Oxidation Method Research Articles

Exploring Topochemical Oxidation Reactions for Reversible Tuning of Thermal Conductivity in Perovskite Fe Oxides.

We present a study on the reversibility of thermal conductivity in iron oxides through topochemical oxygen exchange between brownmillerite (BM) (Ca,Sr)FeO2.5 and perovskite (PV) (Ca,Sr)FeO3.0. By using different oxidation methods, including gas phase (O2/O3), liquid phase (NaOCl in H2O), and solid electrolyte (Y2O3:ZrO2), we demonstrate that the oxidation pathway has a critical influence on the reversibility of the ionic-exchange process. Cyclic oxidation and reduction using O2/O3 or NaOCl lead to an important accumulation of structural defects, undermining the reversibility of thermal conductivity. In the case of wet oxidation, we demonstrate an inherent tendency of negative charge-transfer oxides toward amorphization and elucidate the origin of this effect. Conversely, the electrochemical injection of the O2- ions via a Y2O3:ZrO2 solid electrolyte reduces structural damage significantly, enhancing both reversibility and durability. This study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate topochemical oxygen exchange methods to maintain structural integrity and optimize functional performance in oxide-based tunable devices.

Multispectral compatible anti-reconnaissance strategy: Implementing a modulation system integrating visible light-hyperspectral-radar wave

To tackle the challenges of multi-spectral reconnaissance technology, a pioneering anti-reconnaissance device that integrates visible-light, hyperspectral, and microwave radar functionalities has been developed for the first time. By oxidative polymerization method to create a core–shell Fe3O4@polyaniline composite material for the counter electrode. This design optimized impedance matching, achieving wideband radar wave absorption up to 10.5 GHz (reflection loss < -10 dB). The core–shell structure enhanced specific surface area, improving charge exchange and electrochemical performance to meet stringent counter electrode requirements. And, constructed a frequency-selective metal electrode based on metamaterial principles, complementing the radar wave absorption capabilities of the counter electrode material. Additionally, synthesized an asymmetric viologen molecule as the working electrode, mimicking vegetation color transitions from green to yellow while preserving hyperspectral characteristics and radar wave absorption properties. To enhance hyperspectral compatibility without compromising radar wave absorption or color dynamics, we developed a cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol/hydroxyethyl cellulose film based on biomimetic principles. The device can switch between yellow and green under voltages of 0 or −1.2 V, with both states exhibiting a spectral similarity to foliage exceeding 0.95 and an effective bandwidth reaching 13.44 GHz. The integration of these three functionalities allows the device to operate independently without interference.

Preparation of coal-based carbon quantum dots and their fluorescence properties

In the field of life sciences, cellular movements play a significant role in influencing the activities of organisms. Current methodologies have limitations in the monitoring of cell recognition, biological macromolecule localization, cell labeling, migration, and biosensors. Although metal–semiconductor quantum dots are commonly used, they may pose toxicity risks to the lungs and kidneys. On the other hand, carbon quantum dots possess the unique optoelectronic properties of traditional quantum dots while exhibiting low toxicity, good biocompatibility, excellent photostability, and abundant raw material sources. In this research, carbon quantum dots were synthesized using the nitric acid oxidation method. The study investigated the effects of temperature, time, and the type of low-rank coal on the synthesis of carbon quantum dots. The structure and properties of the carbon quantum dots, specifically their fluorescence characteristics, were thoroughly analyzed. The proposed synthesis approach includes the nitration of coal macromolecules and the thickening of aromatic clusters through the Scholl reaction, leading to enhanced fluorescence quantum efficiency. The findings of this study indicate that the carbon quantum dots produced through this method demonstrate a high fluorescence quantum yield, making them ideal fluorescent agents for material preparation and offering potential applications in the field of life sciences.

Mechanisms of enhanced performance in Zr4+/Ta5+ codoped rutile-TiO2 ceramics via broadband dielectric spectroscopy.

Aliovalent dopant codoped rutile-TiO2 materials have garnered attention due to their excellent performance properties, characterized by low loss tangent (tanδ), high dielectric permittivity (ε'), and stable ε' over a broad temperature range. This performance is primarily due to the electron-pinned defect-dipoles (EPDDs) of the complex defects [Formula: see text]Ti3+-[Formula: see text]Ti3+BTi. Notably, the excellent dielectric properties in ZrxTa2.5%Ti0.975-xO2 (Zr-TTO) ceramics can be achieved using the traditional mixed oxide method without the EPDDs, due to the absence of A3+ (acceptor doping ions). Instead, the existence of localized free electrons and oxygen vacancies ([Formula: see text]) in Zr-TTO structures, due to doping ions and the sintering process, was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies. These ceramics exhibited ε'~ 2 × 104 and tanδ < 0.03 at 1kHz and 25°C in the 2.5-10%Zr-TTO samples. Moreover, all ceramics demonstrated a maximum ε' change (∆ε') of less than ±15% over the temperature range suitable for X7R and X8R type ceramic capacitors. Significantly, the change in ε' related to relative humility was calculated to be less than ±0.5% over the range of 50-95% RH, indicating the environmental stability of the dielectric properties, which is essential for capacitor applications. Investigations suggested that at least four mechanisms contributed to this system: the intrinsic effect of ionic polarization, Ti4+ · e- -[Formula: see text]- Ti4+ · e- and Ti4+ · e- - [Formula: see text] defects, interfacial polarization at insulating grain boundaries, and non-Ohmic contact between the surface sample and the metal electrode.

3D structural analysis of the biodegradability of banana pseudostem nanocellulose bioplastics

X-Ray micro-computed tomography (XCT) is used to reveal the micro-structural changes of banana pseudostem nanocellulose bioplastic due to a biodegradation process initiated in a formulated composting media that allowed the growth of aerobic microflora. The bioplastic itself was made of nanocellulose, which was isolated from banana pseudostem using the 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) mediated oxidation method, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as plasticiser. XCT provided insights into the 3D structural change of the bioplastic identifying the degradation process at two scales. The results showed that the local thickness and roughness of the bioplastic increased after degradation, while the density of the material decreased. Enlarged voids and tunnels were observed in the material after degradation. The formation of these tunnels is attributed to the popping of internal PEG-containing voids because of the generation of gases, which after forming may further accelerate biodegradation by microbial activity.

Hierarchical nickel phosphide/carbon nanofibers for high performance pseudocapacitors

Nickel phosphide (Ni3P)/Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with controllable sizes and morphologies are synthesized using micro arc oxidation method combined with thermochemical vapor deposition, with adjustment of different annealing temperatures to control the dimension of CNFs. In this study, we report the in situ formation of transition metal phosphide nanoparticles through the conversion of 1D Ni5TiO7 nanowires. This fabrication strategy ensures the high growth density of CNFs. The initially formed Ni3P nanoparticles boost the catalytic growth of CNFs, which feature a high specific surface area and excellent conductivity. Together with redox electrolyte, the specific capacitance of Ni3P/CNFs based pseudocapacitor (PC) is 114.6 mF cm−2 at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1 and maintains 95.0 % of initial capacity after 10,000 cyclic charging/discharging test. Moreover, such composite based symmetric PCs offer an energy density of as high as 31.6 Wh kg−1 accompanied with a power density of 10.3 kW kg−1. The performance of formed PC devices is comparable to market-available (Li-/Na-) batteries. Therefore, Ni3P/CNFs composite film is a suitable capacitor electrode material for constructing high performance symmetric carbon material based PCs.

Synthesis and Investigation of Polymers Containing Different Ratio of Quinonediiminic and Benzenoid Units in PANi‐Like Structure

AbstractThis study presents, for the first time, a new method for the synthesis of polymers containing different ratios of oxidized quinoid and reduced benzenoid units in polyaniline (PANi)‐like structure. Copolymers were synthesized by an oxidative copolymerization method of p‐phenylene diamine (p‐PDA) and o‐anisidine (o‐An) in an organic medium using different initial compositions of monomers. The compositions of the copolymer were determined based on 1H NMR spectral data. The thermal stability, electrical conductivity, morphology, and solubility were studied and a comparative analysis with polyaniline and corresponding homopolymers was been carried out. The thermal behavior of copolymers was studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that during heating one endothermic process of water evaporation and two exothermic processes occur, which depend on copolymer composition, and only 30% weight loss occurs up to 600 °C. It is shown that room‐temperature conductivity of copolymers doped with hydrochloric and sulfuric acids ranges from 10−5 to 10−3 S cm−1 and increases with increasing concentration of o‐anisidine structural units. The conductivity of iodine‐doped copolymers is of the same order as the conductivity of iodine‐doped PANi in emeraldine and leucoemeraldine forms. The morphology of doped copolymers depends on the co‐monomer ratio and the type of dopants.

Improved Subthreshold Characteristics of Epi-Silicon FinFET via Fin Surface Passivation Technologies

As demand for advanced integrated circuits (ICs) continues to grow, fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs) have remained highly influential in the IC market because of their mature fabrication process and powerful driving capabilities. However, the ion bombardment that occurs during the reactive ion etching (RIE) process used to form the fin structure increases the fin’s surface roughness and results in a high interfacial state density (D it ), which hinders further improvement in the subthreshold swing (SS) of FinFETs. To overcome this issue, this study proposes two oxidative trimming methods for use on the fin structures to improve their interface quality. It is found that conventional thermal oxidation and low-temperature oxidation processes reduced the channel D it by 73.31% vs 71.17%, respectively. Furthermore, the corresponding SS values of the device improved to 72.76 and 71.72 mV dec−1, respectively. The technical solutions proposed in this paper represent a promising approach for performance optimization of FinFETs and other advanced devices.

Sulfur oxidation of ferrate synthesized from sludge in the aspect of desulfurization: A parametric study

Abstract The emission of sulfur in the atmosphere poses a significant threat to human health and the environment. To address this issue, stringent regulations have been implemented to limit the sulfur content in diesel, and novel desulfurization technologies are being developed. One notable technology is oxidative desulfurization (ODS), which employs oxidants to transform sulfur compounds into their corresponding sulfones, which are relatively easier to recover. The application of high-shear mixing in ODS has been studied to increase sulfur-to-sulfone conversion by creating smaller droplets and reducing mass transfer resistance. This research investigates the application of potassium ferrate derived from drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS), in the mixing-assisted oxidative desulfurization (MAOD) of a dibenzothiophene (DBT) model fuel. Potassium ferrate was synthesized using the wet oxidation method. The study evaluated the effects of ferrate concentration (400 to 600 ppm), agitation speed (4,400 to 10,800 rpm), and temperature (40 to 60 °C) on the efficiency of DBT conversion. The results revealed that 493.2 ppm DBT conversion was achieved at 550 ppm Fe(VI) concentration, 7,600 rpm agitation speed, and 50 °C temperature. Notably, increasing Fe(VI) concentration, agitation speed, and temperature had significant effects on sulfur reduction. This study demonstrates the potential of using potassium ferrate derived from DWTS in MAOD for effective desulfurization and discusses insights into the effects of operating conditions to enhance desulfurization efficiency. Ultimately, the study contributes to the development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective desulfurization technologies.

Statistical Analysis of the Influence of Various Types of Graphite Precursors and Oxidation Methods on the Gas Sensor Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide.

The fabrication process of reduced graphene oxide depends on many factors (e.g., graphite precursor, methods of oxidation, reduction, and exfoliation) which have a significant influence on the properties of this material. Therefore, their selection is not easy due to the large number of possible combinations of these factors. To overcome this problem, we proposed to use a multivariate analysis of variance method of finding associations between the qualitative type of independent variables and the quantitative type of dependent variable. Using ANOVA, we showed that the combination (interaction) of these variables is more important than the individual influence of the variables on the fabricated rGO. Knowing how the particular variables and their combinations affect the properties of rGO, it is easier to plan the fabrication process of this material. In this paper, we analyzed the number of oxide layers and designated the most promising oxides in terms of sensor gas application. Independently, we fabricated chemiresistor sensors and studied their response to NO2 in the analyzed atmosphere. We were able to combine the experimental results with statistical analysis indicating which oxidation methods and which graphite precursors will provide the best sensitivity.

Design, Synthesis, and Anti-Prostate Cancer Potential of 2-(4-Nitrobenzyl) Malonates In Vitro and DAL Acute Oral Toxicity Assessment In Vivo.

New 4-nitrobenzyl derivatives were designed and synthesised by nucleophilic substitution reactions of 4-nitrobenzyl bromide with malonic acid and its derivatives. The synthesised molecules were characterised using mass analysis and spectroscopic techniques and tested for their antioxidant properties using various methods, such as nitric oxide, DPPH, and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging methods. The anti-inflammatory activities of the molecules were assessed using RBC membrane stabilisation and albumin denaturation methods. We evaluated the compounds' potential anti-prostate cancer activity using the DU145 cell line. The MTT assay determined the cell viability, indicating good anti-proliferative activity. The molecule 3 c exhibited the highest potency, with a CTC50 of 11.83 μg/mL. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the stability of the ligand within the protein after docking and the resulting protein-ligand complex. The in vivo analysis of molecule 3 c in the DAL xenograft model demonstrated promising results. The increase in life span, reduction in tumor volume, and comparable effects to standard drugs are encouraging features that suggest that molecule 3 c may possess significant potential as an anti-cancer agent. The research also implies that these molecules might be potential lead compounds for developing new prostate cancer drugs.

Advances in Nickel Hydroxide: Structures and Modern Applications (review)

This review article provides an overview of research conducted over the past few decades on nickel hydroxide, a crucial material in both physics and chemistry with notable engineering applications, particularly in batteries. It begins by outlining the structures of the two known polymorphs, α-Ni(OH)2 and β-Ni(OH)2. The article also explores various types of disorder commonly found in nickel hydroxide, such as hydration, stacking faults, mechanical stresses, and the incorporation of ionic impurities. Related materials, including intercalated α-derivatives and basic nickel salts, are also discussed. The review goes on to summarize several methods for synthesizing nickel hydroxide, such as chemical and electrochemical precipitation, sol–gel synthesis, chemical aging, hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis, electrochemical oxidation, microwave-assisted synthesis, and sonochemical methods. Finally, the known physical properties of nickel hydroxide—magnetic, vibrational, optical, electrical, and mechanical—are examined. The concluding section offers a summary of the potentially valuable properties of these materials and techniques for identifying and characterizing unknown nickel hydroxide-based samples.

Дослідження впливу природної та штучної пасивації на швидкість корозії магнієвого сплаву для хірургічних імплантатів

Magnesium-based alloys are widely used materials for surgical implants. Considerable efforts of researchers are applied to the development of new magnesium alloys and methods of their surface treatment in order to protect against biocorrosion or to regulate its speed. The idea of the work is to determine the potential of known magnesium alloys as materials for the production of implants. Industrial magnesium based alloys were analyzed from the point of view of suitability for use for surgical biodissolvable implants. It is shown that the ML10 alloy is the most suitable as it does not contain toxic components, namely aluminum, nickel and cadmium. Samples for corrosion tests were made from a billet of ML10 alloy after processing by plastic deformation by pressing through a calibrated die at a temperature of 375 ± 20 °С. Together with the ML10 alloy, comparative studies of the ML5 alloy were conducted. Corrosion tests of ML5 and ML10 alloys without a coating, as well as of the ML10 alloy with a coating applied by the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) method for 30 seconds, were carried out using the volumetric method. The samples were kept in a 3% NaCl solution at a temperature of 38 ± 2 °C. The corrosion rate of the ML5 alloy was at a constant level during the experiment. No significant ability of the ML5 alloy to self-passivate was found. The ML10 alloy turned out to be capable of significant self-passivation under the influence of a corrosive environment. During the experiment, the corrosion rate of the ML10 alloy sample decreased approximately ten times. It was also established that the corrosion rate of ML10 alloy samples with MAO coating was approximately three times lower than that of samples of the same alloy without coating. Preliminary information was obtained on the reduction of the corrosion rate of the ML10 alloy after plastic deformation. Further research can be aimed at confirming this phenomenon, determining its causes, as well as establishing quantitative indicators of the influence of the degree of plastic deformation on the corrosion rate of the ML10 alloy. Keywords: surgical implants, magnesium alloys, corrosion, self-passivation, coating.

Evaluation of the Polypyrrole Coupling Mode for High-Performance Dual-Ion Batteries.

Due to the advantages of large interstitial sites, antisolubility, and reversible insertion and extraction of anions, polypyrrole (PPy) has become an excellent P-type electrode material for dual-ion batteries. Unfortunately, PPy electrodes inevitably suffer from low specific capacity and poor cycle stability because of structural disintegration during repeated cycling as well as poor doping ability brought on by aggregation or cross-linking within the PPy chain. In this work, PPy with different proportions of coupling mode (α-α, α-β, or β-β coupling) was derived from different preparation methods. Among them, PPy derived from the interfacial frozen polymerization method (I-PPy) is dominated by the α-α coupling mode and possesses the best anion doping ability and the highest specific capacity of 119 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 compared with PPy derived from electrochemical deposition (E-PPy) and chemical oxidation method (C-PPy) (both less than 40 mAh g-1). This work verifies that increasing the proportion of the α-α coupling mode in the PPy electrode is a useful strategy to enhance the anion doping ability and capacity of dual-ion batteries.

Aramid nanofiber-reinforced carbon nanotubes@cobalt ferrite nanoparticles aerogel films achieve excellent electromagnetic interference shielding, photothermal and joule heating performance

We embedded cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4, CFO) nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through oxidation and wet chemical methods to prepare CNT@CFO. Subsequently, aramid nanofiber (ANF)-reinforced aerogel films CNT@CFO/ANF were prepared by vacuum-assisted filtration and freeze-drying. CNT@CFO is evenly interspersed in the ordered ANF layers, giving the aerogel film excellent flexibility and stretchability. In electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI SE) applications, electromagnetic coupling and rich heterogeneous interfaces alleviate impedance mismatch and improve the attenuation of electromagnetic waves. The CNT@CFO/ANF film with a thickness of 30 μm exhibits an EMI SE value of 35 dB in the X-band. The absorption coefficient of CNT@CFO/ANF exceeds 0.9, which effectively reduces secondary reflection pollution compared with CNT/ANF. In photothermal conversion applications, the dual light absorption of conjugated CNTs and semiconductor CFO enables the composite film to exhibit rapid and stable photothermal heating. At AM 1.5G intensity, the stable temperature of CNT@CFO/ANF is 60.1 °C, which is higher than that of CNT/ANF. In addition, the CNT conductive network enables films to achieve rapid response, adjustable, and long-term stable joule heating capabilities. These results indicate that CNT@CFO/ANF aerogel films prepared by a simple and efficient method have great application potential in the field of multifunctional flexible devices.

Engineering ceria oxide with nickel doping and rich oxygen vacancies for enhanced electrocatalytic degradation of aromatic organics

Aromatic dyes are widely applicable in the textile, leather, and ink industries yet receive serious contamination issues to water bodies, soil, and even air. Herein, we develop an efficient electrocatalytic oxidation method for degrading aromatic dyes via developing supportive CeO2-based electrode materials decorating with highly dispersive Ni and rich oxygen vacancies. The decorating Ni species are in situ converted from a composite of CeO2 nanocrystals and formamide-derived polyaminoimidazole (PAI)-coordinated Ni to ensure the high dispersion of Ni species. The decomposition of PAI ligands also helps to create the localized reductive atmosphere for the generation of rich surface oxygen vacancies, which further benefits the enhancement of electronic conductivity and charge transport ability. The effects of Ni doping concentrations, Rhodamine B (RhB, as a simulating aromatic dye) concentrations, pH of RhB solution, types and concentrations of electrolytes, and working current densities on the degradation performance are comprehensively investigated. Electrocatalytic measurements reveal that the CeO2 catalyst with optimal Ni concentration and fine single-crystal sizes of 5.5 ± 0.03 nm (termed as Ni0.025-CeO2-x) exhibits very promising degradation efficiency (96.9 %) and structural durability (repeated use for 5 cycles with limited activity decrease).

Self-Polymerized Tough and High-Entanglement Zwitterionic Functional Hydrogels.

Zwitterionic hydrogels exhibit great potential in biomedical applications due to their antifouling properties and biocompatibility. However, the single-network structure of pure zwitterionic hydrogels leads to a low toughness and strength, limiting their application in biomedical fields. In this work, a high entanglement sulfobetaine methacrylate-dopamine hydrogel (SBMA-DA-PE) with low cross-linker content and high monomer concentration is prepared by using a dopamine oxidative radical polymerization method. Compared to a regular zwitterionic hydrogel, the SBMA-DA-PE hydrogel exhibits a 5-fold increase in tensile fracture stress and a 10-fold increase in compressive fracture stress. The SBMA-DA-PE hydrogel possesses excellent mechanical properties (the maximum compressive stress ≥4.85MPa, the maximum compressive strain ≥90%). Besides, the non-covalent interactions between catechol or ortho-quinones within the SBMA-DA-PE hydrogel, combined with strong intermolecular electrostatic interactions, endow the SBMA-DA-PE hydrogel with great self-healing capabilities and fatigue resistance. The SBMA-DA-PE hydrogel demonstrates low swellability and possesses good antifouling properties. Furthermore, the good printability and conductivity of the tough SBMA-DA-PE hydrogel endows it with new possibilities for developing biological 3D scaffolds and electronic devices. Overall, this work provides new insights into the preparation of zwitterionic hydrogels with high mechanical strength and multi-functionality for biomedical applications.

Decontamination of Biological Agents in Wastewater through Synergetic Oxidative Methods as an Effective Approach for Safeguarding Public Health and Aquatic Ecosystems

We employed a highly concentrated model of wastewater to conduct our research, accurately mimicking the composition of wastewater generated by milk processing enterprises. Wastewater contained milk protein, carbohydrates, and whey sugars. Domestic wastewater, which served as a source of indicator fecal microorganisms, was added to them. The water purification and disinfection scheme involved treating a model wastewater using the biosorption method with an immobilized biocenosis in a laboratory installation, followed by further purification and disinfection in a decontamination tank. In comparison, we assessed the degree of microorganism elimination using distinct methods such as ozonation, hydrogen peroxide treatment, and combination of О3/Н2О2. It has been demonstrated that model wastewater, purified and disinfected using the AOPs method, also contains dissolved oxygen, which is non-toxic to aquatic microbiota.

Experimental Antioxidant Activities of Synthetic 3,4-Dihydropyrimidine Derivatives.

The synthesized of five new pyrimidine derivatives was prepared from the condensation in one pot reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, substituted aromatic aldehydes, urea, and FeCL3.6H2O, with 5 to 10 drops of hydrochloride acid as catalyst in reflexing ethanol. The yield of the product was found to be in the range of 55 to 90%. The antioxidant efficiency of synthesized compounds was estimated by using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, hydroxyl method, nitric oxide method, and superoxide radical scavenging assay method. The compounds 6a, 6e, and 6c demonstrated considerable radical scavenging activity, resulting in the presence of electron-donating substituent on replaced aldehydes. The confirmation compounds by spectral data by proton and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectra, and MS spectra.

An All-Solid-State Ti/RuOx pH Electrode Prepared Based on the Thermal Oxidation Method.

The development of all-solid-state precise pH electrodes holds significant importance in various fields, particularly in marine scientific research. To achieve this goal, we proposed a novel fabrication technique for an all-solid-state ruthenium oxide (Ti/RuOx) pH electrode. We thin-coated the RuCl3 precursor solution on a titanium wire substrate using a heat gun repeatedly and then calcined it in a mixture of Li2CO3 and Na2O2 at 400 °C to obtain a ruthenium oxide (RuOx) film. This RuOx film was subjected to acid treatment with dilute nitric acid, and a polytetrafluoroethylene heat shrink tube was wrapped around the non-RuOx film area. Finally, the RuOx film was fully immersed in a pH 4.00 buffer solution, finalizing the electrode preparation. The RuOx film exhibits a dense and regular conical morphology. The Ti/RuOx electrode demonstrates a good near-Nernstian response slope (e.g., -59.04 mV/pH at 25 °C), high linearity (e.g., R2 = 0.9999), rapid response (<1 s), low hysteresis (<3 mV), excellent reversibility, and good repeatability in the pH range of 2.00-10.00. After full hydration, the Ti/RuOx electrode shows a potential drift of 8.5 mV and a drift rate of approximately 0.27 mV/day over a period of 25 days, indicating good long-term stability. Furthermore, the Ti/RuOx electrode exhibits robust resistance against interference from various ions and low-concentration redox substances, ensuring a long storage life (at least 280 days), and high measurement accuracy (e.g., ± 0.02 pH units) for diverse water samples, including seawater, freshwater, and tap water. This study has evaluated the potential of the Ti/RuOx electrode as a reliable and accurate tool for pH measurements in marine scientific applications.