Oxidative Damage Protection Research Articles

Selection on age of female reproduction in the marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae), decreases total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation

The oxidative damage caused to cells by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is one of several factors implicated in causing ageing. Oxidative damage may also be a proximate cost of reproductive effort that mediates the trade-off often observed between reproduction and survival. However, how the balance between oxidative damage and antioxidant protection affects life-history strategies is not fully understood. To improve our understanding, we selected on female reproductive age in the marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra, and quantified the impact of selection on female and male mortality risk, female fecundity, male sperm transfer, calling and mating. Against expectations, upward-selected lines lived shorter lives and experienced some reductions in reproductive performance. Selection affected oxidative damage to lipids and total antioxidant protection, but not in the direction predicted; longer lives were associated with elevated oxidative damage, arguing against the idea that accumulated oxidative damage reduces lifespan. Greater reproductive effort was also associated with elevated oxidative damage, suggesting that oxidative damage may be a cost of reproduction, although one that did not affect survival. Our results add to a body of data showing that the relationship between lifespan, reproduction and oxidative damage is more complex than predicted by existing theories.

"Green" Synthesis of Cerium Oxide Particles in Water Extracts Petroselinum crispum

Background:Synthesis of metal oxides nanoparticles with specific morphology and size has become the subject of many experimental protocols. Biosynthesis of the nanoparticles using plants is more preferable than physical and chemical methods because of its environmental friendliness.Objective:The purpose of this study was to report the potential for green synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts with a high content of phenolic metabolites.Methods:We have synthesized the CeO2 nano- and microparticles using Petroselinum crispum aqueous extract. The particles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering analysis. For detection the reduction capacity of the extract the evaluation of total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) were performed. Biological activity of the particles was identified by bioluminescent tests and bio tests with Triticum vulgare.Results:Testing on T. vulgare showed that biogenic cerium dioxide powders stimulated the growth of up to 5-11,4% relative to intact samples, significantly increased the length of the leaves of seedlings and the root length. When seedings were exposed to the biosynthesized CeO2 particles, the level of chlorophylls was more stable and even slightly higher than control. Noticeable protective properties of the biosynthesized CeO2 powder under oxidation conditions were observed on the plant T. vulgare after a brief exposure (from 4 to 24 h).Conclusion:Thus, biogenic CeO2 can be potentially utilized in oxidative damage protection of agricultural plants.

Glutathione Blood Concentrations: A Biomarker of Oxidative Damage Protection during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children.

Background. Pediatric open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) still remains a risky interventional procedure at high mortality/morbidity. To date, there are no clinical, laboratory, and/or monitoring parameters providing useful information on perioperative stress. We therefore investigated whether blood concentrations of glutathione (GSH), a powerful endogenous antioxidant, changed in the perioperative period. Methods. We conducted an observational study in 35 congenital heart disease (CHD) children in whom perioperative standard laboratory and monitoring parameters and GSH blood levels were assessed at five monitoring time points. Results. GSH showed a pattern characterized by a progressive increase from pre-surgery up to 24 h after surgery, reaching its highest peak at the end of CPB. GSH measured at the end of CPB correlated with CPB duration, cross-clamping, arterial oxygen partial pressure, and with body core temperature. Conclusions. The increase in GSH levels in the perioperative period suggests a compensatory mechanism to oxidative damage during surgical procedure. Caution is needed in controlling different CPB phases, especially systemic reoxygenation in a population that is per se more prone to oxidative stress/damage. The findings may point the way to detecting the optimal temperature and oxygenation target by biomarker monitoring.

Mapping hole hopping escape routes in proteins

A recently proposed oxidative damage protection mechanism in proteins relies on hole hopping escape routes formed by redox-active amino acids. We present a computational tool to identify the dominant charge hopping pathways through these residues based on the mean residence times of the transferring charge along these hopping pathways. The residence times are estimated by combining a kinetic model with well-known rate expressions for the charge-transfer steps in the pathways. We identify the most rapid hole hopping escape routes in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, cytochrome c peroxidase, and benzylsuccinate synthase (BSS). This theoretical analysis supports the existence of hole hopping chains as a mechanism capable of providing hole escape from protein catalytic sites on biologically relevant timescales. Furthermore, we find that pathways involving the [4Fe4S] cluster as the terminal hole acceptor in BSS are accessible on the millisecond timescale, suggesting a potential protective role of redox-active cofactors for preventing protein oxidative damage.

Influence of mineral waters on in vitro proliferation, antioxidant response and cytokine production in a human lung fibroblasts cell line.

Spa mineral waters are used for the treatment of chronic diseases' symptoms. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-ageing and tissue repair effects have been attributed to them. This work seeks to improve knowledge about the effect of spa mineral waters on human cells. For this, human lung fibroblasts were treated with mineral waters from Ledesma, Paracuellos and Archena spas, three Spanish health resorts with different water chemical composition. A significant increase of cell proliferation together with an enhanced antioxidant capacity (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activity) in mineral water-treated fibroblasts compared to control fibroblasts was observed. Moreover, cytokine profiling revealed an increase in the release of MIF, IL-6, CL-1, CCL-5 and ICAM-1, which are described as mediators in proliferation, wound healing and cell migration processes. In conclusion, our results could be in line with the effects attributed to spa mineral waters in wound healing strategies and oxidative damage protection.

Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression level analysis of a marine teleost homolog of catalase from big belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis)

Organisms possess a cellular antioxidant defense system inclusive of ROS scavengers to maintain the homeostasis of antioxidant levels. Catalase is a major ROS scavenger enzyme that plays a significant role in the antioxidant defense mechanism of organisms by reducing toxic hydrogen peroxide molecules into a nontoxic form of oxygen and water with a high turnover rate. In the present study, we performed molecular and functional characterization of the catalase homolog from Hippocampus abdominalis (HaCat). The HaCat cDNA sequence was identified as a 1578 bp ORF (open reading frame) that encodes a polypeptide of 526 amino acids with 59.33 kDa molecular weight. Its estimated pI value is 7.7, and it does not have any signal sequences. HaCat shared a conserved domain arrangement including the catalase proximal active site signature and heme ligand signature domain with the previously identified catalase counterparts. Phylogenetic analysis displayed close evolutionary relationships between HaCat and catalases from other teleost fish. According to our qPCR results, ubiquitous expression of HaCat transcripts were observed in all the tested tissues with high expression in the kidney followed by liver. Significant modulations of HaCat transcription were observed in blood, liver, and kidney tissues post-challenge with Streptococcus iniae, Edwardsiella tarda, poly I:C, and LPS. Peroxidase activity of recombinant HaCat (rHaCat) was evaluated using an ABTS assay and the ROS removal effect was further confirmed by oxidative DNA damage protection and cell viability assays. The rHaCat showed more than 97% activity over a temperature and pH range of 10 °C–40 °C and 5 to 6, respectively. The above results suggest that HaCat plays an indispensable role in the oxidative homeostasis of the seahorse during pathogenic attack.

Exogenous Calcium Supplementation Improves Salinity Tolerance in BRRI Dhan28; a Salt-Susceptible High-Yielding Oryza Sativa Cultivar

Salinity is one of the most brutal abiotic stressors, commencing a great stumbling block in the way of attaining food security in Bangladesh. Cultivation of rice in saline soils can be possible after enhancing its salt tolerance. This study aimed to examine the potential impact of exogenous calcium (3 and 5 mM Ca2+ in CaCl2) on conferring salt tolerance in rice (cv. BRRI dhan28). At the germination stage, Ca2+-primed seeds were grown under 100 mM NaCl stress conditions for nine days. At the seedling stage, rice seedlings were grown in a sandponic culture with Hoagland′s nutrient solution amended or not amended with 100 mM NaCl for 20 days with or without Ca2+ supplementation. Our results revealed that NaCl-stressed rice plants showed highly compromised germination indices and growth parameters, which could be attributed to reduced shoot and root growth, decreased photosynthetic pigments, increased H2O2 accumulation, and elevated levels of lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde (MDA). On the other hand, exogenous Ca2+ application noticeably improved germination indices, growth and biomass-related parameters under salt stress. Ca2+-treated salt-stressed plants displayed amplified chlorophyll content, as well as suppressed the accumulation of H2O2, contributing to oxidative damage protection. Ca2+ supplementation for salt-stressed rice seedlings elevated relative water content without increasing excess proline, indicating the role of Ca2+ in maintaining water balance under stressful conditions. Furthermore, exogenous Ca2+ decreased membrane injury under NaCl stress, as mirrored by notably diminished levels of MDA in stressed seedlings. The defensive role of Ca2+ counter to oxidative stress was connected with the elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase. In general, the best results in terms of growth at both germination and seedling stages were obtained in response to 3 mM Ca2+ treatment. Finally, Ca2+ supplementation can be an effective practice to cultivate rice in saline soils.

Caffeic acid attenuates rat liver injury after transplantation involving PDIA3-dependent regulation of NADPH oxidase

The transplanted liver inevitably suffers from ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, which represents a key issue in clinical transplantation determining early outcome and long-term graft survival. A solution is needed to deal with this insult. This study was undertaken to explore the effect of Caffeic acid (CA), a naturally occurring antioxidant, on I/R injury of grafted liver and the mechanisms involved. Male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) in the absence or presence of CA administration. In vitro, HL7702 cells were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation. LT led to apparent hepatic I/R injury, manifested by deteriorated liver function, microcirculatory disturbance and increased apoptosis, along with increased PDIA3 expression and nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, and membrane translocation of NADPH oxidase subunits. Treatment with CA attenuated the above alterations. siRNA/shRNA-mediated knockdown of PDIA3 in HL7702 cells and rats played the same role as CA not only in inhibiting ROS production and NADPH oxidase activity, but also in alleviating hepatocytes injury. CA protects transplanted livers from injury, which is likely attributed to its protection of oxidative damage by interfering in PDIA3-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase.

Sex and species differences of stress markers in sympatric cheetahs and leopards in Namibia

Physiological stress markers may provide valuable insight for our understanding of costs of given life-history strategies or of wildlife health condition, most importantly in case of threatened species. In the last decade, there has been growing interest in the ecological relevance of cellular oxidative stress, which would provide complimentary information to that obtained by the classic analyses of glucocorticoid hormones. In this study, we analysed the sex and species variation of five blood-based markers of oxidative status, both molecular oxidative damage and antioxidant protection, in sympatric cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and leopards (Panthera pardus) living on Namibian farmlands. Both these terrestrial carnivores are classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We found that female cheetahs had significantly higher serum reactive oxygen metabolites of non-protein origin and lower glutathione peroxidase activity in whole blood than both male and female leopards and male cheetahs. We also found that cheetahs and leopards differed in the association between the two antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Correlations among oxidative status markers were stronger in female cheetahs than leopards or male cheetahs. Our results suggest that female cheetahs are more sensitive to local sources of stress. Our work did not corroborate the assumption that two species with different life histories consistently differ in key physiological traits.

DNA Oxidative-Damage Protection By 2,4-Di-Tertbutylphenol and 2,6-Di-Secbutylphenol: A Computational Study of their Hydroxyl Radical Scavenger Properties

DNA Oxidative-Damage Protection By 2,4-Di-Tertbutylphenol and 2,6-Di-Secbutylphenol: A Computational Study of their Hydroxyl Radical Scavenger Properties

Recent advances in cerebral cavernous malformation research.

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are manifested by microvascular lesions characterized by leaky endothelial cells with minimal intervening parenchyma predominantly in the central nervous system predisposed to hemorrhagic stroke, resulting in focal neurological defects. Till date, three proteins are implicated in this condition: CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2 (MGC4607), and CCM3 (PDCD10). These multi-domain proteins form a protein complex via CCM2 that function as a docking site for the CCM signaling complex, which modulates many signaling pathways. Defects in the formation of this signaling complex have been shown to affect a wide range of cellular processes including cell-cell contact stability, vascular angiogenesis, oxidative damage protection and multiple biogenic events. In this review we provide an update on recent advances in structure and function of these CCM proteins, especially focusing on the signaling cascades involved in CCM pathogenesis and the resultant CCM cellular phenotypes in the past decade.

Underlying action mechanism of a novel antioxidant peptide derived from Allium tuberosum Rottler protein hydrolysates and its protective effects on hydrogen peroxide induced cell injury

A novel antioxidant peptide from protein hydrolysate of Allium tuberosum Rottler was identified as Phe-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ser-Phe (FF-6). It could not only quench multiple radicals efficiently, but also promote cell survival by protecting against oxidative damage. The residue Leu played a vital role in radical-scavenging process and interaction with ABTS+ radicals. When substituted residue Leu with Ala, the radical-scavenging capacity and cytoprotective effect of FF-6 were almost lost. Moreover, the peptide could increase the expression level of proteins PI3K, Akt, phospho-Akt, mTOR, phospho-mTOR, but not affect peroxiredoxin-6. According to these results, the potential mechanism responsible for the protection of oxidative damage and promotion of cell survival was taken place through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These findings could be helpful for better elucidating the antioxidant mechanism and shed light on synthetic of alternative antioxidants with more potent activity as nutraceuticals or pharmaceuticals.

The effect and comparison of commonly used liver-protection drugs for irradiated HL-7702 by X

Objective: To investigate the effect of different mechanisms of liver-protection drugs in clinic and compare which one is best for the proliferation of irradiated HL-7702, laying the basis of liver-protection drugs choose in clinic on theory and practice. Methods: Human liver parenchyma cells HL-7702 were given single 6 MV X ray irradiation at a dose of 10Gy, the cells' morphology were detected under an inverted microscope at 24h, 48h and 72h. Then, MTT was used to assess the survival rate of the cells to evaluate the effect of the X ray. The representive medicines which mechanism may relate to RILD were chosen and diluted into various concentrations with culture medium according to clinical and relative reports. Different concentrations of medicines were used to protect the cells damaged by the X ray. Comparing the effect with MTT and measure SOD, MDA for the best one. Further research on its protection of oxidative damage. T-test, F test and non- paramiter test were used for statistical analysis. Results: 2.5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate both have an effect on the proliferation of liver cells, especially the concentration of 1 mg/ml. The injection of polyene phosphatidyl choline show trivial effect at the concentrations of 250 μmol/L and reduced glutathione(GSH) did not demonstrate relative functions. Further research on the magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate, found its protection at 48h to oxidative damage (P < 0.05), but the effect is weak at 24h and 48h. Conclusions: In three kinds of representing medicines, magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate has preferable effects on liver parenchyma cells and show a bright future in the treatment of RILD.

Bioactivities of fractions obtained from green gram ( Vigna radiata ) milled by-products

Abstract Green gram as dhal (dehusked split cotyledons) is a common food material in India. During milling of green gram into dhal, 18% of the grain becomes by-product. The by-product was separated into the husk, the germ, the plumule rich fraction (PRF) and the aleurone rich fraction by sieving and air classification. Polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids and chlorophyll contents were the highest in the husks followed by the PRF. The husk and the PRF showed antioxidant activity with IC 50 values of 12 and 23 µg for DPPH; and 17 and 25 µg for ABTS ˙+ scavenging activities, respectively. The husk and the PRF showed IC 50 values of 0.3 and 0.3 mg for α–amylase inhibition; 0.2 and 0.3 mg for α-glucosidase inhibition; and 2 and 3 µg for oxidative DNA damage protection, respectively. Gallic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, vitexin and isovitexin were the major bioactive compounds in various fractions, and these compounds were found to be the highest in the husks followed by the PRF. Thus, the present study suggests that green gram milled by-products may contain useful nutraceutical compounds.

Flavonoids from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb: Free Radical Scavenging and DNA Oxidative Damage Protection Activities and Analysis of Bioactivity-Structure Relationship Based on Molecular and Electronic Structures.

To clarify the substantial basis of the excellent antioxidant capacity of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Fourteen flavonoids were isolated and identified from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb, seven of which have notable DPPH radical scavenging activities, i.e., catechin, luteolin, quercetin, quercitrin, hyperoside, rutin, luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside with IC50 values of 5.06, 7.29, 4.36, 7.12, 6.34, 6.36 and 8.12 µM, respectively. The DNA nicking assay showed that five flavonoids from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb—taxifolin, catechin, hyperoside, quercitrin and rutin—have good protective activity against DNA oxidative damage. Further, we analyzed the bioactivity-structure relationship of these 14 flavonoids by applying quantum theory. According to their O-H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), C ring’s spin density and stable molecular structure, the relationship between their structures and radical scavenging capacities was evaluated and clarified. We found that among flavonoid aglycones from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb, the O-H BDE of quercetin is lowest with the values of 69.02 and the O-H BDE of apigenin is highest with the values of 79.77. It is interesting that the O-H BDE value of isovitexin (78.55) with glycoside at C-6 position is lower than that of its aglycone (79.77) and vitexin (99.20) with glycoside at C-8 position. Further analysis indicated that the glycosidation of flavonoids at C-6 in the A-ring makes a more uniform distribution of spin density and improves the stability of free radicals leading to the increase in antioxidant capacity. Flavonoids with good antioxidant capacity might contribute to the pharmacological effects of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.

Oxidative costs of reproduction in mouse strains selected for different levels of food intake and which differ in reproductive performance.

Oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species has been hypothesised to underpin the trade-off between reproduction and somatic maintenance, i.e., the life-history-oxidative stress theory. Previous tests of this hypothesis have proved equivocal, and it has been suggested that the variation in responses may be related to the tissues measured. Here, we measured oxidative damage (protein carbonyls, 8-OHdG) and antioxidant protection (enzymatic antioxidant activity and serum antioxidant capacity) in multiple tissues of reproductive (R) and non-reproductive (N) mice from two mouse strains selectively bred for high (H) or low (L) food intake, which differ in their reproductive performance, i.e., H mice have increased milk energy output (MEO) and wean larger pups. Levels of oxidative damage were unchanged (liver) or reduced (brain and serum) in R versus N mice, and no differences in multiple measures of oxidative protection were found between H and L mice in liver (except for Glutathione Peroxidase), brain or mammary glands. Also, there were no associations between an individual’s energetic investment (e.g., MEO) and most of the oxidative stress measures detected in various tissues. These data are inconsistent with the oxidative stress theory, but were more supportive of, but not completely consistent, with the ‘oxidative shielding’ hypothesis.

Accumulation of Flavonols over Hydroxycinnamic Acids Favors Oxidative Damage Protection under Abiotic Stress.

Efficient detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is thought to play a key role in enhancing the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses. Although multiple pathways, enzymes, and antioxidants are present in plants, their exact roles during different stress responses remain unclear. Here, we report on the characterization of the different antioxidant mechanisms of tomato plants subjected to heat stress, salinity stress, or a combination of both stresses. All the treatments applied induced an increase of oxidative stress, with the salinity treatment being the most aggressive, resulting in plants with the lowest biomass, and the highest levels of H2O2 accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation. However, the results obtained from the transcript expression study and enzymatic activities related to the ascorbate-glutathione pathway did not fully explain the differences in the oxidative damage observed between salinity and the combination of salinity and heat. An exhaustive metabolomics study revealed the differential accumulation of phenolic compounds depending on the type of abiotic stress applied. An analysis at gene and enzyme levels of the phenylpropanoid metabolism concluded that under conditions where flavonols accumulated to a greater degree as compared to hydroxycinnamic acids, the oxidative damage was lower, highlighting the importance of flavonols as powerful antioxidants, and their role in abiotic stress tolerance.

Enhancement of polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of oat (Avena nuda L.) bran by cellulase treatment

In this work, cellulase was used to treat with oat bran, and its effect on the total polyphenol content and phenolic profiles were investigated, with heating-only treatment as the control. Antioxidant capacity of the phenolic extracts from oat bran was assessed by scavenging of 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulphonic acid), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical cation, the ferric reducing antioxidant power, and protein oxidative damage protection assays. As a result, cellulase treatment significantly increased the total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, and the ability on the protection of protein from oxidative damage of the oat bran compared with heating-only treatment. Furthermore, cellulase treatment significantly increased availability of most phenolic compounds, except of gallic acid, such as caffeic acid by 97 % (5.33 vs. 10.51 μg g−1), vanillin by 28 % (3.32 vs. 4.24 μg g−1), p-coumaric acid by 105 % (5.55 vs. 11.35 μg g−1), and ferulic acid by 914 % (12.33 vs. 124.03 μg g−1). However, heating-only treatment had no significant influence on the five detected phenolic compounds. Therefore, the study revealed that cellulase treatment would produce polyphenol-rich oat products with increased antioxidant activity.

Isolation of exopolysaccharide‐producing bacteria and yeasts from Tibetan kefir and characterisation of the exopolysaccharides

Fifteen organisms were isolated from Tibetan kefir. Six of them were exopolysaccharide (EPS)‐producing strains cultured in skim milk medium, which included two yeasts (Kazachstania unispora), one acetic acid bacterium (Acetobacter okinawensis) and three lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides). The protein oxidative damage protection assay revealed that preincubation of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) could restore the levels of protein oxidation in a dose‐dependent manner. The SEM images indicated that there were great differences in the microstructures and surface morphologies among the EPSs. The GC analysis of the EPSs showed that all of the EPSs were composed of more than one kind of monosaccharide.

Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates Salt Tolerance in Rice by Maintaining Na(+)/K(+) Balance, Mineral Homeostasis and Oxidative Metabolism Under Excessive Salt Stress.

Being a salt sensitive crop, rice growth and development are frequently affected by soil salinity. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recently explored as an important priming agent regulating diverse physiological processes of plant growth and development. Despite its enormous prospects in plant systems, the role of H2S in plant stress tolerance is still elusive. Here, a combined pharmacological, physiological and biochemical approach was executed aiming to examine the possible mechanism of H2S in enhancement of rice salt stress tolerance. We showed that pretreating rice plants with H2S donor sodium bisulfide (NaHS) clearly improved, but application of H2S scavenger hypotaurine with NaHS decreased growth and biomass-related parameters under salt stress. NaHS-pretreated salt-stressed plants exhibited increased chlorophyll, carotenoid and soluble protein contents, as well as suppressed accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to oxidative damage protection. The protective mechanism of H2S against oxidative stress was correlated with the elevated levels of ascorbic acid, glutathione, redox states, and the enhanced activities of ROS- and methylglyoxal-detoxifying enzymes. Notably, the ability to decrease the uptake of Na+ and the Na+/K+ ratio, as well as to balance mineral contents indicated a role of H2S in ion homeostasis under salt stress. Altogether, our results highlight that modulation of the level of endogenous H2S genetically or exogenously could be employed to attain better growth and development of rice, and perhaps other crops, under salt stress. Furthermore, our study reveals the importance of the implication of gasotransmitters like H2S for the management of salt stress, thus assisting rice plants to adapt to adverse environmental changes.