Fat Oxidation Research Articles

Effects Of Morning Vs Afternoon Exercise On Fat Oxidation And Effort In Recreational Active Females

Effects Of Morning Vs Afternoon Exercise On Fat Oxidation And Effort In Recreational Active Females

EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT NITRITE BY BEET ROOT AND SILYBUM MARIANUM POWDER IN PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND LIPID OXIDATION FOR PASTERMA

This study was aimed to decreasing the use of nitrite in Pasterma (sausage in Iraq) in traditional condition, beetroot and milk thistle was used with (75% veal meat and 25% pelvic and kidney fat),the treatment were divide (T1): (0.075 ppm milk thistle with 0.075 ppm beetroot), (T2): (0.075 ppm nitrite with 0.075 ppm milk thistle powder),(T3): (0.075 ppm nitrite with 0.075ppm beetroot powder), (T4):Addition of the synthetic antioxidant Betalyted Hydroxy Anisole (0.01%) BHA. The physical properties resulted in cooking loos, WHC, T3the treatment excelled (8.17)%and 39.12% respectively, Fat oxidation measurements (TBA 3.02 Malone Didehyde/kg, and peroxide value 0.56 mEq/kg fat) inT3 sample show significant differences the best value ,the result are consistent with the measurements reducing power assay and DPPH – assay it was better in T3.

Divergent pathways of liver fat accumulation, oxidation, and secretion in lipodystrophy versus obesity-associated NAFLD.

Fatty liver is common in obesity as well as in partial lipodystrophy (PL) syndromes, characterized by deficient adipose tissue. Insulin resistance is key to fatty liver pathogenesis in both entities. We aimed to compare the contributions of insulin resistance and adipose tissue to hepatic steatosis in PL and non-syndromic, obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NS-NAFLD). In a cross-sectional comparison of people with NS-NAFLD (N = 73) and PL (N = 27), liver fat was measured by FibroScan® controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and insulin resistance by HOMA-IR, Adipo-IR, and NMR-based LP-IR. Insulin resistance was greater in PL versus NS-NAFLD by HOMA-IR (p = 0.005), Adipo-IR (p = 0.01) and LP-IR (p = 0.05) while liver fat was comparable (304 vs. 324 dB/m, p = 0.12). Liver fat correlated with HOMA-IR in both groups, but CAP values were lower by 32 dB/m in PL compared with NS-NAFLD for any given HOMA-IR. In contrast, Adipo-IR and LP-IR correlated with CAP only in the NS-NAFLD group, suggesting different pathways for fat accumulation. Plasma free fatty acids, reflecting substrate input from the adipose tissue, were comparable between groups. However, the levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, a marker of β-oxidation, and large triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles, a marker of VLDL secretion, were both higher in PL (p < 0.001 for both). Liver fat content was comparable in subjects with PL-associated NAFLD and NS-NAFLD, despite worse insulin resistance in partial lipodystrophy. Our data demonstrate higher triglyceride oxidation and export in PL, suggesting a compensatory shift of fat from liver storage into the circulation that does not occur in NS-NAFLD.

Quality and stability of different seafood products treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) intended for raw consumption

The consumption of raw fish has rapidly increased in recent years, but being a highly perishable product, it is characterised by a very short microbiological shelf life. High hydrostatic pressure (HPP) processing is a non-thermal technology has emerged recently as a promising alternative to thermal processing for food pasteurization capable of maintaining fresh-like characteristics and nutritional value. However, the induced changes in product quality should be assessed carefully. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of HPP on different seafood products, namely grey mullet, tiger prawn and rose shrimp, intended for raw consumption. Three pressure levels (400, 500 and 600 MPa) were applied for 10 min. During refrigerated storage, microbiological quality, chemical parameters, colour and texture and fat oxidation were analysed. Results showed that the application of lower pressure was able to inactivate E. coli, pseudomonas and/or positive coagulase staphylococci; however, they were able to recover during storage. In addition, the application of 600-MPa pressure extended the microbiological shelf life by up to 30 days. For all samples, general whitening occurred while the texture was affected in a different way for the three considered species. Fat oxidation was only minimally affected and remained quite low during storage.

Effects of Grape Syrup Intake on Metabolic Rate and Substrate Oxidation During and After Sprint Intermittent Exercise

Background: Regarding sports drinks' role in substrate oxidation, the present study investigated the effect of grape syrup intake on metabolic rate and substrate oxidation after sprint intermittent exercise in active male students. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 12 active male college students (body mass = 62.77 ± 9.05 kg; height = 173 ± 6.78 cm; BMI = 21 ± 2.5 kg/m2) were divided into two groups and performed two separate exercise sessions after grape syrup (1.1 mL/kg. body weight) or placebo intake. In the exercise session, subjects performed four 30-second Wingate tests (75 g / kg body weight) with a 5‐minute rest period. Energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), fat oxidation (FO), heart rate (HR), and oxygen intake (VO2) were assessed 5 minutes before, during, and 30 minutes after exercise. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed-model ANOVA with repeated measures. Results: The results showed only between-group differences in respiratory exchange ratio (P = 0.04). However, the effect of time was significant between different situations (before, during, and after SIE) on all variables (P &lt; 0.05). No time-group interaction effect was also observed in investigated variables (P &gt; 0.05). The effect of different measurement times showed that in the post-SIE period, RER and fat oxidation rate values respectively decreased and increased compared to pre-SIE (P &lt; 0.05) in both situations. Conclusions: The grape syrup intake improved metabolic rate and substrate oxidation during the recovery period after SIE, comparable to the placebo-containing synthetic carbohydrates. Therefore, it is recommended to use this herbal supplement as a substitute for a carbohydrate drink during SIE. However, more research is needed in this case.

The role of sex in the relationship between fasting adipokines levels, maximal fat oxidation during exercise, and insulin resistance in young adults with excess adiposity

AimPrevious evidence suggest that a sexual dimorphism in exercise fat oxidation and adipokines levels may explain a lower risk of cardio-metabolic disorders in women. Therefore, we investigated the role of sex in the relationship between adipokines levels, maximal fat oxidation (MFO) during exercise and insulin resistance. MethodsFifty young adults with excess adiposity (31 women; body fat: 38.7 ± 5.3%) were included in this study. The fasting levels of leptin, adiponectin, glucose and insulin were determined from blood samples and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) subsequently calculated. Body fat percentage and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were assessed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry whereas MFO was estimated during an incremental-load exercise test after an overnight fasting through indirect calorimetry. ResultsMen had lower levels of body fat (d = 1.80), adiponectin (d = 1.35), leptin (d = 0.43) and MFO (d = 1.25) than women. Conversely, men showed higher VAT (d = 0.85) and fasting glucose levels (d = 0.89). No sex differences were observed in HOMA-IR (d = 0.34). Adipokines levels were not associated with MFO in both sexes (r < 0.30), whereas adiponectin levels were inversely related with HOMA-IR in both men (r = −0.58) and women (r = −0.50). Leptin concentration was associated to HOMA-IR only in men (r = 0.41), while no statistically significant relationships were observed between MFO and HOMA-IR in both sexes (r < 0.44). ConclusionInsulin resistance was similar between sexes regardless of superior levels of adipokines and MFO during exercise in women. Therefore, adiponectin and leptin may regulate glucose homeostasis without altering whole body fat oxidation rate during exercise.

Effects of the Timing of Carbohydrate Intake on Metabolism and Performance in Soccer Players.

This study aims to provide information to improve the performance of athletes comparing the effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte intake before and during exercise on metabolism and performance in soccer players. The study had a single-blind cross-over design. Drust's protocol is a soccer-specific intermittent exercise test. The carbohydrate-electrolyte intake experiments were divided into three timings: first, pre-exercise; second, half-time; and third, mixed. Eight participants were included in the data analysis (age: 21.32 ± 1.19 years; BMI: 22.69 ± 1.91 kg/m2; height: 176.5 ± 7.52 cm; weight: 69.5 ± 9.18 kg; Vmax: 16.75 0.71 km/h). The results of the mixed test showed a significantly lower respiratory exchange ratio than those of the placebo and half-time tests (p < 0.05). The mixed test showed significantly more fat oxidation than the half-time test (p < 0.05). The running times are placebo (422.13 ± 133.44 s) and mixed (677.38 ± 217.75 s), and the distances are placebo (1577.25 ± 517.02 m) and mixed (2530.00 ± 832.71 m) (p < 0.05). The mixed test showed a significantly lower rating of perceived exertion than the placebo test (p < 0.05). Carbohydrate oxidation and heart rate showed no significant differences between the experiments (p > 0.05). The exercise protocol in this study showed the metabolic response of soccer players to intermittent high-intensity exercise and subsequent endurance exercise. In conclusion, it can be seen that the intake of carbohydrate-electrolytes improves the performance of soccer players, and the effect varies depending on the timing of carbohydrate-electrolyte intake.

Dietary palmitic acid to oleic acid ratio modulates energy metabolism and biological rhythms in young healthy Japanese males.

The present study investigated the potential role of the composition of dietary fatty acids in the regulation of biological rhythms, such as the sleep architecture, core body temperature and leukocyte clock gene expression, in subjects fed meals rich in palmitic acid (PA) or oleic acid (OA). Eleven males participated in two sessions of indirect calorimetry in a whole-room metabolic chamber. In each session, subjects consumed three meals rich in PA (44·3 % of total fat as PA and 42·3 % as OA) or OA (11·7 % of total fat as PA and 59·3 % as OA) in the metabolic chamber. The ratio of PA to OA in plasma was significantly lower and fat oxidation was significantly higher during 24 h of indirect calorimetry in the session with meals rich in OA than in that with meals rich in PA. The duration of slow wave sleep (SWS) was shorter, the latency of SWS was longer and the nadir of core body temperature after bedtime was later in the session with meals rich in PA than in that with meals rich in OA. The peak in CRY1 gene expression was earlier and its amplitude was higher in the session with meals rich in PA than in that with meals rich in OA. In healthy young males, meals rich in PA decreased fat oxidation and disrupted biological rhythms, particularly the sleep architecture and core body temperature during sleep, more than meals rich in OA.

Acute Statin Withdrawal Does not Interfere With the Improvements of a Session of Exercise in Postprandial Metabolism.

The risk for atherogenic plaque formation is high after ingestion of meals in individuals with high blood lipid levels (ie, dyslipidemia). Statins and exercise reduce the rise of blood triglyceride concentrations after a meal, but the effect of their combination is unclear. In a randomized crossover design, 11 individuals with dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome treated with statins underwent a mixed-meal (970 ± 111 kcal, 24% fat, and 34% carbohydrate) tolerance test. Plasma lipid concentrations, fat oxidation, glucose, and glycerol kinetics were monitored immediately prior and during the meal test. Trials were conducted with participants under their habitual statin treatment and 96 hours after blinded statin withdrawal. Trials were duplicated after a prolonged bout of low-intensity exercise (75 minutes at 53 ± 4% maximal oxygen consumption) to study the interactions between exercise and statins. Statins reduced postprandial plasma triglycerides from 3.03 ± 0.85 to 2.52 ± 0.86 mmol·L-1 (17%; P = .015) and plasma glycerol concentrations (ie, surrogate of whole-body lipolysis) without reducing plasma free fatty acid concentration or fat oxidation. Prior exercise increased postprandial plasma glycerol levels (P = .029) and fat oxidation rates (P = .024). Exercise decreased postprandial plasma insulin levels (241 ± 116 vs 301 ± 172 ρmol·L-1; P = .026) but not enough to increase insulin sensitivity (P = .614). Neither statins nor exercise affected plasma glucose appearance rates from exogenous or endogenous sources. In dyslipidemic individuals, statins reduce blood triglyceride concentrations after a meal, but without limiting fat oxidation. Statins do not interfere with exercise lowering the postprandial insulin that likely promotes fat oxidation. Last, statins do not restrict the rates of plasma incorporation or oxidation of the ingested glucose.

Two weeks daily intake of anthocyanin-rich New Zealand blackcurrant extract enhances whole-body fat oxidation during supine rest in healthy males

Introduction: Increase in exercise-induced fat oxidation has been observed with a 2-week daily intake of New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract. We examined for supine rest the effects of a 2-week daily intake of NZBC extract on physiological and metabolic parameters in relation to body fat%.Methods: Healthy active men (n=16, age: 24.1±6.0 yr, body mass: 78.2±15.6 kg, BMI: 24.7±4.2 kg·m-2) volunteered. NZBC extract (210 mg of anthocyanins) was consumed with breakfast with a14-day washout. The final ingestion was 2 hours before testing. Physiological and metabolic responses were measured during supine rest (2x10 min), and observations with the lowest 10-minute ventilation were analyzed. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to measure body fat%.Results: During supine rest, a 14-day daily intake of NZBC extract had no effect on heart rate, minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, and energy expenditure. However, a 14-day daily intake of NZBC extract decreased the respiratory exchange ratio (baseline: 0.840±0.045, 14-day: 0.820±0.058, P=0.03), increased fat oxidation (baseline: 0.079±0.03, 14-day: 0.088±0.043 g·min-1, P=0.05), and decreased carbohydrate oxidation (baseline: 0.178±0.067, 14-day: 0.143±0.071 g·min-1, P=0.03) during supine rest. Nine of the 16 participants had increased fat oxidation by over 10% during supine rest. For those nine participants, the increases were 26±16%. We did not observe a significant correlation between body fat% and absolute and percentual changes in fat oxidation.Conclusions: In a healthy male cohort, daily intake of New Zealand blackcurrant extract for two weeks was able to increase fat oxidation during supine rest. Daily intake of New Zealand blackcurrant extract may be an effective anthocyanin-rich supplement for managing body composition and body weight.Keywords: New Zealand blackcurrant; anthocyanins; metabolic equivalent; rest; fat oxidation; respiratory exchange ratio

Effects of glucose release kinetics of extruded-maize diet on energy utilization of growing pigs

The precise energy requirement of swine should not only meet the static parameters of net energy but also consider the dynamic supply of glucose release. The effects of glucose release characteristics on nitrogen and energy utilization of growing pigs were conducted by the energy metabolism in vivo using open-circuit respiratory calorimetry and the hydrolysis in vitro of glucose release. Sixteen castrated boars were randomly divided into two groups (Raw maize group and Extruded maize group, RAW and EXT). Maize in the RAW diet was completely replaced by extruded-maize in the EXT diet. In vitro studies showed that extrusion treatment had a rapid and huge glucose release of maize (P < 0.05). The metabolizable energy (ME) in EXT was higher than that in RAW (P = 0.002), but no difference in net energy (NE) was observed (P = 0.864). EXT had higher crude protein (CP) apparent digestibility (P = 0.035) but lower nitrogen deposition (P < 0.001) due to higher urinary nitrogen (UN) excretion (P < 0.001). Extrusion treatment changed the proportion of heat production of carbohydrates, fat, and protein. EXT presented higher oxidation of protein (OXP, P < 0.001) and fat (OXF, P = 0.025) and lower oxidation of carbohydrates (OXCHO, P = 0.003). There was no difference in retained energy (RE) between the two groups (P = 0.803). Extrusion treatment can accelerate the glucose release of maize, and the extruded maize fully replacing raw maize in the diet can enhance ME of growing pigs, and the ratio of nutrient oxidation to energy supply was altered, resulting in lower protein deposition and energy utilization.

Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) in patients with pancreatic carcinoma and overt signs of disease progression and host tissue wasting

BackgroundCancer-cachexia is a complex syndrome secondary to physiological mechanisms related to classical hormone and immune alterations, where contributions of neuro-endocrine involvement have been less evaluated. Therefore, the aim of our study was to explore relationships between PTHrP and whole body metabolism in patients with progressive pancreatic carcinoma; relevant to “fat tissue browning”. MethodsPatient serum samples and clinical information were retrieved from earlier translational projects (1995-2005), at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg. Blood PTHrP levels were determined at Harvard medical School (2014). Patient data included: medical history, clinical laboratory tests, food diaries, resting metabolic expenditure, body composition, exercise capacity, Health-Related Quality of Life (SF-36) and mental disorders (HAD-scales). ResultsSerum PTHrP was detectable in 17 % of all samples without significance to tumor stage. PTHrP-negativity at inclusion remained during follow-up. Mean PTHrP concentration was 262±274 pg/ml, without sex difference and elevation over time.PTHrP-positive and negative patients experienced similar body weight loss (%) at inclusion, with a trend to deviate at follow ups (16.8±8.2% vs. 13.1±8.2%, p<0.06), where PTHrP concentrations showed correlations to weight loss, handgrip strength and Karnofsky performance, without difference in exercise capacity.PTHrP-positivity was related to increased whole body fat oxidation (p<0.006-0.01) and reduced carbohydrate oxidation (p<0.01-0.03), independently of peripheral lipolysis. Metabolic alterations in PTHrP-positive patients were related to reduced Health Related Quality of life (SF: p<0.08, MH: p<0.02), and increased anxiety and depression (HAD 1-7: p<0.004; HAD 8-14: p<0.008). ConclusionSerum PTHrP positivity in patients with pancreatic carcinoma was related to altered whole body oxidative metabolism; perhaps induced by “browning” of fat cells?

The Fat Oxidation that Occurs During Storage of Dried “Dendeng” with Various Spices

In West Sumatra, several spices are frequently used when making dry dendeng (beef jerky). Spices are frequently added to jerky to impart flavor, color, and numerous bioactive chemicals that serve as antioxidants. This study intends to examine the influence of various spice changes on the fat oxidation that occurs during preserving dry jerky. Jerky A (Salt 25 g), Jerky B (salt 25 g, Garlic 50 g, Ginger 25 g, and Lime 2 ml), Jerky C (Salt 25 g, Garlic 25 g, Ginger 50 g, Shallots 25 g), Jerky D (Salt 25 g, Garlic 25 g, Ginger 50 g, Shallots 25 g, Coriander 2 g, Coconut Water 1,000 (Salt 25 g, Garlic 25 g, ginger 25 g, coriander 2 g, tamarind 2 g, orange leaves 2 g, galangal 50 g). The jerky has been seasoned with spices, dehydrated, and then preserved for 0 days, 20 days, 40 days, and 60 days. After 60 days of storage, the amounts of free fatty acids, TBA (Thio Barbituric Acid), and water content increased in beef jerky. Jerky B has the lowest fat oxidation, while Jerky A has the highest fat oxidation. The amount of oxidation in dry jerky during storage varies depending on the variety of seasonings used

Effect supplementation of black soldier fly larvae oil (Hermetia illucens L.) calcium salt on performance, blood biochemical profile, carcass characteristic, meat quality, and gene expression in fat metabolism broilers

This study evaluated the effect supplementation of black soldier fly larvae oil calcium salt (BSFLO-SCa) on performance, blood biochemical profile, carcass characteristic, meat quality, and gene expression in fat metabolism broiler chickens. A total of 280 male New Lohmann strain MB 202 broiler chicks (1-day-old) were randomly placed into 4 treatments, including a control group (T0) were fed basal diet and a basal diet supplemented with 1% (T1), 2% (T2), and 3% (T3) BSFLO-SCa. Each treatment consisted of 7 pens with 10 chickens each. Results showed that 1% BSFLO-SCa supplementation significantly reduced (P < 0.05) abdominal and meat fat, while gene expression on fat synthesis (FAS, ACC) was downregulated. Meat fatty acid profiles such as medium-chain fatty acid being dominant in lauric and myristic and monosaturated fatty acid significantly increased (P < 0.05). On the other hand, polyunsaturated fatty acid significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, the other parameters did not affect by supplementation of 1% BSFLO-SCa. The addition starting from 2% significantly reduced (P < 0.05) performance and carcass characteristics. Blood biochemical profiles (HDL, protein, albumin) and meat qualities (protein, cholesterol, water-holding capacity, cooking losses, a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values) were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while gene expression on fat oxidation (CPT-1) was upregulated. In conclusion, broiler chicken that received of 1% BSFL-SCa does not negatively affect growth performance and carcass characteristics but reduced fattening in broiler meat.

Mammary duct luminal epithelium controls adipocyte thermogenic programme.

Sympathetic activation during cold exposure increases adipocyte thermogenesis via the expression of mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein 1(UCP1)1. The propensity of adipocytes to express UCP1 is under a critical influence of the adipose microenvironment and varies between sexes and among various fat depots2-7. Here we report that mammary gland ductal epithelial cells in the adipose niche regulate cold-induced adipocyte UCP1 expression in female mouse subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT). Single-cell RNA sequencing shows that glandular luminal epithelium subtypes express transcripts that encode secretory factors controlling adipocyte UCP1 expression under cold conditions. We term these luminal epithelium secretory factors 'mammokines'. Using 3D visualization of whole-tissue immunofluorescence, we reveal sympathetic nerve-ductal contact points. We show that mammary ducts activated by sympathetic nerves limit adipocyte UCP1 expression via the mammokine lipocalin2. In vivo and ex vivo ablation of mammary duct epithelium enhance the cold-induced adipocyte thermogenic gene programme in scWAT. Since the mammary duct network extends throughout most of the scWAT in female mice, females show markedly less scWAT UCP1 expression, fat oxidation, energy expenditure and subcutaneous fat mass loss compared with male mice, implicating sex-specific roles of mammokines in adipose thermogenesis. These results reveal a role of sympathetic nerve-activated glandular epithelium in adipocyte UCP1 expression and suggest that mammary duct luminal epithelium has an important role in controlling glandular adiposity.

Dietary choline, but not L-carnitine, increases circulating lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, without affecting body composition, energy expenditure or respiratory quotient in lean and obese male cats during weight maintenance.

Due to the involvement in one-carbon metabolism and lipid mobilization, choline and L-carnitine supplementation have been recommended to minimize hepatic lipid accumulation and support fat oxidation, respectively. This study investigated the lipotropic benefits of choline or L-carnitine supplementation in lean and obese cats maintaining body weight (BW). Lean [n = 9; body condition score (BCS): 4-5/9] and obese (n = 9; BCS: 8-9/9) adult male neutered colony cats were used in a replicated 3 x 3 complete Latin square design. Treatments included choline (378 mg/kg BW0.67), L-carnitine (200 mg/kg BW) and control (no supplement). Treatments were supplemented to the food for 6 weeks each, with a 2-week washout between treatments. Cats were fed once daily to maintenance energy requirements, and BW and BCS were assessed weekly. Fasted blood collection, indirect calorimetry, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry occurred at the end of each treatment period. Serum was analyzed for cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein CHOL (HDL-C), triglycerides (TAG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, creatinine (CREAT), urea, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Very low-density lipoprotein CHOL (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein CHOL (LDL-C) were calculated. Data were analyzed using proc GLIMMIX, with group and period as random effects, and treatment, body condition, and their interaction as fixed effects, followed by a Tukey's post-hoc test when significance occurred. Cats supplemented choline had lower food intake (P = 0.025). Treatment did not change BW, BCS and body composition (P > 0.05). Obese cats had greater ALP, TAG, and VLDL, and lower HDL-C compared to lean cats (P < 0.05). Choline resulted in greater CHOL, HDL-C, LDL-C and ALT (P < 0.05). L-carnitine resulted in lower CREAT (P = 0.010). Following the post-hoc test, differences between treatment means were not present for ALP (P = 0.042). No differences were found for glucose, urea or NEFA (P > 0.05). Obese cats had a lower fed respiratory quotient (RQ), regardless of treatment (P = 0.045). Treatment did not affect fed or fasted RQ and energy expenditure (P > 0.05). Choline appeared to increase circulating lipid and lipoprotein concentrations regardless of body condition, likely through enhanced lipid mobilization and hepatic elimination. Neither dietary choline or L-carnitine altered body composition or energy metabolism in the lean or obese cats, as compared to control.

Influence of ketogenic diet on athletes’ performance and other aspects of body function – review of literature

Introduction and aim. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, moderate-protein, and low-carbohydrate dietary regimen that induces a state of ketosis, shifting the body’s fuel source from glucose to ketone bodies produced from fatty acids. The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of the KD on athletes’ performance, body composition and other aspects of body function.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A comprehensive literature search has been conducted through PubMed database using keywords such as “ketogenic diet sport” and “ketogenic diet athletes”, “ketogenic diet body”.&#x0D; Analysis of literature. Some studies suggest that a KD can be a viable method for reducing body fat without negatively affecting strength, power, or muscle mass in athletes. It has been found that KD can increase fat oxidation. However, KD may not be optimal for improving performance in high-intensity endurance events or activities that require quick bursts of energy fueled by carbohydrates. Additionally, KD may not have a significant effect on factors such as VO2max, HRmax, time to exhaustion, and perceived exertion in some athletes.&#x0D; Conclusion. More research is required to understand the effects of the ketogenic diet on athletes’ performance. It may aid in weight loss and fat oxidation, but questions remain regarding adaptation time, sport-specific benefits, and impact on various body parameters.

Whole Body Substrate Metabolism during Different Exercise Intensities with Special Emphasis on Blood Protein Changes in Trained Subjects-A Pilot Study.

Contrary to carbohydrate and fat metabolism, the influence of a single exercise dose on protein metabolism has not been adequately explored yet. We assessed the effects of different exercise intensities and durations on blood protein changes and their association with carbohydrate (CHO) and fat metabolism in six eligible trained subjects. Subjects performed maximal incremental (IE100: at 100%VO2max) and submaximal continuous exercise (CE) at 75%VO2max for 30 min (CE75) and at 50%VO2max for 90 min (CE50). Blood samples were collected at rest (R), end of exercise (EE), and 1 h after recovery to assess blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma amino acids (AA), glucose, lactate, FFA, and glycerol. In IE100 blood lactate, CHO-oxidation (g/min), energy expenditure (kcal/min), and RER were significantly increased during rest (p < 0.05). CE50 induced significantly higher BUN, FFA, glycerol, and fat oxidation (g/min) (p < 0.05). At recovery, the mean sum of the free AA pool (µmol/L) reduced by 8% (p < 0.03) during CE50. Values for CE75 were between IE100 and CE50. Beside lipolysis, also proteolysis (BUN) was an important source of fuel for low-to-moderate intensity CE50. An increased uptake of AA from the plasma bed during CE50 suggests the importance for oxidation and synthesis of other metabolic sources such as gluconeogenesis necessary for recovery. Therefore, one needs to be cautious of protein diet following prolonged cycle exercise training.

Aflatoxins degradation and quality evaluation in naturally contaminated rice by dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma

In this study, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma was explored for degrading aflatoxins in naturally contaminated rice. Rice samples were inoculated with strains of toxigenic Aspergillus and incubated to produce various levels of aflatoxins. Cold plasma showed degradation rates of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total aflatoxins (AFs) that were related to moisture content, oxygen content, treatment time and voltage. Generally, the treatment reduced 1.08%–55.34% of AFB1 and 4.23%–56.37% of AFs in rice under different conditions. Relative lower degradation rates can be due to low permeability of the plasma and interference from food matrix. In addition, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in moisture, protein, amylose and color of rice before and after treatment. However, cold plasma aggravated the fat oxidation of rice, and made its surface smoother and more porous. The results provided a theoretical basis for aflatoxins degradation from grain system using cold plasma. Industry relevanceIn this study, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma was applied in the degradation of aflatoxins in naturally contaminated rice, having obvious degradation effect and little quality impact. Cold plasma treatment, as a novel non-thermal processing technology, can reduce mycotoxins in food in order to fully ensure the product safety in various links, including production, storage and so on. Compared with other detoxification methods currently used in the industry, this technology can achieve similar or higher degradation effect in a shorter time. In addition, it is low-cost and will not pollute the environment or damage the sensory properties and nutritional value of products.

The Effect of Soy and Whey Protein Supplementation on Glucose Homeostasis in Healthy Normal Weight Asian Indians.

Milk and legumes are good source of protein foods used to sustain muscle mass, but their effects on postprandial glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism may be different. This is relevant, for example, in the dietetic response to obesity or diabetes, where the intake of high-quality protein is often increased significantly. The objective of this study was to characterize the acute effect of whey and soy protein (15% vs. 30%) on glucose homeostasis, energy metabolism, and satiety. Healthy, normal body mass index (BMI) Indian adult males aged 20-35 years (n = 15) received 4 test meals (2 proteins (soy vs. whey) and 2 doses (15% vs. 30% protein: energy ratio)). Blood samples were collected serially after the meal to calculate the incremental area under the curve for plasma glucose and insulin. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured after the meal. Satiety was measured with a visual analogue scale. The insulin response, represented by the incremental area under the curve, was significantly higher for the 30% whey compared to the 30% soy protein meal (p < 0.01) but was not significantly different between the 15% protein doses. There were no differences in the plasma glucose response across protein sources or doses. The mean peak fat and carbohydrate oxidation, satiety, and energy expenditure did not differ between the protein sources and doses. In conclusion, at higher doses, whey protein has a greater insulinogenic response, compared to soy protein, and exhibits a dose-response effect. However, at lower doses, whey and soy protein elicit similar insulinogenic responses, making them equally effective protein sources in relation to glucose homoeostasis.