Acetonitrile Oxide Research Articles

Synthesis Of Ce/Cu/Nb Catalysts, by the One-Step Polymerization Method, Applied in the Selective Oxidation Reaction of Acetonitrile

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the catalytic capacity of cerium, copper and niobium oxide catalysts in the oxidation reaction of acetonitrile, in order to test the catalytic behavior, conversion and selectivity of the catalysts; evaluate the different proportions of niobium used (0, 15, 30, 50 and 75% m.m) and compare the catalytic performance of the synthesized materials with other studies present in the literature. Method: The catalysts were synthesized using the one-step polymerization method and were characterized using XRD and H2-TPR techniques. Then, they were applied in the acetonitrile oxidation reaction to be evaluated for conversion and selectivity. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that the catalysts played a significant role in the proposed reaction, obtaining good conversion and selectivity values, including the production of N2 as the majority. Research Implications: Considering that the oxidation of acetonitrile generates polluting gases from nitrogen compounds, the research presents a method that produces an extremely low quantity of these pollutants. This method ensures better product quality, reduces energy consumption due to the lower reaction temperature and uses cheaper and more viable catalysts. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by being based on compounds not yet used together as catalysts and also for the proposed reaction. The relevance of the use of the catalyst is demonstrated through the results obtained, such as high conversions and selectivities to desirable products.

Challenging design of highly active Pt/CeO2–TiO2/ZSM-5 catalysts for VOCs low-temperature removal

Four Pt/CeO2–TiO2/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pt species dispersion states and acidic properties were designed, and key factors affecting the oxidation activity of various VOCs (benzene, DCE, ethyl acetate and acetonitrile as typical organic compounds of aromatic hydrocarbon and halogen/oxygen/nitrogen-containing VOCs, respectively) were identified in the present work. The strength of the acid and oxidation sites on the surface of catalysts and their synergistic interaction play a crucial role. Highly dispersed Pt species and its strong redox ability promote low-temperature oxidation of benzene. A synergistic interaction between the acid and oxidation sites is required to achieve high DCE oxidation activity. An abundance of surface acid sites (particularly strong acid sites) favors the adsorption and dechlorination to form vinyl chloride of DCE, and the strong redox ability of oxidation sites would accelerate the deep oxidation of intermediates (such as vinyl chloride and acetic acid, etc.). For ethyl acetate or acetonitrile oxidation, the strong acidic property of the catalyst plays a prior role for their catalytic oxidation, which facilitates the low-temperature hydrolysis of ethyl acetate or acetonitrile. This work provides a significant thought to design and synthesize high activity catalysts for low-temperature oxidation of various VOCs pollutants.

Quantum chemical analysis of the molecular mechanism and selectivity of the 32CA reaction of nitrile oxides with 5-(ethylthio) furan-2(5H)-ones and N-substituted-2-azanorborn-5-ene

Isoxazolines are well-known five-membered heterocyclic scaffolds that exhibit a variety of biological activities. These compounds can be synthesized via a 32CA reaction, but the stereo and the regiochemical factors affecting the formation of a targeted isoxazoline are not well understood despite the importance of this scaffolds. The mechanism and the selectivities of the 32CA reaction of acetonitrile oxides (1) with 5-(ethylthio) furan-2(5H)-ones (2) and benzonitrile oxides (5) with N-substituted-2-azanorborn-5-enes (4) for the formation of isoxazolines have been investigated at the M06-2X, in conjunction with the 6–311++G(d,p) basis set. The reaction between 1 and 2 proceeds with a clear-cut regio and diastereoselectivity. Substituting 4 with varying electronic and steric effects have minimal influence on the regio and stereoselectivity between 4 and 5. The exo cycloadducts are favored over the endo cycloadduct. Analysis of the electrophilic Pk+ and nucleophilic Pk− Parr functions at the different reaction sites in the 5-(ethylthio) furan-2(5H)-one indicates that the acetonitrile oxide adds across the atomic centers with the highest Mulliken atomic spin densities. Results from the global electron density transfer (GEDT) reveal the polar nature of the reactions.

Investigation of the molecular mechanism and diastereoselectivity in the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between acetonitrile oxide and Cis-3,4-Dichlorocyclobutene: Insights from MEDT and docking study

[3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions involving acetonitrile oxide 1 and cis-3,4-dichlorocyclobutene 2 has been investigated via Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at B3LYP and M06-2X associated with the basis 6–311++G(d,p). The calculated energy profile demonstrates clearly that this reaction is considerably high diastereoselectivity, which is perfectly in accordance with the results of the experiments. The cycloaddition reaction's molecular mechanism has been examined in bonding evolution theory (BET) terms that displays several changes in electron densities along the reaction pathway and demonstrates a one-step process with highly asynchronous transition states. The acetonitrile oxide under study was classified as zwitter-ionic species from the topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF). In addition, the optimum solvent for performing this cycloaddition is cyclohexane, which is followed by ether and then chloroform. In a further step, a docking survey was carried out for cycloadducts 3, 3-F, 4 and 4-F docked to the main protease of SARS-CoV2 (6LU7) in comparison with ribavirin, revealing that these cycloadducts have lower binding energies than ribavirin.

Simultaneous Generation of Ammonia during Nitrile Waste Gas Purification over a Silver Single-Atom-Doped Ceria Catalyst.

Catalytic elimination of toxic nitrile waste gas is of great significance for preserving the atmospheric environment, but achieving resource utilization during its destruction has been less explored. Herein, this study proposed a universal strategy for nitrile waste gas purification and NH3 generation simultaneously. The developed silver single-atom-doped ceria nanorod (Ag1/R-CeO2) was endowed with near complete mineralization and around 90% NH3 yield at 300-350 °C for the catalytic oxidation of both acetonitrile and acrylonitrile. The introduction of the Ag single atom created more surface oxygen vacancies, thereby promoting water activation to form abundant surface hydroxyl groups. As a benefit from this, the hydrolysis reaction of nitrile to generate NH3 was accelerated. Meanwhile, the electron transfer effect from the Ag atom to Ce and hydroxyl species facilitated NH3 desorption, which inhibited the oxidation of NH3. Moreover, the increased surface oxygen vacancies also promoted the mineralization of hydrolysis carbonaceous intermediates to CO2. In contrast, the Ag nanoparticle-modified sample possessed stronger reducibility and NH3 adsorption, leading to the excessive oxidation of NH3 to N2 and NOx. This work provided a useful guidance for resourceful purification of nitrile waste gas.

Strong ectopic adsorption on single cobalt site accelerates the direct catalytic oxidation of low concentration acetonitrile on CuO nanoparticles embedded in SAPO-34

It is usually inevitable for the usage of zeolite rotor concentrator to increase the level of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentration, which in turn enables the regenerative catalytic oxidation of VOCs with large gas flow rate to achieve autothermal operation. Herein, we present a new strategy for the preparation of autothermal oxidation catalyst (AOC) with strong ectopic adsorption ability for VOCs molecules by the on-site doping of single cobalt sites on CuO nanoclusters confined in zeolitic materials SAPO-34, which exhibits a strong enrichment ability for low concentration acetonitrile even at 300 °C. Meanwhile, a distinguished enhancement on the catalytic oxidation activities has also been achieved according to the formation of CoⅡ-oxo and/or Co-Ovac sites on CuO nanoparticles.

Efficient Photo-Oxidation Leaching of Ni and Co in a Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode by Homogeneous UV/H2O2

Existing lithium-ion battery (LIB) leaching and recycling techniques have been widely applied in industrial production despite problems, such as difficult operation, high cost, and heavy pollution. Herein, we propose a novel photochemical oxidation method to leach Co and Ni ions in spent LIB cathodes, achieving leaching efficiencies of 99.73 and 97.54% when irradiated with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant in acetonitrile and dichloromethane as the solvent under UV light for 4 h. The oxidation mechanism of the reaction was investigated by a series of tests. Three free radical oxidation pathways that functioned together with the reaction mechanism were proposed. This study is the first to combine the UV/H2O2 photo-oxidation reaction with spent LIB recycling to achieve a universal, green, and simple operation path for metal recycling field in the future.

A rational construction of Pt@Cu-ZSM-5@CuOx catalyst with detached multi-functional Pt and Cu sites for high-performance acetonitrile decomposition

Pt@Cu-ZSM-5@CuOx catalyst was constructed for the catalytic oxidation of acetonitrile (AN), which achieved a complete mineralization rate and more than 95 % N2 selectivity within 300–450 °C. Characterization results revealed that the satisfactory synergistic action of hydrolysis and oxidation pathways was well achieved. The NOx release from CN oxidation reaction on out-layer CuOx species and NHx species over-oxidation over Pt sites could be eliminated by NH3 from CN hydrolysis reaction on Cu ions via internal selective catalytic reduction mechanism. The deep oxidation of carbon-containing intermediates (such as CO etc.) during CN decomposition over Cu species effectively occurred over Pt site. The encapsulation of Pt inner ZSM-5 zeolite not only strengthened low-temperature mineralization rate compared to Cu/ZSM-5 sample, but also inhibited NOx release caused by over-oxidation of AN at an elevated temperature with co-impregnation of Pt species over Cu/ZSM-5. This work provided a viable strategy for designing catalysts to effective abatement of NVOCs.

Highly efficient degradation of polyesters and polyethers by decatungstate photocatalysis.

Photocatalytic polymer degradation has been recognized as a promising solution to the global disposal of waste plastics. In this work, we revealed that various polyesters and polyethers were efficiently degraded in the presence of a polyoxometalate photocatalyst, specifically, decatungstate ([W10O32]4-, W10). A catalytic amount of W10 initiated the degradation of various polyesters and polyethers under photo-irradiation with a xenon lamp (λ > 350 nm) using O2 (1 atm) as the oxidant in acetonitrile or water. Moreover, this system can promote polymer degradation even under sunlight. The degradation efficiency, assessed from the degradation rate (Mw0 - Mw)/Mw0 (%) (where Mw0 is the Mw before the reaction), of W10 was notably higher than those of previously reported photocatalysts such as titanium oxide, other polyoxometalates, organometallic compounds, and organic dyes.

Electrocatalytic Ammonia Oxidation by a Low-Coordinate Copper Complex.

Molecular catalysts for ammonia oxidation to dinitrogen represent enabling components to utilize ammonia as a fuel and/or source of hydrogen. Ammonia oxidation requires not only the breaking of multiple strong N-H bonds but also controlled N-N bond formation. We report a novel β-diketiminato copper complex [iPr2NNF6]CuI-NH3 ([CuI]-NH3 (2)) as a robust electrocatalyst for NH3 oxidation in acetonitrile under homogeneous conditions. Complex 2 operates at a moderate overpotential (η = 700 mV) with a TOFmax = 940 h-1 as determined from CV data in 1.3 M NH3-MeCN solvent. Prolonged (>5 h) controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) reveals the stability and robustness of the catalyst under electrocatalytic conditions. Detailed mechanistic investigations indicate that electrochemical oxidation of [CuI]-NH3 forms {[CuII]-NH3}+ (4), which undergoes deprotonation by excess NH3 to form reactive copper(II)-amide ([CuII]-NH2, 6) unstable toward N-N bond formation to give the dinuclear hydrazine complex [CuI]2(μ-N2H4). Electrochemical studies reveal that the diammine complex [CuI](NH3)2 (7) forms at high ammonia concentration as part of the {[CuII](NH3)2}+/[CuI](NH3)2 redox couple that is electrocatalytically inactive. DFT analysis reveals a much higher thermodynamic barrier for deprotonation of the four-coordinate {[CuII](NH3)2}+ (8) by NH3 to give the copper(II) amide [CuII](NH2)(NH3) (9) (ΔG = 31.7 kcal/mol) as compared to deprotonation of the three-coordinate {[CuII]-NH3}+ by NH3 to provide the reactive three-coordinate parent amide [CuII]-NH2 (ΔG = 18.1 kcal/mol) susceptible to N-N coupling to form [CuI]2(μ-N2H4) (ΔG = -11.8 kcal/mol).

Direct evidence for formation of acetimidic acid and acetamide under irradiation of isolated acetonitrile–water complexes at cryogenic temperatures

ABSTRACTIn this work, we report the first direct evidence for formation of the key simplest molecule with the peptide bond (acetamide) under radiation-induced transformations occurring in the CH3CN···H2O complex isolated in an argon matrix at 6 K. The 1:1 CH3CN···H2O intermolecular complex was obtained by deposition of CH3CN/H2O/Ar mixtures and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The irradiation of the icy matrix with X-rays results first in formation of acetimidic acid, which is transformed to acetamide at higher absorbed doses. In addition, the products of acetonitrile oxidation (hydroxyacetonitrile and acetonitrile N-oxide) have been detected, which probably originate from the reactions of ‘hot’ radiation-induced oxygen atoms. The formation of acetamide was confirmed by deuterium isotopic substitution in acetonitrile. We believe that the observed transformation may be of basic importance for understanding the radiation-induced synthesis of prebiotic molecules in occurring in cold space media.

The reaction behaviors of acetonitrile and ethyl acetate simultaneous degradation over Cu–Ce/ZSM–5 catalyst

Aiming at the coexistence of pollutants in the actual industrial process, the catalytic oxidation of acetonitrile and ethyl acetate mixture on the Cu–Ce/ZSM–5 catalyst was studied. The mutual inhibition effect during catalytic removal of acetonitrile and ethyl acetate mixture was observed. Acetonitrile showed a more obvious inhibitory effect on the conversion of ethyl acetate, and the introduction of ethyl acetate reduced the N2 selectivity of acetonitrile oxidation. The simulation results demonstrated acetonitrile could be preferentially adsorbed on Cu center of the catalyst surface, leading to significant inhibition of the initial conversion of ethyl acetate. In addition, the coexistence of ethyl acetate would weaken the hydrolysis of acetonitrile to generate carboxylic acid and –NHx species. As such, no enough adsorbed NHx species could be used to reduce the NOx produced by excessive oxidation of acetonitrile, resulting in a decreased in N2 selectivity. This study could provide reference on the application of catalysts for cyanide–containing waste gas degradation.

Isolated Co‐Ti‐Y Trimetallic Synergistic Catalysis Based on Apparent Anti‐Electronegative Polarization

AbstractRational design of multimetallic synergistic catalysis is a grand challenge in the field of green catalysis because synergistic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, by exploiting a unique apparent anti‐electronegativity polarization in cobalt‐titanium‐yttrium trimetallic synergy, a unified methodology is demonstrated to activate oxygen and nitrogen. The new trimetallic synergistic catalyst achieves direct solvent‐free aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid and direct nitrogen oxidation of acetonitrile to guanidine. The delocalization of d‐orbitals and activation of inner electrons are the linchpins of catalytic performance, contributing to 90.87% selectivity for ketone‐alcohol oil and adipic‐acid and 89.30% selectivity for guanidine, respectively. The experiments and calculations demonstrate that the prodigious electrophilicity of the yttrium site overcomes the homeostasis of valence shell structures in the isolated cobalt and titanium sites. The valence electrons of this synergistic system become enriched with anti‐electronegative polarization and concomitant high charge transfer efficiency. In response to urging sustainable chemistry, the results corroborate that the activation strategies and mechanisms of molecular oxygen and nitrogen can be moderated and unified when multimetallic synergy is considered.

Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Promoted Oxidative Coupling of Terminal Alkynes and 1,3-Keto Esters: A Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 1,1,2-Triacylalkenes

AbstractUnsymmetrical 1,1,2-triacylalkenes were conveniently prepared by the oxidative coupling of 1,3-keto esters with terminal alkynes by employing 4.0 equivalents of inexpensive ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as the oxidant in acetonitrile as the solvent at 0 °C. The method is milder than previously reported methods and can be conducted under air, thereby demonstrating its practicality and versatility for preparing these useful building blocks. The reaction is believed to occur by a single-electron-transfer process of the 1,3-keto ester substrate initiated by CAN to generate an α-radical species that quickly adds to the terminal alkyne partner in the reaction. Subsequent oxidation of the resulting vinyl radical by air and CAN then leads to the formation of the triacylalkene product as a mixture of E- and Z-isomers. The reaction was shown to be general, with 27 illustrative examples of the formation of the desired products in up to quantitative yield and with moderate to excellent alkene geometrical selectivities.

Boosting the lattice oxygen activity of Fe-catalyst for producing 2,5-diformylfuran from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

In this work, a novel bimetallic catalyst FeCu@CN was built by calcination of a Fe-Cu/cellulosic polymer framework precursor, which can be observed as FeCuOx nanoparticles well distributed on biochar. The as-synthesized FeCu@CN showed outstanding catalytic performance for producing 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) via selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which showed better performance compared to Fe-based catalysts once reported. With high TOF of 19.62 h1 for the formation of DFF by using FeCu@CN, 98% of HMF conversion and 95% yield of DFF were effectively obtained using O2 as the oxidant in acetonitrile. The results and catalyst characterization revealed that the Cu sites and urea modification significantly increased the Fe valence and improved activity of lattice oxygen in the parallelogram carbon frame, thereby reducing the electronic transfer energy to preference Fe-HMF interaction. In this oxidative process, Fe3+ played a pivotal catalytic performace by the redox cycle of Fe2+ and Fe3+, while Cu acted as a co-catalyst to facilitate it by the redox cycle of Cu2+ and Cu+ with Mars-van Krevelen oxidation mechanism.

Efficient synthesis of polyfunctionalized carbazoles and pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles via domino Diels-Alder reaction.

The p-TsOH-catalyzed Diels–Alder reaction of 3-(indol-3-yl)maleimides with chalcone in toluene at 60 °C afforded two diastereoisomers of tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles, which can be dehydrogenated by DDQ oxidation in acetonitrile at room temperature to give the aromatized pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles in high yields. On the other hand, the one-pot reaction of 3-(indol-3-yl)-1,3-diphenylpropan-1-ones with chalcones or benzylideneacetone in acetonitrile in the presence of p-TsOH and DDQ resulted in polyfunctionalized carbazoles in satisfactory yields. The reaction mechanism included the DDQ oxidative dehydrogenation of 3-(indol-3-yl)-1,3-diphenylpropan-1-ones to the corresponding 3-vinylindoles, their acid-catalyzed Diels–Alder reaction and sequential aromatization process.

New HPPOa technology for propylene oxide production: from laboratory reactor to commercial pilot installation

The development of HPPOa technology on production of propylene oxide from propylene and hydrogen peroxide with the use of acetonitrile as a solvent instead of methanol is shortly described. Laboratory studies included the development of a new catalyst and its testing in a flow fixed bed (4-10 cm3) reactor at 40-550C/3.0 MPa. Proposed TIS-1 catalyst was synthesized using dispersed Newsil 115 silica instead of traditional TEOS for TS-1 zeolite obtaining. Silica Ludox 40 and starch were used in the synthesis of TIS-1 catalyst also. On the basis of determined molar composition of reaction 60% H2O2 - propylene- 85% acetonitrile mixture and a load on catalyst the HPPOa (hydrogen peroxide to propylene oxide in acetonitrile) technology for a pilot installation with capacity of 2000 t/y has been developed. The main equipment – 3 reactors, 6 distillation columns, absorber, heat exchangers were made in Ukraine by Techinservice Manufacturing Group Ltd. At the beginning 2019, the construction of HPPOa installation at the olefin plant of Karpatnaftochim Ltd in Kalush began. The first start of this installation took place in June 2020. That is, in a very short time, 3 years after the start of laboratory tests. Technological HPPOa scheme includes epoxidation of propylene, preliminary separation of the product mixture, purification of propylene oxide, propylene compression, purification of propylene from propane, absorption of propylene with acetonitrile, regeneration of acetonitrile. The installation is a rather complex engineering system, some elements of which operate under both high (30 atm) and low (0.1 atm) pressure at temperatures from -30 to 1500C. Now the installation is brought to design capacity with the production of commercial propylene oxide with a polymer purity of 99.95% without the use of traditional ammonia and hydrazine. Fully automated installation is serviced by 4 operators working in two shifts. Consumption of 100% H2O2 and propylene per 1 ton of propylene oxide consists 0.68 and 0.75 tons, respectively. Ltd ”Karpatnaftochim” intends to build a facility for production of propylene oxide with a capacity of 130,000 tons per year using HPPOa technology.

Chemical synthesis of polyindole

Polyindole is an important electroactive polymer that can be obtained by electrochemical or chemical oxidation of indole. Polyindole an important role in organic synthesis due to its catalytic properties, its use as a catalyst makes it possible to synthesize organic compounds and composites for various functional purposes. The aim of the work was to research the features of chemical polymerization of indole, as well as the structure and properties of the obtained polymer. In our work, the possibilities of chemical synthesis of polyindole by the interaction of 0.1 M indole solution with 0.1 M of oxidant (ammonium persulfate) in acetonitrile in an inert medium (Ar atmosphere) at a temperature of 0 ± 2 o C were investigated. The structure, optical and electrical properties of the obtained compounds have been studied. It is determined that during the chemical synthesis the relative yield of dark green polyindole powder is 71 %. According to electron microscopy in the polymerization process the formation of ordered structures of polyhedral type takes place, with nanosizes of 30–50 nm. When dissolving the polymer, a solvatochromic effect is observed – a change in the color of the solution and the absorption spectrum depending on the nature of the solvent in the range λ = 310…900 nm. In the optical spectra of polyindole solutions, absorption bands are observed at λ = 390 and 510 nm (dioxane), λ = 390, 440 and 510 nm (DMF) and λ = 400, 510 and 540 nm (tetrachlormethane). The color of the solutions is markedly different, the solution in chloroform is pale pink, in DMF is yellow, in dioxane is light green. The electrical conductivity of the obtained polymer was experimentally determined, which turned out to be at 5 *10 -3 S /сm. According to the temperature dependence of the resistivity (in the coordinates of the Arrhenius equation), the activation energy of conductivity E a = 0.087 eV is determined, which indicates the semiconductor properties of the synthesized polymer. Keywords : polyindole, chemical synthesis, structure, solvatochromic effect, electrical conductivity.

Investigation of anodic behaviour of phenylethers in non-aqueous solvents on platinum and glassy carbon electrodes

Electrooxidation of selected phenylethers was investigated (2-phenoxyethanol, anisole, o-nitrophenyl octyl ether, diphenylether, fenoxycarb) on platinum and glassy carbon electrodes. The chosen solvents were acetonitrile, dimethyl sulphoxide, 1-propanol and mesityl oxide. In acetonitrile, at around 2 V characteristic voltammetric peaks appeared for all compounds. In dimethyl sulphoxide and 1-propanol, no relevant peak appeared due to the high overlapping with solvent electrooxidation. During anodic oxidation of o-nitrophenyl octyl ether and fenoxycarb, a bimolecular reaction takes place predominantly. In mesityl oxide due to its unsaturated bond, identical behaviour was observed for majority of compounds and the differences between the two electrodes are also highlighted in the surface studies. The images made with the aid of an optical microscope showed the formation of islands of products for each substrate after deposition from mesityl oxide.

Catalytic combustion of acetonitrile over CuCeOx-HZSM-5 composite catalysts with different mass ratios: The synergism between oxidation and hydrolysis reactions

A sequence of CuCeOx-HZSM-5 composite catalysts at different Cu-Ce loading synthesized by the citric acid complex impregnation method were evaluated for the catalytic oxidation of acetonitrile. Among which, the 2CuCeOx-HZSM-5 sample exhibited the best degradation efficiency. In the temperature range of 225–350 °C, its activity and mineralization rate were approximately 100%, and the N2 selectivity remained more than 93%. The characterization results revealed that all the samples showed an existence of isolated Cu2+ species. And more Cu-Ce mixed oxides covered on HZSM-5 at an elevated Cu-Ce content, leading to the enhanced reducibility. In situ DRIFTS results showed that both oxidation and hydrolysis reaction routes proceeded during the degradation of acetonitrile over the composite catalysts. Their synergism was crucial to guarantee both high activity and N2 selectivity. The highly dispersed CuOx species ensured the superior activity of the 2CuCeOx-HZSM-5 sample. And Cu2+ exchanged HZSM-5 zeolite would be beneficial to N2 selectivity owing to the improved internal SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) reaction to reduce NOx from oxidation routes. Additionally, the mineralization rate was lowered with the formation of carbonaceous products like CH4 and CO for the catalysts at low Cu-Ce loading due to the lack of redox capacity.