Oxidative Stress Biomarkers In Liver Research Articles

Biomarker responses in fish caged in a rice field during a bifenthrin application

The use of pesticides in integrated rice-fish farming could have an impact on fish health. The present study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the biological effects of the insecticide bifenthrin on fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus and Hoplosternum littorale) using a caging experiment. Fish were divided into two sites: control (C) and bifenthrin exposure (BF). Two cages (n = 8 fish/cage) per species were placed separately at each site. The BF application (Seizer ®) was carried out with a coastal sprayer according to the BF recommended dose for rice cultivation (0.1 L/ha). After 72 hours, fish were collected, and gills, liver, brain, and muscle were dissected for the analysis of biomarkers of accumulation, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity. In P. mesopotamicus, the main changes were observed in the muscle, where BF accumulated and induced neurotoxicity (inhibition of cholinesterase activity) and oxidative stress (activation of antioxidant enzymes, decreased glutathione levels, increased lipid peroxidation). The gills and liver also showed changes in some markers of the antioxidant system. In H. littorale, BF exposure induced changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in liver (activation of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation) and gill tissues (alteration in antioxidant markers). These results show that the use of bifenthrin in rice fields poses a risk to fish farming under current pesticide management practices. Furthermore, its use could affect other species in these agroecosystems, highlighting the need for further studies to assess the ecological and productive consequences in a context of increasing pyrethroid use worldwide.

Sex-related response in mice after sub-acute intraperitoneal exposure to silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most commercialized nanomaterials in biomedicine due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, possible health hazards of exposure to AgNPs are yet to be understood and therefore raise public concern in regards of their safety.In this study, sex-related differences, role of steroidal hormones and influence of two different surface stabilizing agents (polymer vs. protein) on distribution and adverse effects of AgNPs were investigated in vivo. Intact and gonadectomised male and female mice were treated with seven AgNPs doses administered intraperitoneally during 21 days. After treatment, steroid hormone levels in serum, accumulation of Ag levels and oxidative stress biomarkers in liver, kidneys, brain and lungs were determined.Sex-related differences were observed in almost all tissues. Concentration of Ag was significantly higher in the liver of females compared to males. No significant difference was found for AgNP accumulation in lungs between females and males, while the lungs of intact males showed significantly higher Ag accumulation compared to gonadectomised group. Effect of surface coating was also observed, as Ag accumulation was significantly higher in kidneys and liver of intact females, as well as in kidneys and brain of intact males treated with protein-coated AgNPs compared to polymeric AgNPs. Oxidative stress response to AgNPs was the most pronounced in kidneys where protein-coated AgNPs induced stronger effects compared to polymeric AgNPs. Interestingly, protein-coated AgNPs reduced generation of reactive oxygen species in brains of females and gonadectomised males. Although there were no significant differences in levels of hormones in the AgNP-exposed animals compared to controls, sex-related differences in oxidative stress parameters were observed in all organs.Results of this study highlight the importance of including the sex-related differences and effects of protein corona in biosafety evaluation of AgNPs exposure.

Elucidation of the effect of concomitant administration of Metformin and Diclofenac Sodium on insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers in in vivo models

Prevalence of chronic disorders like arthritis is frequently observed in diabetic patients, especially among the geriatric population. To combat such a situation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are mostly co-prescribed along with antidiabetics. Thus present study tried to evaluate the safety and efficacy of concomitant use of drugs in animals induced with comorbid conditions. Diabetes and chronic inflammation were induced in rats by Streptozotocin and Nicotinamide and Freund’s Complete Adjuvant respectively. These medical conditions were treated with antidiabetic Metformin and NSAID Diclofenac Sodium for 28 days. Blood glucose, paw edema were recorded weekly. At the end of the study duration, Insulin, C-peptide, cytokines in serum, oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and kidney tissues were estimated. Concomitant therapy of Metformin and Diclofenac Sodium was successful in reducing the glucose level and inflammation parameters. However, reduction by 30.06% and 46.51% in insulin and C-peptide levels respectively were evident in the rats treated with concomitant medications as compared to the normal. Concomitant therapy also failed to restore the normal levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Perturbation was also evident in the antioxidant status of the tissues. Results from this study can thus be utilized to optimize the therapeutic regimen of patients to ensure safe medication.

Thymoquinone Ameliorate Hepatorenal Toxicity Associated With Propylthiouracil-Induced Hypothyroidism in Juvenile Rats.

An increasing number of studies suggest that hypothyroidism may lead to hepatorenal toxicity. This study examined whether thymoquinone (TQ), the main active Nigella sativa constituent, could prevent the detrimental influences of hepatorenal toxicity of hypothyroidism during the juvenile period in rats. The male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7), including control, propylthiouracil (PTU), PTU-TQ 5 mg/kg, and PTU-TQ 10 mg/kg. PTU was dissolved in drinking water at a concentration of 0.05% and administered for six weeks. In the PTU-TQ5 and PTU-TQ10 groups, animals received PTU plus 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of the TQ (i.p.) for six weeks, respectively. The rats were evaluated after TQ treatment by measuring serum markers of liver and kidney function tests as well as oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and kidney tissues. Administration of TQ (5 and 10 mg/kg) decreased oxidative stress damage in liver and kidney tissue in hypothyroidism rats with improvement in activities of antioxidant enzymes and a decrease in MDA in both liver and kidney homogenates. Furthermore, TQ treatment significantly inhibited the elevation of serum biochemical markers of liver and kidney function associated with this hepatorenal toxicity. These results suggest that the protective effect of TQ in hypothyroidism-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats is attributed to its ability to reduce oxidative stress in hepatic and renal tissues. However, more studies are recommended to investigate the exact mechanism (s) for the effect of TQ on hepatorenal outcomes of hypothyroidism in human subjects.

Could Dietary Black Soldier Fly Meal Inclusion Affect the Liver and Intestinal Histological Traits and the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) Juveniles?

Simple SummaryInsect meal is a suitable alternative to fishmeal (FM) in aquaculture feed. In recent years, numerous authors have studied the effects of insect meal as a substitute for fishmeal on fish growth performance, while only a few papers investigated its influence on the physiology and morphology of the digestive system and the oxidative status. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary highly defatted Hermetia illucens larva meal (H) inclusion and a vegetable protein based diet (VEG) on histological traits of liver and distal intestinal and oxidative stress biomarkers of liver and kidney in Siberian sturgeon juveniles. The results show that both the VEG and the H diets did not influence the liver and gut histology, but the highest inclusion level of H led to changes in oxidative stress biomarkers. Overall, these findings highlighted the possibility to include up to 18.5% of H as FM replacement in Siberian sturgeon diets without affecting the health status of fish.The trial investigates if a highly defatted Hermetia illucens larva meal (H) at two dietary inclusion levels and a vegetable protein based diet (VEG) influences the normal gut and liver histology and the oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and kidney of Siberian sturgeon juveniles. Fish were fed four diets: one control diet (H0) containing 70% of fishmeal (FM), two diets including 18.5% (H185) and 37.5% (H375) of highly defatted H in substitution for 25% and 50% of FM, and one vegetable protein based diet (VEG). At the end of a growth trial, 12 fish per treatment were sacrificed by over-anaesthesia to collect 12 liver and 5 distal intestine samples for histological analyses, as well as 12 liver and kidney samples for biochemical analyses. The H and VEG diets did not significantly affect the histology of liver and distal intestine, but alterations of the oxidative stress biomarkers were detected at the highest inclusion level of H (37.5%). In order to avoid unfavorable effects on the fish health, an inclusion level up to 18.5% of H is recommended for Siberian sturgeon juveniles.

Evaluation of the oxidative stress in liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to 3,4,4'-tri-CDE, 2-MeO-3',4,4'-tri-CDE, and 2-HO-3',4,4'-tri-CDE.

Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) are a class of potential persistent organic contaminants, which have been widely detected in aquatic environment. In the present study, the effects of 3,4,4'-tri-CDE and its two possible metabolites (2-MeO-3',4,4'-tri-CDE and 2-HO-3',4,4'-tri-CDE) on oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of Carassius auratus were evaluated. The fish were treated with these three compounds at different doses (0.1, 1, and 10μg/L) via semi-static water exposure. The liver samples were individually taken at 3, 7, and 21days for analysis of oxidative stress indicators, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Compare to the control group, the hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity and GSH contents showed significant decreases (p < 0.05) at high-dose treatment (10μg/L) and prolonged exposure time (21days) in most of the toxicant-treated groups, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress in fish liver. However, no consistent trend of the variations of antioxidant parameters was observed at low doses (0.1 and 1μg/L). Meanwhile, the lipid peroxidation was significantly induced with extending exposure time and increasing dose. In addition, the toxicity order of three compounds was discussed using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index. Notably, 2-HO-3',4,4'-tri-CDE was indicated to cause the most severe hepatic oxidative stress.

Assessment of mutagenic, hematological and oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in response to sublethal verapamil exposure

The influx of pharmaceutical drugs and their metabolites have been reported to cause negative impact on aquatic biota. In this study, effects of long-term exposure of verapamil on mutagenic, hematological parameters and activities of the oxidative enzymes of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus were investigated for 60 days exposure at the concentrations of 0.29, 0.58 and 1.15 mg L−1 in the fish liver. The exposure resulted in significantly high (p < 0.05) micronuclei induction of peripheral blood cells at the peak on day 30 at 1.15 mg L−1. Compared with the control, there was significant increase (p < 0.05) in white blood cell counts and red blood cell distribution width (RDW), with a reduction in hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell counts (RBCs), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) level as the concentration of the drug increased. The indices of oxidative stress biomarkers (lipid peroxidation and carbonyl protein) showed elevated level, depicting a positive correlation with both time and concentration. More so, the activity of energy-related parameter (Na+ -K+- ATPase) in the tissue was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) at the end of 60 days exposure period. Further, the activity of catalase (CAT) was inhibited while reduced glutathione (GSH) level was decreased in the liver tissue. There was increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione–S-transferase (GST) after 30 days at 0.29 mg L−1. The study demonstrated that prolonged exposure to verapamil at sublethal concentration can result in mutagenic effects and oxidative dysfunctions in O. niloticus.

Protective effect of rosmarinic acid against oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and kidney of strepotozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

In the present study, we investigated the efficiency of rosmarinic acid (RA) in preventing the alteration of oxidative parameters in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). The animals were divided into six groups (n = 8): control, ethanol, RA 10 mg/kg, diabetic, diabetic/ethanol, and diabetic/RA 10 mg/kg. After 3 weeks of treatment, we found that TBARS levels in liver and kidney were significantly increased in the diabetic/saline group and the administration of RA prevented this increase in the liver and kidney (P < 0.05). Diabetes caused a significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the diabetes/saline group (P < 0.05). However, the treatment with 10 mg/kg RA (antioxidant) prevented this alteration in SOD and CAT activity in the diabetic RA group (P < 0.05). In addition, RA reverses the decrease in ascorbic acid and non-protein-thiol (NPSH) levels in diabetic rats. The treatment with RA also prevented the decrease in the Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats. Furthermore, RA did not have any effect on glycemic levels. These results indicate that RA effectively reduced the oxidative stress induced by STZ, suggesting that RA is a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of pathological conditions in diabetic models.

Metal accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of freshwater fish Carassius auratus following in vivo exposure to waterborne zinc under different pH values

In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the combined effect of zinc and pH on metal accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in Carassius auratus. Fish were exposed to 0.1 and 1.0mg Zn/L at three pH values (5.0, 7.25, 9.0) for 3, 12, and 30d. After each exposure, the contents of three trace elements (Zn, Fe and Cu) were determined in liver. Generally, longer exposure to zinc (12d and 30d) increased hepatic Zn and Cu deposition, but decreased Fe content. Increasing accumulation of Zn in the tissue was also observed with increasing zinc concentration in the exposure medium. Moreover, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), together with the level of glutathione (GSH) were measured to evaluate the oxidative stress status. The decreases in the four measured biochemical parameters after 3d exposure might reflect the failure of the antioxidant defense system in neutralizing the ROS generated during the metabolic process, while the recovery of the antioxidants at days 12 and 30 suggested a possible shift toward a detoxification mechanism. With regard to the influence of pH on zinc toxicity, the general observation was that the living environment became more stressful when the water conditions changed from an acidic state toward a near-neutral or alkaline state.

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Liver and Gill Tissues of Spotted Barb (Capoeta Barroisi Lortet, 1894) Living in Ceyhan River, Adana-Turkey

This study was carried out in an agricultural, industrial, domestic, and slaughterhouse area that is also a discharging region of the river Ceyhan just under the crest of the Aslantaş dam. Levels of pollution indicator parameters of the water were observed and their effects on various oxidative stress biomarkers in gill and liver tissues of spotted barb (Capoeta barroisi Lortet, 1894) were investigated. The oxidative stress biomarkers analyzed included superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were also evaluated. High levels of CAT, G6PD, GST, and GSH activity were found in the liver tissues of fish collected from the river Ceyhan discharging region; it was determined that the region was polluted. Substantially high levels of SOD and LPO (P < 0.05 in gill and liver) were observed. The findings of the present investigation will provide a rational use for oxidative stress biomarkers in aquatic ecosystem pollution biomonitoring.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress in Wallago attu (Bl. and Sch.) during and after a fish-kill episode at Panipat, India

The present investigation was carried out by sampling water, sediment and fish during a fish-kill episode at Panipat (Haryana, India), and again sampling at the same site was conducted after a gap of two months. During the second sampling no fish-kill was observed and the water was relatively less turbid and clear. Antioxidant profile and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in fish tissues were studied. Analysis was also carried out on the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples along with heavy metal and pesticide analysis in water and sediment samples during and after the episode. Dissolved oxygen level was substantially low during the fish-kill episode. Heavy metals (copper and chromium) and pesticides like BHC (Benzene hexachloride), DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) were also detected during the episode in water and sediment samples. Various oxidative stress biomarkers in liver, kidney and gill tissues in the Indian freshwater fish Wallago attu (Bl. and Sch.) collected from the site were investigated. The levels of reduced glutathione and non-protein thiol were significantly (P<0.001) higher in the liver of Wallago attu collected from Panipat after the fish-kill episode. Ascorbic acid levels in all the tissues did not change significantly after the episode. The LPO in liver, kidney and gills was significantly low (P<0.01–0.001) in all tissues of fish collected after the fish-kill episode. The protein carbonyl levels were significantly low (P<0.05–0.01) in all the fish organs sampled after the fish-kill episode. The findings suggest that industrial effluent may result in the massive loss of a commercial commodity. The simultaneous measurement of the physicochemical parameters of the water samples showed a good correlation between the biomarkers responses and the environmental chemical stress conditions.

Toxic cyanobacterial cells containing microcystins induce oxidative stress in exposed tilapia fish ( Oreochromis sp.) under laboratory conditions

The effects of microcystins from cyanobacterial cells on various oxidative stress biomarkers in liver, kidney and gill tissues in freshwater tilapia fish ( Oreochromis sp.) were investigated under laboratory conditions. Microcystins are a family of cyclic peptide toxins produced by species of freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Fish were exposed to the cyanobacterial cells in two ways: mixed with a commercial fish food or crushed into a commercial fish food so that the toxins were released. Two different exposure times were studied: 14 and 21 days. The oxidative status of fish was evaluated by analyzing the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). The findings of the present investigation show that microcystins induce oxidative stress in a time-dependent manner and that the type of administration of the cyanobacterial cells influences the extent of these effects. Thus, the crushed cyanobacterial cells (released toxins) induced the antioxidant defences studied and increased the LPO level to a greater extent than the non-crushed cells. The liver was the most affected organ followed by kidney and gills. These results together with reports that fish can accumulate microcystins mean that cyanobacterial blooms are an important health, environmental and economic problem.