Oxidative Enzymes Research Articles

Enhancement of chitosan-based film physicochemical and storage properties by interaction with proanthocyanidin and natural deep eutectic solvent

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has been recognized as a promising plasticizer for the preparation of biodegradable food packaging films. In addition, DES-plasticized chitosan (CS) films could also serve as a favorable carrier for loading active components. In this work, a ternary composite film was fabricated by plasticizing chitosan with DES and the active ingredient proanthocyanidin (PA) was used as a cross-linking agent. The incorporation of PAs significantly enhanced the toughness, elasticity, and hydrophobicity of the ternary CS-DES-PA composite films. It achieved antioxidant and bacteriostatic functions. In particular, the ternary CS-DES-PA composite films had a thickness of 0.16 ± 0.01 μm, a tensile strength of 2.63 ± 0.48 MPa, and an elongation about 73.22 %. They also have improved water resistance, UV blocking, with a high-water contact angle of 88.4° and a low water swelling of 5 % on the surface of the film. Meanwhile, the PAs in the film could slow down the browning of litchi fruits. This ternary blended film (CS-DES-PA) achieves better compatibility of the active ingredient in the film-forming substrate. It also provides a green and biodegradable packaging material for food packaging.

Dietary oxyclozanide influences antioxidant enzyme activities and damages DNA in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Oxyclozanide (OXY) is an anthelmintic widely used in the treatment of flatworm infection and fasciolosis. It also has antiadenovirus, antibiofilm, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. Various chemicals have been suggested as alternative chemicals in insect pest management. Here, the oxidative and genotoxic effects of OXY on 7th instars, pupae and adults of the model organism Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were examined. First-instar larvae were reared on 0.003, 0.03, 0.3, and 1.5 g OXY per 100 g artificial diets. Compared with all tested OXY concentrations and controls without OXY, dietary OXY led to increased antioxidant capacity and genotoxic effects. Concentrations of malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker, were significantly increased in adults of larvae reared on OXY-charged diets at 0.3 and 1.5 g/100 g compared to the adult control group. We also recorded a significant increase in the genotoxic test data (Tail length, Tail DNA %, Tail moment) at the same stages and concentrations. We recorded significant increases in glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities in larvae fed high OXY concentrations. SOD and catalase activities were also significantly increased at the concentration of 0.03 g/100 g of OXY in the pupal and adult stages. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity was significantly increased at the highest concentration of OXY in the larval and pupal stages. Also, our regression analysis indicates a correlation between the markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and comet parameters. These data indicate that OXY induces oxidative stress and antioxidative enzyme response.

Oxidative Stress in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Oxidative stress in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) involves reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Despite efficient antioxidant pathways in the brain, hypoxia triggers the production of oxygen free radicals and downregulates ATP, which leads to oxidative stress. Sources of free radicals during CIRI include Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent enzymes, phospholipid degradation and mitochondrial enlargement. Upon reperfusion, the abrupt increase of oxygen triggers a massive radical production via enzymes like xantin oxidase (XO), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and oxide synthases (OS). These enzymes play an essential role in neuronal damage by excitotoxicity, lipoperoxidation, nitrosylation, inflammation and programmed cell death (PCD). Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) decreases as compared to neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). This is associated with neuronal damage, endothelial inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Strategies promoting activation of eNOS while inhibiting nNOS could offer neuroprotective benefits in CIRI. Understanding and targeting these pathways could mitigate brain damage in ischemia/reperfusion events. Clinically, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) has been shown to restore cerebral blood flow. However, serious side effects have been described, including hemorrhagic transformation. Different treatments are currently under investigation to avoid I/R injury. Baicalin has been reported as a potential agent that could improve t-PA adverse effects, which have to do with peroxynitrite synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. In this review, CIRI and interventions in oxidative stress are addressed. Special attention is paid to efficient antioxidant mechanisms in the brain and the production of free radicals, especially nNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO). The primary purpose is to describe accessible radical pathways with the activity of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent oxidative enzymes, leading to membrane phospholipids and mitochondrial breakdown. <strong>Key</strong><strong>w</strong><strong>ords</strong>Oxidative stress; cerebral ischemia/reperfusion; nitric oxide; reactive oxygen species; nitric oxide synthase

Ameliorative Potential of Ginger for Mitigating Liver Damage Caused by Fluopyram in Male Albino Rats

Fluopyram is a widely used new generation broad spectrum fungicide and a variety of biochemical and histopathological alterations in the livers of albino rats. These include inflammatory cells, dilated sinusoids, haemorrhage, dilation of central veins, congestion and presence of erythrocytes. Significant increase in blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), acid phosphatise (ACP) and decrease in alkaline phosphatise (AKP) enzyme levels were seen in high dose of fluopyram treated rats as compared to control. The oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes showed a significant reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Rats treated with fluopyram and ginger showed improved histopathological changes in liver. Ginger extract also showed decreased serum levels of malondialdehyde and raised serum levels of antioxidant enzymes. According to the current study, strong antioxidant activity of ginger mediates its protective effect against fluopyram induced liver damage.

Study of optimal nutritional conditions for Arbutin production from Bacillus subtilis NN2M

Arbutin is a combination of D-glucose and hydroquinone. Among the positive effects of arbutin are its antioxidant properties, antimicrobial properties and anti-inflammatory properties. Arbutin is one of the most important active compounds used to inhibit the enzyme tyrosinase, which causes enzymatic browning in many foods. Microbial fermentation has emerged as an up-and-coming technique for the production of arbutin in recent years. The aim of the study was the biological production of arbutin from Bacillus subtilis NN2M isolates. The isolates were confirmed and identified by Vitek and 16S rRNA and the nutritional conditions for production were improved to reach optimal conditions. To determine the best nutritional conditions for arbutin production, several conditions were studied, including the carbon source and its concentration, the nitrogen source and its concentration and the hydroquinone concentration. The results showed that the highest output of the active compound arbutin when using Molasses as a carbon source arbutin concentration was 23.34µg/mL. We also found the best concentration of the optimal carbon source, 4 % (w\v) arbutin concentration, was 27.62 µg/mL; furthermore, while using several nitrogen sources for producing arbutin, peptone was determined to be the optimum source, the concentration of arbutin was 47.3 µg/mL, the nitrogen source optimal Concentration was 2 % (w\v) arbutin concentration was 59.46 µg/mL, the optimum concentrations of hydroquinone was 2 % (w\v) arbutin concentration was 79.1 µg/mL.

Physio-metabolic alterations in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) and native predator Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822) in presence of an invasive species Piractus brachypomus (G. Cuvier, 1818).

A 60days study was conducted to evaluate the physiological response of indigenous species Labeo rohita (LR) and indigenous predator Chitala chitala (CC) in presence of an invasive species Piaractus brachypomus (PB). Two treatment groups as LR + PB (T1) and LR + PB + CC (T2) with individual control groups as T0LR, T0PB and T0CC were designed in triplicates. Fingerlings of LR, PB and CC were randomly distributed into 15 circular tanks with a stocking ratio of 1:1 and 1:1:0.3 in T1 and T2 group, respectively and 10 nos. each of LR, PB and CC in respective control groups. At first 15min of the experiment, cortisol level was found significantly (P < 0.05) higher in all three experimental fishes in T1 and T2 groups. With the experimental duration, the level of stress hormone (cortisol), oxidative stress enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), tissue metabolic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase), serum metabolic enzymes (transaminase enzymes) and blood glucose level were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in T1 and T2 groups for LR and CC whereas, no variation (P > 0.05) were observed for PB in both T1 and T2 groups. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), liver glycogen, total protein, albumin and globulin were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in LR in the presence of PB and CC. The present study provides a preliminary insight into the biological interaction between native and invasive species and their physiological responses in the presence of native predator with higher trophic index. Thus, the results of the study suggest the superior traits of invasive P. brachypomus try to dominate the other two native species by negatively influencing the native fauna even with a higher trophic index (C. chitala).

Rational Design, Synthesis, and Computational Investigation of Dihydropyridine [2,3-d] Pyrimidines as Polyphenol Oxidase Inhibitors with Improved Potency.

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is an industrially important enzyme associated with browning reactions. In the present study, a set of ten new dihydropyridine [2,3-d] pyrimidines (TD-Hid-1-10) were synthesized and was found to be proven characteristically by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, elemental analysis, and assessed as possible PPO inhibitors. PPO was purified from banana using three-phase partitioning, achieving an 18.65-fold purification and 136.47% activity recovery. Enzyme kinetics revealed that the compounds TD-Hid-6 and TD-Hid-7 are to be the most potent inhibitors, exhibiting mixed-type inhibition profile with IC50 values of 1.14 µM, 5.29 µM respectively against purified PPO enzyme. Electronic structure calculations at the B3LYP/PBE0 level of theories using def-2 SVP, def2-TZVP basis sets with various molecular descriptors characterized the electronic behavior of studied derivatives TD-Hid-1-10. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and reduced density gradient analyses of RDG-NCI provided insights into charge distributions and weak intermolecular interactions. Docking study simulations predicted binding poses within crucial amino acid sequence in the 2y9x enzyme's active site, which is typically similar in sequence to the PPO form is not allowed. Ligands were analysed in terms of binding energies, inhibitor concentrations (mM) and various molecular interactions such as H-bonds, H-carbon, π-carbon, π-sigma, π-sigma, π-π T-shaped, π-π stacked, π-alkyl, Van der Waals and Cu interactions. The lowest binding energy (-7.83kcal/mol) and the highest inhibitory effect (1.83 mM) were shown by the ligand Td-Hid-6, which forms H-bonds with Met280 and Asn260, exhibits π-sigma interactions with His61 and π-alkyl interactions with Val283. Other ligands also showed different interactions with various amino acids; for example, the Td-Hid-1 ligand formed H-bonds with His244 and showed π-sigma interactions with His244 and Val283.

“The effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment plus zinc and magnesium supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidants enzymes in type 2 diabetes patients: a quasi-experimental study”

BackgroundPeriodontal Disease (PD) associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition that affects the oral cavity of people living with T2DM. The mechanisms of the interaction between type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal diseases are complex and involve multiple pathophysiological pathways related to the systemic inflammatory process and oxidative stress. Non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSTP) is considered the standard for the management of this disease; however, patients with systemic conditions such as type 2 Diabetes Mellitus do not seem to respond adequately. For this reason, the use of complementary treatments has been suggested to support non-surgical periodontal treatment to reduce the clinical consequences of the disease and improve the systemic conditions of the patient. The use of zinc gluconate and magnesium oxide as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment and its effects on periodontal clinical features and oxidative stress in patients with Periodontal diseases -type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is poorly understood.MethodsA quasi-experimental study was performed in patients with periodontal diseases associated with T2DM. Initially, 45 subjects who met the selection criteria were included. 19 were assigned to a control group [non-surgical periodontal treatment] and 20 to the experimental group (non-surgical periodontal treatment + 500 mg of magnesium oxide and 50 mg of zinc gluconate for oral supplementation for 30 days) and the data of 6 patients were eliminated. Sociodemographic characteristics, physiological factors, biochemical parameters, and clinical features of periodontal diseases were assessed.ResultsIn this research a change in periodontal clinical characteristics was observed, which has been associated with disease remission. Additionally, a shift in MDA levels was presented for both groups. Furthermore, the supplementation group showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes when compared to the group that only received NSPT.ConclusionThe use of Zinc gluconate and magnesium oxide can serve as a complementary treatment to non-surgical periodontal treatment, that supports the remission of PD as a result of regulation-reduction of oxidative biomarkers and increase in antioxidant enzymes activity.Trial Registrationhttps://www.isrctn.com ISRCTN 14,092,381. September 13º 2023. Retrospective Registration.Graphical

Development of novel pyrazole-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors: Design, preparation, mechanism of action and anti-browning application

Tyrosinase (Polyphenol oxidase), a key enzyme in enzymatic browning, is an attractive target for developing new anti-browning agents in the food industry. In this work, twenty pyrazole-1,2,4-triazole derivatives (3a-3n, 4a-4f) were synthesized and tested in vitro, most of compounds showed potent anti-tyrosinase activity. Of these, 3c (IC50 = 1.02 ± 0.08 μM) was found to be 14 folds stronger than kojic acid (IC50 = 14.74 ± 1.23 μM) and behaved as a mixed type inhibitor. Besides, the disappeared peak of dopaquinone in the HPLC assay intuitively validated the inhibitory effect of 3c. Copper ions chelating, fluorescence quenching and molecular docking assays showed that coordination with copper is the key to play a role. Furthermore, 3c exhibited excellent anti-browning ability for the Rosa roxburghii Tratt, the non-enzymatic browning experiment showed that 3c could prevent browning in non-enzymatic ways. It is suggested that these derivatives could serve as the leading compounds to find more efficient anti-browning agents in the future.

Anti-oxidant activity of 1-(1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-yl)ethenone, a Maillard reaction product derived from fructose and histidine.

The Maillard reaction involves the interaction of various amino acids and reducing sugars, resulting in food browning. It often produces appealing aromas and flavors. The complexities of the reaction are such that it can be challenging to identify the often numerous and frequently volatile products formed by it. In the present study, we sought to identify and evaluate an unusual product with anti-oxidant activity arising from a fructose-histidine Maillard reaction model. The anti-oxidant profile of this product was assessed by computational means. The fructose-histidine Maillard reaction products (FH-MRPs) were generated by heating a 2:1 mixture of the sugar and the amino acid at 140 °C for 2 h. Chromatographically separable fractions, labelled DM-1 to DM-8, were obtained using silica gel as the stationary phase and dichloromethane/methanol (DCM/MeOH) mixtures as the mobile one. Fraction DM-5 exhibited the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and further bio-assay guided fractionation led to isolation and identification of 1-(1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-yl)ethenone (IMPE) as the active principal, the structure of which was established by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic and mass spectral techniques. A mechanism for the formation of IMPE from its precursors is proposed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest this novel heterocyclic compound exerts its anti-oxidant effects by interacting with DPPH and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. Essentially, IMPE was non-toxic below 300 ug mL-1, showing a concentration-dependent free radical clearance capacity and reducing power within the 100-1000 μg mL-1 range, and moreover, exhibiting significant Fe2+ chelating abilities wihin the 50-200 μg mL-1 range. This study identified the unique FH-MRP, IMPE, and found that it acts as food antioxidant through the chelation of metal ions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Preprocess Sonication Maintains Quality and Inhibits Browning of Fresh-cut Fruit Using Apples as the Fruit Model

Preprocess Sonication Maintains Quality and Inhibits Browning of Fresh-cut Fruit Using Apples as the Fruit Model

Estimation and action mechanisms of cinnamon bark via oxidative enzymes and ultrastructures as antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant, anti-Diabetic, and anticancer agents

Estimation and action mechanisms of cinnamon bark via oxidative enzymes and ultrastructures as antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant, anti-Diabetic, and anticancer agents

Flavone improves liver damage in nicotine-exposed rats via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

Objective: To assess the hepatoprotective effects of flavone on nicotine-induced liver damage. Methods: Thirty-six rats were allocated into six groups: the control group, the nicotine group, the flavone alone groups (10 and 25 mg/ kg/body weight), and the nicotine groups treated with flavone (10 and 25 mg/kg/body weight). Liver function, oxidative stress, Nrf2 pathway (HO-1, Nrf2, and Keap-1), and inflammatory markers (IL-17, TNF-α, and NF-κB) were evaluated. Additionally, a histopathological examination of liver tissues was performed. Results: Nicotine increased liver damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress. However, flavone suppressed nicotine-induced liver enzymes, oxidative stress, and inflammation, as manifested by increased antioxidants and decreased malondialdehyde level, liver enzymatic activities, and inflammatory markers. Flavone (10 and 25 mg/kg/body weight) also reduced the level of Keap-1 and increased HO-1 and Nrf2 levels in the liver of nicotine-exposed rats. Conclusions: Flavone has hepatoprotective properties and may slow the progression of liver injury by reducing oxidative stress, liver enzymes, and inflammation possibly via the Nrf2 pathway.

Monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin C66 and B2BrBC modulate oxidative stress, JNK activity, and pancreatic gene expression in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) involves oxidative stress and inflammation. Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound found in turmeric, known to exhibit antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, is characterized by poor chemical stability, low bioavailability, and rapid metabolism. Monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin (MACs) with a structural absence of β-diketone and enhanced stability and bioavailability present a potential solution to the challenges associated with the use of curcumin. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two MACs, C66 and B2BrBC, on oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activity, expression of diabetes-associated genes, and signaling pathway proteins in the context of T1DM. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced male Wistar rats or rat pancreatic RIN-m cells were used for in vivo and in vitro experiments, respectively. C66 or B2BrBC were given either before or after STZ treatment. Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined in various tissues. Expression of diabetes-associated genes was assessed using RT-qPCR, and the activity of signaling pathway proteins in the pancreas was determined through Western blot analysis. Treatment with C66 and B2BrBC significantly reduced oxidative stress markers and positively influenced antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, both compounds inhibited JNK activity in the pancreas while enhancing the expression of genes crucial for β-cell survival and glucose and redox homeostasis. The findings highlight the multifaceted potential of C66 and B2BrBC in ameliorating oxidative stress, influencing gene expression patterns linked to diabetes, and modulating key signaling pathways in the pancreas. The findings suggest that these compounds can potentially address diabetes-related pathological processes.

Impacts of Combining Steinernema carpocapsae and Bracon hebetor Parasitism on Galleria mellonella Larvae.

The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is a significant pest in apiculture and a well-established model organism for immunological and ecotoxicological studies. This investigation explores the individual and combined effects of the ectoparasite Bracon hebetor (B.h.) and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (S.c.) on G. mellonella larvae. We evaluated the activity of oxidative stress enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, cytochrome P450 activity, cell viability using Annexin V-FITC, DNA damage via comet assay, and larval morphology through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Control larvae exhibited higher GPx and GST activities compared to those treated with B.h., S.c., or the B.h. + S.c. combination. Conversely, MDA levels displayed the opposite trend. SOD activity was reduced in the B.h. and S.c. groups but significantly higher in the combined treatment. Cytochrome P450 activity increased in response to parasitism by B. hebetor. The Annexin V-FITC assay revealed decreased cell viability in parasitized groups (B.h. 79.4%, S.c. 77.3%, B.h. + S.c. 70.1%) compared to controls. DNA damage analysis demonstrated significant differences between groups, and SEM observations confirmed severe cuticle abnormalities or malformations in G. mellonella larvae. These findings highlight the complex interactions between B. hebetor, S. carpocapsae, and their host, G. mellonella. Additionally, they illuminate the intricate physiological responses triggered within the host larvae.

Laccase mediated transformation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics: Analyzing degradation pathways and assessing algal toxicity

Improper waste disposal or inadequate wastewater treatment can result in pharmaceuticals reaching water bodies, posing environmental hazards. In this study, crude extracts containing the laccase enzyme from Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus sajor caju were used to degrade the fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) levofloxacin (LEV), norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), ofloxacin (OFL), and enrofloxacin (ENR) in aqueous solutions. The results for the fungi derived laccase extracts were compared with those obtained using commercially sourced laccase. Proteomics analysis of the crude extracts confirmed the presence of laccase enzyme across all three tested species, with proteins matching those found in Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus. In vivo studies were conducted using species pure lines of fungal whole cells. The highest degradation efficiency observed was 77.7% for LEV in the presence of P. sajor caju after 25 days of treatment. Degradation efficiencies ranged from approximately 60-72% for P. florida, 45–76% for P. eryngii, and 47–78% for P. sajor caju. A series of in vitro experiments were also conducted using crude extracts from the three species and outcomes compared with those obtained when commercial laccase was used confirmed laccase as the enzyme responsible for antibiotic removal. The degradation efficiencies in vitro surpassed those measured in vivo, ranging from approximately 91-98% for commercial laccase, 77–92% for P. florida, 76–92% for P. eryngii, and 78–88% for P. sajor caju. Liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified the degradation products, indicating a consistent enzymatic degradation pathway targeting the piperazine moiety common to all tested FQs, irrespective of the initial antibiotic structure. Phytoplankton toxicity studies with Dunaliella tertiolecta were performed to aid in understanding the impact of emerging contaminants on ecosystems, and by-products were analysed for ecotoxicity to assess treatment efficacy. Laccase-mediated enzymatic oxidation shows promising results in reducing algal toxicity, notably with Pleurotus eryngii extract achieving a 97.7% decrease for CIP and a 90% decrease for LEV. These findings suggest the potential of these naturally sourced extracts in mitigating antibiotic contamination in aquatic ecosystems.

N-acetylcysteine stimulates the proliferation and differentiation in heat-stressed skeletal muscle cells

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is known for its beneficial effects on health due to its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. This study explored the protective effects of NAC against oxidative stress in heat-stressed (HS) skeletal muscle cells and its role in promoting muscle development. NAC reduced the heat shock response by decreasing the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in HS-induced muscle cells during proliferation and differentiation. NAC also mitigated HS-induced oxidative stress via increasing the antioxidant enzyme levels and reducing oxidant enzyme levels. Treatment with NAC at 2 mM increased cell viability from 43.68% ± 5.14%–66.69% ± 14.43% and decreased the apoptosis rate from 7.89% ± 0.53%–5.17% ± 0.11% in skeletal muscle cells. Additionally, NAC promoted the proliferation and differentiation of HS-induced skeletal muscle cells by upregulating the expression of PAX7, MYF5, MRF4 and MYHC. These findings suggest that NAC alleviates HS-induced oxidative damage in skeletal muscle cells and support muscle development.

골판지 포장지의 알루미늄 코팅이 팽이버섯의 저온저장 중 품질 특성에 미치는 영향

We examined the physicochemical properties and microbial safety of Enoki mushrooms during storage at 5°C for 9 weeks, with different packaging containers that are corrugated, Al-coated, and without packaging (control). The weight change of Enoki mushrooms in the different containers due to moisture loss was 1.9%, 0.9%, 0.6% for control, corrugated, and Al-coated packaging, respectively. The degree of browning rapidly increased as the storage period increased in the control sample. However, corrugated and Al-coated packaging suppressed the browning degree. The changes of color L-, a-, and b-vlaues were minimal changes in Al-coated packaging. There was no significant difference in the total amino acids, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase in corrugated packaging and Al-coated packaging, regardless of the storage period. The microbial growth such as total aerobic bacteria, yeast, and mold of Enoki mushroom during the storage period, were significantly suppressed in Al-coated packaging samples as compared to the control and corrugated packaging. In conclusion, Al-coated packaging has beneficial effects such as preventing moisture loss, maintaining browning degree, inhibiting oxidative enzyme reaction, and ensuring microbial safety of Enoki mushrooms during the storage period. Al-coated packaging is considered effective for extending the shelf-life and improving the storage and distribution of mushrooms.

골판지 포장지의 알루미늄 코팅이 팽이버섯의 저온저장 중 품질 특성에 미치는 영향

We examined the physicochemical properties and microbial safety of Enoki mushrooms during storage at 5°C for 9 weeks, with different packaging containers that are corrugated, Al-coated, and without packaging (control). The weight change of Enoki mushrooms in the different containers due to moisture loss was 1.9%, 0.9%, 0.6% for control, corrugated, and Al-coated packaging, respectively. The degree of browning rapidly increased as the storage period increased in the control sample. However, corrugated and Al-coated packaging suppressed the browning degree. The changes of color L-, a-, and b-vlaues were minimal changes in Al-coated packaging. There was no significant difference in the total amino acids, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase in corrugated packaging and Al-coated packaging, regardless of the storage period. The microbial growth such as total aerobic bacteria, yeast, and mold of Enoki mushroom during the storage period, were significantly suppressed in Al-coated packaging samples as compared to the control and corrugated packaging. In conclusion, Al-coated packaging has beneficial effects such as preventing moisture loss, maintaining browning degree, inhibiting oxidative enzyme reaction, and ensuring microbial safety of Enoki mushrooms during the storage period. Al-coated packaging is considered effective for extending the shelf-life and improving the storage and distribution of mushrooms.

Non-Thermal Technology Approaches to Improve Extraction, Fermentation, Microbial Stability, and Aging in the Winemaking Process

Research into non-thermal wine processing technologies is constantly evolving due to the increasing trend towards high-quality, minimally processed, and preservative-free wines. Technologies such as high-power ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field, ultra-high pressure homogenization, and, more recently, cold plasma are some of the best examples currently being explored. This article provides an overview of the latest scientific research into these five non-thermal technologies and their current status in relation to winemaking. By exploring the potential applications of these technologies, it becomes possible to enhance extraction, shorten maceration time, inactivate microorganisms and oxidative enzymes, reduce the addition of chemical additives, accelerate aging, improve wine quality, and much more. However, further experiments are necessary to better comprehend the short- and long-term impacts on the overall quality of the wines produced, especially in terms of sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance. Optimizing processing conditions and scaling up are also of paramount importance to ensure better performance of these technologies at the various stages of winemaking. Additionally, a combined technologies approach has been highlighted as one of the future directions to overcome the limitations of processing with a single technology.