Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the leading heavy metal pollutions in freshwater sources. This study summarises lead accumulation in freshwater fish Cyprus carpio and its toxicological effects. Pb is known to induce neuro, nephro, and hepatotoxicity in C. carpio and, finally, humans. The effect of Pb leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in the tissues of C. carpio. Antioxidant assays revealed the extent of free radical scavenging activity of the infected tissues. LC50 at a time interval of 24 hours showed a concentration of 7.919 ppm. ROS analysis revealed that the highest concentration of Pb toxicity was observed in the kidneys, liver, and brain of C. carpio. Not only free radicals but also Pb toxicity have been known to activate heat shock proteins as a result of oxidative stress management. This study has raised alarming responses to freshwater aquaculture to initiate control measures against the toxicity and prevent its further entry into the food chain.
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