Oxidation Of Morphine Research Articles

A facile green synthesis of a perovskite-type nanocomposite using Crataegus and walnut leaf for electrochemical determination of morphine

In this study, we addressed a selective and sensitive electrochemical approach for detecting morphine (MO) using the TbFeO3/CuO nanocomposite. Crataegus and walnut leaf as the environmentally friendly agents were used to synthesis TbFeO3/CuO and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), as well as vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) were employed for characterizing the products. In addition, chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DVP) were applied to examine the electrochemical behavior of MO. According to analysis, this new modified electrode had higher peak currents for MO oxidation than the unmodified SPE and the analytical curve for MO detection exhibited a wide linear response in the range between 0.07 and 300.0 μM for MO. Moreover, the limit of detection (LOD) of 10 nM for MO was achieved. Finally, TbFeO3/CuO/SPE showed successful utilization for detecting MO in the real samples, with a good recovery in the range between 96% and 104.3%.

Simultaneous detection of morphine and codeine in urine samples of heroin addicts using multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified SnO2–Zn2SnO4 nanocomposites paste electrode

The SnO2–Zn2SnO4 nanocomposite was successfully prepared via a simple solid state method. Then, a chemically modified electrode based on incorporating SnO2–Zn2SnO4 into multi-walled carbon nanotube paste matrix (MWCNTs/SnO2–Zn2SnO4/CPE) was prepared for the simultaneous determination of morphine(MO) and codeine (CO). The measurements were carried out by application of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The MWCNTs/SnO2–Zn2SnO4/CPE showed an efficient electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of MO and CO. The separation of the oxidation peak potential for MO–CO was about 550mV. The calibration curves obtained for MO and CO were in the ranges of 0.1–310μmolL−1 and 0.1–600.0μmolL−1, respectively. The detection limits (S/N =3) were 0.009μmolL−1 for both drugs. The method also successfully employed as a selective, simple, and precise method for the determination of MO and CO in pharmaceutical and biological samples.

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity for Morphine Oxidation at 2-Aminoethanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM)-Modified Gold Electrode

2-aminoethanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-modified gold electrode (SAM/Au) was fabricated for electrochemical oxidation of morphine (MO). The SAM/Au shows an enhanced electrocatalytic activity for MO oxidation, as described by more negative oxidation peak potential and much higher current response as compared to the bare gold electrode. The enhanced performance of SAM/Au electrode might be attributed to the possible chemical interaction between the amino group in SAM and phenolic group in MO.

Electrocatalytic determination of morphine at the surface of a carbon paste electrode spiked with a hydroquinone derivative and carbon nanotubes

This study aims at the electrochemical characterization of a novel sensor for the electrocatalytic determination of morphine (MO). The sensor is based on a carbon paste electrode spiked with 4-hydroxy-2-(triphenylphosphonio)phenolate (HTP) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (HTP-MWCNT-CPE). The cyclic voltammetric responses of MO oxidation at the modified electrode surface at different potential scan rates show a characteristic shape typical of an EC catalytic mechanism. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to probe the characteristics of the modified electrode. The catalytic peak current obtained by DPV was linearly dependent on the MO concentration over the range 1.0–950.0 μM in two linear segments with a detection limit of 0.066 μM. The precision of DPV was found to be 3% for 15 replicate determinations of 4.0 μM of MO. For a binary mixture containing MO and acetaminophen (AC), two well-distinguished differential pulse voltammograms were obtained in the physiological pH (pH 7.0). The sensitivities of the modified electrode toward MO in the absence and presence of AC were found to be virtually the same, which refers to the fact that the electrocatalytic oxidation processes of MO are independent of AC. The modified electrode was successfully applied for the determination of MO and AC in a urine sample and pharmaceutical formulations.

Simultaneous voltammetric and amperometric determination of morphine and codeine using a chemically modified-palladized aluminum electrode

In the present paper the use of Prussian blue film modified-palladized aluminum electrode (PB/Pd-Al) prepared by a simple and rapid electroless method for the determination of codeine (CO) and morphine (MO) is described. In the first part of the work the oxidation of CO and MO at the modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The electro-oxidation pathway for the both two compounds in the neutral medium (pH 6) was suggested. In optimum conditions the hydrodynamic amperometry was used for the determination of CO and MO at the μM concentration level. It is found that the calibration graphs of CO and MO are linear in the concentration ranges 2–30 and 2–50 μM, respectively. The detection limit of the method was about 0.8 μM. The possibility of using differential pulse voltammetry as well as hydrodynamic amperometry for simultaneous determination of CO and MO at a mixture solution is demonstrated.