1 (PON-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and malondialdehyde (MDA), using the spectrophotometric method. Data were expressed as mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range [Me (Q25-Q75)] according to the data distribution and compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Spearmen correlation test was performed to evaluate the correlation between the studied data. Results Our findings revealed a significant increase in citrulline and MDA concentrations and MPO activity and a significant decrease in PON-1 in the CKD group compared with the control group. Moreover, a significant association emerged between serum citrulline levels and the severity of CKD, as determined by eGFR. Specifically, patients in advanced CKD stages exhibited elevated serum citrulline concentrations in contrast to those in earlier stages (Table 1). Furthermore, a significant correlation was established between serum citrulline and oxidative stress markers, with higher citrulline levels positively associated with increased concentrations of MDA (r = 0.46, p = 0.002) and heightened MPO activity (r = 0.85, p < 0.001), and demonstrating an inverse relationship with PON-1 in CKD stages 1-2 and 5 (r = -0.64, p < 0.001 and r = -0.47, p = 0.004, respectively). Conclusion This cross-sectional study suggests that serum citrulline level is associated with both CKD progression and oxidative stress intensity in patients with CKD. These findings highlight the potential role of citrulline as a biomarker for CKD progression and its implications in the management of oxidative stress in CKD. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore the therapeutic potential of citrulline supplementation in CKD patients.

Exploring anti-inflammatory non-essential oil metabolites in Mentha canadensis: Insights into neutrophil extracellular trap inhibition for functional health promotion

Mentha canadensis, commonly known as Canadian mint, has been utilized in herbal medicine for its menthol content, addressing digestive and respiratory issues. It also serves as a popular culinary herb, adding a refreshing minty flavor to dishes and beverages. However, research on its non-essential oils and their anti-inflammatory potential is lacking. This study utilized multi-informative molecular networking to comprehensively profile the non-essential oils of M. canadensis. Cinnamic acid derivatives were identified as potent anti-inflammatory agents, with high activity ratings. By analyzing the Molecular Networking (MN) database, fourteen metabolites were identified. Compounds within the bioactive MN clusters demonstrate significant inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation, playing a crucial role in the management of oxidative stress. These compounds also effectively suppressed the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. In conclusion, salvianolic acid B (IC50: 0.08 μM) was promoted as the chemical marker of M. canadensis for its potential anti-inflammatory effect. This study pioneers the identification of anti-inflammatory metabolites in M. canadensis' non-essential oils, offering insights into its therapeutic properties and potential for health-centric culinary applications.

Agonists, Inverse Agonists, and Antagonists as Therapeutic Approaches to Manipulate Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptors (RORs).

Retinoic acid-related orphan receptors (RORs) serve as transcription factors that play a pivotal role in a myriad of physiological processes within the body. Their involvement extends to critical biological processes that confer protective effects in the heart, immune system, nervous system, as well as contributing to the mitigation of several aggressive cancer types. These protective functions are attributed to ROR's regulation of key proteins and the management of various cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, inflammation, oxidative stress and glucose metabolism, highlighting the emerging need for pharmacological approaches to modulate ROR expression. Thus, the modulation of RORs is a rapidly growing area of research aimed not only at comprehending these receptors but also at manipulating them to attain the desired physiological response. Despite the presence of natural ROR ligands, the development of synthetic agonists with high selectivity for these receptors holds substantial therapeutic potential. The exploration and advancement of such compounds can effectively target diseases associated with ROR dysregulation, thereby providing avenues for therapeutic interventions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive examination of the multifaceted role of ROR in diverse physiological and pathophysiological conditions, accompanied by an in-depth exploration of a spectrum of ROR agonists, inverse agonists and antagonists.

Bacterial metallothionein, PmtA, a novel stress protein found on the bacterial surface of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and involved in management of oxidative stress and phagocytosis.

The pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly problematic multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen with complex virulence networks. MDR P. aeruginosa infections have been associated with increased clinical visits, very poor healthcare outcomes, and these infections are ranked as critical on priority lists of both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization. Known P. aeruginosa virulence factors have been extensively studied and are implicated in counteracting host defenses, causing direct damage to the host tissues, and increased microbial competitiveness. Targeting virulence factors has emerged as a new line of defense in the battle against MDR P. aeruginosa strains. Bacterial metallothionein is a newly recognized virulence factor that enables evasion of the host immune response. The studies described here identify mechanisms in which bacterial metallothionein (PmtA) plays a part in P. aeruginosa pathogenicity and identifies PmtA as a potential therapeutic target.

Unveiling Silicon-Mediated Cadmium Tolerance Mechanisms in Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek): Integrative Insights from Gene Expression, Antioxidant Responses, and Metabolomics

Cadmium (Cd), one of the most phytotoxic heavy metals, is a major contributor to yield losses in several crops. Silicon (Si) is recognized for its vital role in mitigating Cd toxicity, however, the specific mechanisms governing this mitigation process are still not fully understood. In the present study, the effect of Si supplementation on mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) plants grown under Cd stress was investigated to unveil the intricate pathways defining Si derived stress tolerance. Non-invasive leaf imaging techniques revealed improved growth, biomass, and photosynthetic efficiency in Si supplemented mungbean plants under Cd stress. Further, physiological and biochemical analysis revealed Si mediated increase in activity of glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism leading to mitigation of cellular damage and oxidative stress. Untargeted metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) provided insights into Si mediated changes in metabolites and their respective pathways under Cd stress. Alteration in five different metabolic pathways with major changes in flavanols and flavonoids biosynthesis pathway which is essential for controlling plants antioxidant defense system and oxidative stress management were observed. The information reported here about the effects of Si on photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant responses, and metabolic changes will be helpful in understanding the Si-mediated resistance to Cd stress in plants.

Effect of Modified Diets Pancreatic Oxidative Markers in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar rats Following the Administration of Alpha Lipoic Acid

Despite the availability of various anti-diabetic drugs, diabetes mellitus (DM) remains one of the world’s most prevalent chronic diseases leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), triggering oxidative stress as well as numerous cellular and molecular modifications such as mitochondrial dysfunction affecting normal physiological functions in the body. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of modified diets on pancreatic oxidative markers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats following the administration of Alpha lipoic acid, using standard appropriate techniques. Result established that High protein diet (HPD), and with combined administration with alpha lipoic acid in this research resulted in an increased pancreatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels respectively while decreasing pancreatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, hence is affirmed as a beneficial strategy in the management of oxidative stress in diabetes. The present study concludes that high protein diets alone and in combination with ALA decreases pancreatic oxidative stress damage caused by streptozotocin toxicity, hence, has the potential to manage diabetes by reducing Reactice oxygen species (ROS) mediated oxidative stress.

Hydroxypropyl β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized MoO3 Quantum Dots as a Multifunctional Probe for PGE2 Detection, Bioimaging, and Oxidative Stress Management in Inflammatory Diseases

Hydroxypropyl β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized MoO₃ Quantum Dots as a Multifunctional Probe for PGE2 Detection, Bioimaging, and Oxidative Stress Management in Inflammatory Diseases

NaCl elicitation enhances metabolite accumulation and stress resilience in Inula crithmoides L. shoot cultures: implications for its nutritional and medicinal value

This study explored the impact of sodium chloride (NaCl) elicitation on the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites and the oxidative stress responses of Inula crithmoides L. (golden samphire) in vitro shoot cultures. Elicitation involved applying different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM) for 4 weeks. This was followed by assessing its impact on plant growth, physiological parameters (pigments, hydrogen peroxide content, total soluble sugars and proteins, and proline), and secondary metabolism (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, shikimic acid, phenolics, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids) in the shoots. The extracts were also analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The NaCl elicitation did not affect shoot growth but increased physiological functions such as photosynthesis and oxidative stress management under moderate salinity levels. In addition, NaCl treatments increased the synthesis of soluble sugars and proteins, particularly proline, as well as bioactive phenolics such as gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and naringenin-7-O-glucoside. The NaCl elicitation in golden samphire shoot cultures offers a significant method for enhancing the production of important nutritional and bioactive compounds. This underscores the species’ potential for cultivation in saline environments and provides valuable prospects for its utilization in the health and nutrition sectors.

Rutin alleviates lupus nephritis by inhibiting T cell oxidative stress through PPARγ

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by complex clinical symptoms and multi-organ damage. One of the most prevalent complications of SLE is lupus nephritis (LN). Rutin, a natural flavonoid compound found in various plants used in traditional Chinese medicine, has shown promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and renal protective effects. In our study, we treated MRL/lpr mice, a model known for spontaneously developing LN, with Rutin. Our findings reveal that Rutin markedly reduced serum cytokine and autoantibody levels and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in renal tissues, thereby ameliorating kidney pathology. In vitro experiments indicated that Rutin's therapeutic effect on LN is linked to its significant reduction of oxidative stress in T cells. Further investigations suggest that Rutin enhances oxidative stress management through the modulation of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). We observed that Rutin modulates PPARγ activity, leading to reduced transcriptional activity of NF-κB and STAT3, which in turn inhibits the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17.In summary, Rutin can exert an antioxidant effect by regulating PPARγ and shows therapeutic action against LN.

Xylopia aethiopica Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Hepatorenal Damage in Testosterone Propionate-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats

Abstract Objectives Xylopia aethiopica (XAE), commonly known as African pepper or Ethiopian pepper, is a plant native to West Africa and known for its aromatic and medicinal properties. It was used to investigate the antioxidative, antihepatotoxic, and antinephrotoxic potentials of XAE in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Wister albino rats. Methods The proximate, and vitamin composition, oxidative stress indicators, and indices of kidney and hepatic functions were performed by standard methods. Results The proximate composition of the XAE leaf showed varied concentrations of Mg, Ca, Na, Zn, Se, and Cl, as well as vitamins A, E, B3, D, C, K, B2, and Bi. The activities of catalase glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde levels, K, Na, Cl−, urea, uric acid, and creatinine in the kidney were increased in testosterone propionate (Tp)-induced BPH compared with the control groups. Total protein levels significantly decreased in Tp-induced BPH compared with XAE-treated groups increased on XAE treatment. The aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were not significantly different in Tp-induced BPH, XAE, and normal controls. Conclusion The study revealed that XAE can be used in the management of oxidative stress and hepatorenal damage in BPH condition.

In pursuit of feedback activation: New insights into redox-responsive hydropersulfide prodrug combating oxidative stress

Redox-responsive hydropersulfide prodrugs are designed to enable a more controllable and efficient hydropersulfide (RSSH) supply and to thoroughly explore their biological and therapeutic applications in oxidative damage. To obtain novel activation patterns triggered by redox signaling, we focused on NAD(P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a canonical antioxidant enzyme, and designed NQO1-activated RSSH prodrugs. We also performed a head-to-head comparison of two mainstream structural scaffolds with solid quantitative analysis of prodrugs, RSSH, and metabolic by-products by LC-MS/MS, confirming that the perthiocarbamate scaffold was more effective in intracellular prodrug uptake and RSSH production. The prodrug was highly potent in oxidative stress management against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Strikingly, this prodrug possessed potential feedback activation properties by which the delivered RSSH can further escalate the prodrug activation via NQO1 upregulation. Our strategy pushed RSSH prodrugs one step further in the pursuit of efficient release in biological matrices and improved druggability against oxidative stress.

Oxidative Stress in Postbariatric Patients: A Systematic Literature Review Exploring the Long-term Effects of Bariatric Surgery.

The present study investigates the impact of oxidative stress after bariatric surgery in patients with obesity. This field of study has gained great interest in recent years due to the role that oxidative stress plays in metabolic diseases. Obesity, by itself, can generate an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, intensifying cellular damage and promoting the progression of adverse metabolic conditions. In this context, bariatric surgery emerges as a candidate capable of modifying oxidative stress biomarkers, facilitating the patient's metabolic recovery. A systematic review was carried out, identifying 30 studies found in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. It looked at the link between oxidative stress and recovery after bariatric surgery in patients. The selection of studies was based on the measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers before and after surgical intervention. The results reveal a significant decrease in oxidative stress biomarkers after bariatric surgery. However, a notable variability in antioxidant activity is observed between different patients, as well as a significant influence of comorbidities. Bariatric surgery is postulated as an effective intervention in reducing oxidative stress in patients with obesity, enhancing antioxidant activity and improving patient recovery. This finding highlights the importance of considering oxidative stress management as an integral part of postoperative care, suggesting the need to implement complementary treatment strategies to optimize health outcomes.

The Role of Selenitetriglycerides in Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Peripartum Holstein-Friesian Cows.

The transition period in high-yielding dairy cows is a critical phase marked by an elevated risk of oxidative stress. This study evaluated the effect of oral selenitetriglyceride supplementation on oxidative stress management in periparturient cows. A controlled experiment was conducted on 12 cows, divided into two groups: the experimental group (STG) received selenitetriglycerides (0.5 mg Se/kg BW), while the control group (CON) was given a placebo, starting 12 days before calving until the calving day. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected at predetermined intervals around the time of parturition. The study observed a significant increase in serum selenium levels and NEFA stabilization in the STG group compared with the control. Antioxidant parameters indicated elevated GSH-Px and CAT concentrations in the STG group. Liver gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase in SOD2 mRNA levels in the STG group (FC = 4.68, p < 0.01). Conversely, GSH-Px3 expression significantly decreased (FC = 0.10, p < 0.05) on the 7th day postpartum in the CON group. However, SOD1, SOD3, and CAT expressions remained stable in both groups. These findings highlight the beneficial role of selenitetriglycerides in enhancing antioxidant capacity and influencing specific gene expressions associated with oxidative stress management in dairy cows during the peripartum period.

Review and expert opinion on MAFLD, oxidative stress and multifunctional management.

Metabolic-associated fatty-liver disease (MAFLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is the most widespread and emerging chronic liver disease worldwide, with increasing prevalence rates also in the Asia-Pacific region. The disease has a high socio-economic burden as it negatively impacts the finances and quality of life of individuals affected and has a major burden on healthcare systems. The most important pathological event in MAFLD aetiopathogenesis is oxidative stress, which leads to functional and structural abnormalities in the liver as well as being involved in the development of other concomitant cardiometabolic diseases. MAFLD is a rather complex multisystemic clinical condition involving liver damage and a wide spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This complexity requires the cooperation of multiple experts to identify MAFLD at an early stage, treat associated comorbidities, and promptly refer the patient to the hepatologist when needed. This review summarizes the current knowledge about MAFLD and reports the opinion of a group of experts on the increasing prevalence and burden of the disease in the southeast Asia region, the current journey of patients with MAFLD in developing countries, the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for early diagnosis and disease management. This article is part of the Current clinical use of silymarin in the treatment of toxic liver diseases: a case series Special Issue: https://www.drugsincontext.com/special_issues/current-clinical-use-of-silymarin-in-the-treatment-of-toxic-liver-diseases-a-case-series.

Integrating in silico molecular docking, ADMET analysis of C.verticillata with diabetic markers and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity

BackgroundOver the past decade, various research studies have proved the interconnection between the inflammatory pathways and diabetes complication in clinical condition. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Further, the sample was tested for its pharmacokinetics properties and the best compounds were docked with the diabetic markers (DPP IV (PDB-ID: IJ2E) and SGLT2 (PDB-ID: 7VSI)).ResultsC.verticillata showed a good hydrogen peroxide (78.3 ± 0.34%, IC50 = 287.81 µg/ml) and superoxide scavenging activity (52.7 ± 1.26%, IC50 = 796.15 µg/ml). In addition, the sample was checked for its anti-inflammatory activity with protein denaturation (57.4 ± 0.19%, IC50 = 471.5 µg/ml) and proteinase inhibition assay (68.3 ± 0.48%, IC50 = 213.42 µg/ml). Further, the bioactive compounds detected from HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyzed sample were checked for its drug likeliness by checking its ADME properties and toxicological parameters. It has been observed that except Loliolide, all the other compounds have followed the physicochemical parameters and proved to exhibit drug likeliness characteristics. The bioactive compounds that follow the Lipinski’s rule were taken further for in silico molecular docking analysis with the diabetic protein markers (DPP IV and SGLT2). Docking results revealed that Pyro pheophorbide a with DPP IV and Dihydromonacolin L acid with SGLT2 have recorded a maximum docking score of (− 9.4 kcal/mol) and (− 9.2 kcal/mol), respectively.ConclusionThe observed results suggest that the identified and selected bioactive compounds from C.verticillata can be considered as a potential target molecule for the management of oxidative stress induced diabetic condition. Furthermore, the study also provides an insight on the effectiveness of the compounds on reducing the inflammation as well.

Exploring the Potential of Curry Leaves for their Therapeutic Action

Curry leaves (Murryakoenigii), which are valued for their aromatic flavour, have been mainstay of Indian cuisine for ages. These leaves are becoming more well known for their potential to affect metabolic pathways in additional to their gastronomic value. The molecular mechanistic potential of curry leaves in relation to metabolic control is examined in this abstract. Curry leaves contain a variety of bioactive substance, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, and substance that modulate insulin sensitivity, which have potential to have an effect on crucial metabolic processes. Their contribution to the management of oxidative stress, inflammation, blood sugar, cholesterol, weight, gut health, liver function, thermogenesis, and appetite regulation is discussed in this work. Although encouraging, more study is necessary to complete clarify the mechanism of action and to determine the efficacy of curry leaves in metabolic disorder.

Nanomicrosphere sustained-release urokinase systems with antioxidant properties for deep vein thrombosis therapy.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a venous return disorder caused by abnormal clotting of blood in deep veins. After thrombosis, most of the thrombus will spread to the deep vein trunk throughout the limb. If DVT is not treated in time, most of them will develop into thrombosis sequelae and even threaten life. Intravenous thrombolytic drugs are the most promising strategy for treating DVT, but current drugs used for thrombolysis suffer from short half-lives and narrow therapeutic indexes. To effectively manage DVT, it is necessary to develop a novel multifunctional drug-loading system to effectively prolong the treatment time and improve the therapeutic efficacy. In this study, a urokinase-loaded protocatechuic aldehyde-modified chitosan microsphere drug-loading platform was constructed for the treatment of DVT. This microsphere adsorbed urokinase well through electrostatic interaction, and the introduction of bovine serum albumin conferred stability to the microspheres. Therefore, the microsphere drug delivery system could achieve slow drug release to effectively dissolve blood fibrin. In addition, chitosan grafted with protocatechuic aldehyde imparted excellent antioxidant activity to the system to reduce free radicals in the blood vessels. Effective management of oxidative stress could avoid abnormal platelet activation and new thrombus formation. The experimental results showed that this microsphere had good biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory properties, and considerable thrombolytic activity. In conclusion, this study provided a new direction and developed a novel multi-functional nano microsphere drug delivery platform for the treatment of DVT.

Rhizospheric nano-remediation salvages arsenic genotoxicity: Zinc-oxide nanoparticles articulate better oxidative stress management, reduce arsenic uptake, and increase yield in Pisum sativum (L.)

Pea (Pisum sativum L.), a legume, has a high nutritional content, but arsenic (As) in the agro-ecosystem poses a significant bottleneck to its yield, especially in South East Asia, by severely hampering ontogeny. The present study proposes a rhizospheric nano-remediation strategy to evade As-genotoxicity and improve crop yield using biogenic zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). Similar to any other source of environmental stress, As-toxicity caused rapid oxidative bursts with deterioration in morpho-physiological attributes (germination rate, shoot length, and root length decreased by 62 %, 16 %, and 14.9 % respectively in the negative control, over normal control). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (12.8 and 9-fold increase in leaves and roots) overburdened antioxidative defense, and loss of cellular homeostasis resulted in membrane damage (82.75 % increase) and electrolyte-leakage (2.6-fold increase) in negative control. The study also reveals a significant increase in nuclear area, nuclear fragmentation, and micronuclei formation in root tip cells under As-stress, indicating severe genomic instability and increased programmed cell death (3.3-fold increase in early apoptotic cells) due to leaky plasma membrane and unrepaired DNA damage. Application of ZnONPs significantly reduced As-toxicity in peas due to its adsorption in the rhizosphere, causing diminished As-uptake and better antioxidant response. Improved phytochelatin synthesis enhanced vacuolar sequestration of arsenic, which reduced As-interference. Comparatively better flowering time (7.74–19.36 % reduction in flowering delay) with greater transcript abundance of GIGANTIA (GI), CONSTANS (CO), and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes; better photosynthetic activity (1.3–1.9-fold increased chlorophyll autofluorescence); increased pollen viability; lesser genotoxicity (decreased tail DNA in comet assay) was noticed. A maximum increase of 37.5 % in pod number and seed zinc content (1.67-fold) was observed while seed arsenic content decreased under ZnONPs treatment. However, the highest dose of ZnONPs (400 mg L−1) induced NP-toxicity in pea plants under our experimental conditions, while optimum stress-alleviation was observed up to 300 mg L−1.

Ecotoxicological Effects of Lead Exposed Cyprinus carpio and HSP70-Induced Antioxidants against ROS

Lead (Pb) is one of the leading heavy metal pollutions in freshwater sources. This study summarises lead accumulation in freshwater fish Cyprus carpio and its toxicological effects. Pb is known to induce neuro, nephro, and hepatotoxicity in C. carpio and, finally, humans. The effect of Pb leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in the tissues of C. carpio. Antioxidant assays revealed the extent of free radical scavenging activity of the infected tissues. LC50 at a time interval of 24 hours showed a concentration of 7.919 ppm. ROS analysis revealed that the highest concentration of Pb toxicity was observed in the kidneys, liver, and brain of C. carpio. Not only free radicals but also Pb toxicity have been known to activate heat shock proteins as a result of oxidative stress management. This study has raised alarming responses to freshwater aquaculture to initiate control measures against the toxicity and prevent its further entry into the food chain.

Valine improves mitochondrial function and protects against oxidative stress.

Among the branched-chain amino acids, leucine and isoleucine have been well studied for their roles in improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress. However, role of valine in mitochondrial function regulation and oxidative stress management remains elusive. This study investigated valine effect on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in vitro. Valine increased expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics. It upregulates mitochondrial function at complexes I, II, and IV levels of electron transport chain. Flow cytometry studies revealed, valine reduced oxidative stress by significantly lowering mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and protein expression of 4-hydroxynonenal. Functional role of valine against oxidative stress was analyzed by XFe96 Analyzer. Valine sustained oxidative phosphorylation and improved ATP generation rates during oxidative stress. In conclusion, our findings shed more light on the critical function of valine in protecting mitochondrial function thereby preventing mitochondrial/cellular damage induced by oxidative stress.