Oxford Studies Research Articles

A Multicenter Study of the Predictive Value of Crescents in IgA Nephropathy.

The Oxford Classification of IgA nephropathy does not account for glomerular crescents. However, studies that reported no independent predictive role of crescents on renal outcomes excluded individuals with severe renal insufficiency. In a large IgA nephropathy cohort pooled from four retrospective studies, we addressed crescents as a predictor of renal outcomes and determined whether the fraction of crescent-containing glomeruli associates with survival from either a ≥50% decline in eGFR or ESRD (combined event) adjusting for covariates used in the original Oxford study. The 3096 subjects studied had an initial mean±SD eGFR of 78±29 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and median (interquartile range) proteinuria of 1.2 (0.7-2.3) g/d, and 36% of subjects had cellular or fibrocellular crescents. Overall, crescents predicted a higher risk of a combined event, although this remained significant only in patients not receiving immunosuppression. Having crescents in at least one sixth or one fourth of glomeruli associated with a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for a combined event of 1.63 (1.10 to 2.43) or 2.29 (1.35 to 3.91), respectively, in all individuals. Furthermore, having crescents in at least one fourth of glomeruli independently associated with a combined event in patients receiving and not receiving immunosuppression. We propose adding the following crescent scores to the Oxford Classification: C0 (no crescents); C1 (crescents in less than one fourth of glomeruli), identifying patients at increased risk of poor outcome without immunosuppression; and C2 (crescents in one fourth or more of glomeruli), identifying patients at even greater risk of progression, even with immunosuppression.

For Peace and Money: French and British Finance in the Service of Tsars and Commissars. By Jennifer Siegel. Oxford Studies in International History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xviii+306. $45.00.

<i>For Peace and Money: French and British Finance in the Service of Tsars and Commissars</i>. By Jennifer Siegel. Oxford Studies in International History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xviii+306. $45.00.

The Reformation of Suffering: Pastoral Theology and Lay Piety in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany. By Ronald K. Rittgers . Oxford Studies in Historical Theology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xiv + 482 pp. $82.00 hardcover.

The Reformation of Suffering: Pastoral Theology and Lay Piety in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany. By Ronald K. Rittgers . Oxford Studies in Historical Theology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xiv + 482 pp. $82.00 hardcover.

Student teachers’ perceptions of the effects of poverty on learners’ educational attainment and well-being: perspectives from England and Scotland

This article reports on two UK initial teacher education studies from two contrasting contexts: a secondary school course in Oxford, England and a primary school course in Strathclyde, Scotland. The questions of how student teachers understand the effect of poverty on pupils’ educational achievement, and what they as prospective teachers can do to effect change, are common concerns of the research studies reported here. The Oxford study illustrates the problematic issue of student teachers’ perceptions of poverty, whilst the Strathclyde data suggest the potential power of a focused intervention to change views on poverty and education. A teacher identity framework is used to consider the interactions between external factors (schools, systems, communities of practice) and internal factors (knowledge, activities, thoughts, reflections), to understand how participation, alignment, agency and reification can support or undermine teachers’ understanding and enactment of teaching for social justice.

The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games

Given that Olympic Games held over the past decade each have cost USD 8.9 billion on average, the size and financial risks of the Games warrant study. The objectives of the Oxford Olympics study are to (1) establish the actual out turn costs of previous Olympic Games in a manner where cost can consistently be compared across Games; (2) establish cost overruns for previous Games, i.e., the degree to which final out turn costs reflect projected budgets at the bid stage, again in a way that allows comparison across Games; (3) test whether the Olympic Games Knowledge Management Program has reduced cost risk for the Games, and, finally, (4) benchmark cost and cost overrun for the Rio 2016 Olympics against previous Games. The main contribution of the Oxford study is to establish a phenomenology of cost and cost overrun at the Olympics, which allows consistent and systematic comparison across Games. This has not been done before. Main findings of the study are, first, that average actual out turn cost for Summer Games is USD 5.2 billion (2015 level), and USD 3.1 billion for Winter Games. The most costly Summer Games to date are London 2012 at USD 15 billion; the most costly Winter Games Sochi 2014 at USD 21.9 billion. The numbers cover the period 1960-2016 and include only sports-related costs, i.e., wider capital costs for general infrastructure, which are often larger than sports-related costs, have been excluded. Second, at 156 percent in real terms, the Olympics have the highest average cost overrun of any type of mega-project. Moreover, cost overrun is found in all Games, without exception; for no other type of mega-project is this the case. 47 percent of Games have cost overruns above 100 percent. The largest cost overrun for Summer Games was found for Montreal 1976 at 720 percent, followed by Barcelona 1992 at 266 percent. For Winter Games the largest cost overrun was 324 percent for Lake Placid 1980, followed by Sochi 2014 at 289 percent. Third, the Olympic Games Knowledge Management Program appears to be successful in reducing cost risk for the Games. The difference in cost overrun before (166 percent) and after (51 percent) the program began is statistically significant. Fourth, and finally, the Rio 2016 Games, at a cost of USD 4.6 billion, appear to be on track to reverse the high expenditures of London 2012 and Sochi 2014 and deliver a Summer Games at the median cost for such Games. The cost overrun for Rio – at 51 percent in real terms, or USD 1.6 billion – is the same as the median cost overrun for other Games since 1999. Given the above results, for a city and nation to decide to stage the Olympic Games is to decide to take on one of the most costly and financially most risky type of mega-project that exists, something that many cities and nations have learned to their peril.

Werth, Paul W. The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia (review)

REVIEWS 545 Geographers should concentrate on understanding the laws involved in solar radiation, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere in this view. While Grigor´ev explicitly saw his project as developing physical geography in a Marxist direction, he ended up being displaced by rivals from his position at the top of the disciplinary hierarchy in 1951. His ouster belonged to a larger set of ideological battles that shook Soviet scientific communities in the final years of Stalin’s reign. The final innovative concept of Soviet geographers came from Vsevelod Anuchin, who proposed the idea of a geographical environment. Anuchin was responding to a long-standing question about the relationship between nature andsocietyamongSovietgeographersandproposed‘geographicalenvironment’ asawaytounifyphysicalandeconomicgeography.Ageographicalenvironment entailed the increasingly large portion of the physical-geographical envelope that had been modified by humans. Though this idea was controversial when it was first suggested, initial opponents such as the Innokentii Gerasimov, who directed the Institute of Geography of the Soviet Academy of Sciences from 1951 to 1985, came around to the cause of a unified geography and offered their own avenues for achieving this aim. Oldfield and Shaw have done a great service by parsing out these geographical concepts, explaining their distinctions and elaborating their relationship to broader trends in the country’s history. The volume is indispensible for scholars of Russian environmental thought. Department of History Andy Bruno Northern Illinois University Werth, Paul W. The Tsar’s Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia. Oxford Studies in Modern European History. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 2014. xv + 288 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Tables. Notes. Select bibliography. Index. £65.00. In this erudite and deeply-researched book, Paul Werth explores the curious paradoxofastatethatidentifieditselfalmostentirelywithonereligion—Russian Orthodoxy — and yet not only tolerated other faiths, but provided them with a measure of protection and state recognition. This can be partly explained as a pragmatic adjustment of state policy to the reality of the empire’s diversity, what Jane Burbank has described as an ‘Imperial Rights Regime’. However, tsarist toleration of ‘foreign faiths’ was based on more than just grudging necessity: religious toleration was seen as a positive and laudable characteristic of Russian statecraft. In this book Werth is engaging with a growing literature on SEER, 94, 3, july 2016 546 the interaction between non-Orthodox religious hierarchies and communities and the Russian Imperial State, most notably weighty monographs by Robert Crews and Mikhail Dolbilov, but his agenda is at once more comprehensive and more cautious than theirs. Werth’s study is organized both thematically and chronologically, but his approach is comparative throughout, looking at how shifts in official policy might simultaneously affect the Armenian and the Catholic Churches, or the repercussions of an event such as the Polish Revolt not just for the Empire’s Catholics, but for its Muslims. While, as he modestly says, he does not analyse Central Asia, the Grand Duchy of Finland or the Kingdom of Poland in as much depth as he would have liked, Werth’s attempt to see tsarist religious policy ‘in the round’, and to chart changes over a very long nineteenth century (c.1760–1917) largely succeeds, and allows him to make connections, see patterns and draw conclusions in ways that studies focused on a single region or confession could not. Werth is not pursuing a grand thesis — he uses Crews’s concept of the ‘confessional state’, but carefully differentiates Russian policy towards Islam in time and place. He also draws telling comparisons with other Imperial and European States, notably the equally multi-confessional Habsburg and Ottoman domains, showing that it was change in this wider sphere, and in particular the evolution of the concept of ‘freedom of conscience’, which transformed perceptions of Russia’s regime of ‘religious toleration’. When initiated by Catherine the Great this had stood up well to comparison with Europe’s other religious regimes (Catholics, for instance, were in many ways better off in Russia than they were in Britain until emancipation in 1829), but by the early 1900s contextual change made it seem like another aspect of tsarist Russia’s backwardness and oppressiveness (pp. 122–27). What provides the book with a focus...

Jason D. Hansen, Mapping the Germans. Statistical Science, Cartography, &amp; the Visualization of the German Nation, 1848–1914. (Oxford Studies in Modern European History.) Oxford, Oxford University Press 2015

Jason D. Hansen, Mapping the Germans. Statistical Science, Cartography, &amp; the Visualization of the German Nation, 1848–1914. (Oxford Studies in Modern European History.) Oxford, Oxford University Press 2015

Augustine, the Trinity, and the Church: A Reading of the Anti‐Donatist Sermons (Oxford Studies in Historical Theology Series). By AdamPloyd. Pp. xv, 225, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, $74.00.

Augustine, the Trinity, and the Church: A Reading of the Anti‐Donatist Sermons (Oxford Studies in Historical Theology Series). By AdamPloyd. Pp. xv, 225, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, $74.00.

The Birth of the New Justice: The Internationalization of Crime and Punishment, 1919–1950. By Mark Lewis. Oxford Studies in Modern European History. Edited by Simon Dixon, Mark Mazower, and James Retallack.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xii+346. $110.00.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsThe Birth of the New Justice: The Internationalization of Crime and Punishment, 1919–1950. By Mark Lewis. Oxford Studies in Modern European History. Edited by Simon Dixon, Mark Mazower, and James Retallack.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xii+346. $110.00.Isabel V. HullIsabel V. HullCornell University Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 88, Number 2June 2016 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/686105 Views: 130Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

William J. Bulman.Anglican Enlightenment: Orientalism, Religion and Politics in England and Its Empire, 1648–1715.

This book, despite its general title, is a study centered on the writings of Lancelot Addison (1632–1703), father of the more famous Joseph Addison (discussed briefly in the conclusion). Lancelot Addison’s papers provide a useful vantage point from which to look at discussions within the Anglican Church in the second half of the seventeenth century. Addison was a Tory churchman from relatively poor origins as the son of a parson. He managed, thanks in part to his writings, to become archdeacon of Coventry and a leading defender of Anglican orthodoxy. While the book is by no means an intellectual history, the different chapters follow Addison from his studies in Appleby and Oxford during the civil war, Commonwealth, and Protectorate, to his time as chaplain in the British possession of Tangier (which produced his book West Barbary in 1671), and then to his involvement in the internal church debates during the Restoration. William J. Bulman adeptly charts Addison’s attempts to convert the Moroccan Jews and, later, his path to obtain preferment in the church.

Omnisubjectivity and Incarnation

In her 2013 Aquinas lecture and a previous article (Zagzebski in Oxford studies in philosophy of religion. Oxford University Press, New York, 231–247, 2008), Linda Zagzebski argues for a new divine trait, that of omnisubjectivity. In brief, omnisubjectivity is God’s ability to know what it is like for each of God’s creatures to be themselves. This knowledge is not merely propositional but ascribes to God knowledge of the sort that one typically associates with a first-person perspective on the self. Zagzebski’s considered opinion about what grounds omnisubjectivity appears to be that it is grounded in simulations of creaturely experiences that God imagines. My answer is that God experiences your experiences in experiencing you. Getting clearer on the basis of omnisubjectivity provides some novel results for thinking about what it would mean on the Christian story for Christ to become incarnate and in particular, for how it could be that an incarnate deity could learn something new even if that deity is omnisubjective.

Short Reviews

Gabriele Brandstetter's Poetics of Dance has remained unavailable to English-language readers until now. Widely considered a landmark book of dance scholarship when it first appeared in Germany in 1995, this provocative analysis of the early twentieth-century avant-garde in Europe is sure to continue to influence a new audience. The book's initial publication advanced the application of critical theory and interdisciplinary approaches to dance that now constitute the field of critical dance studies. Caringly translated by Elena Polzer with Oxford Studies in Dance Theory series editor Mark Franko, this work remains a unique analysis of modernity that illuminates dance as an “act of transmission,” a bridge through theatre, literature, and visual arts altering relationships to how movement is reproduced and how space is conceptualized. Brandstetter's central premise expands through reading body imagery as a historically specific context from which the iconography of pictorial patterns open up perceptual concepts. The interdependency between new models and vocabularies of modern dance and literature appearing at the turn-of-the-twentieth century brace the argument that avant-garde aesthetic debates and concerns moved through body imagery and figurations in space. The poetics of free dance (and later forms of Expressionist dance appearing in Germany) as it took shape in Europe foregrounds the dancer's movement as a transformative language and symbolic system of cultural deconstruction and renewal.

Sagi Schaefer, States of Division. Border and Boundary Formation in Cold War Rural Germany. (Oxford Studies in Modern European History.) Oxford, Oxford University Press 2014

Sagi Schaefer, States of Division. Border and Boundary Formation in Cold War Rural Germany. (Oxford Studies in Modern European History.) Oxford, Oxford University Press 2014

Gillian Whitlock, Postcolonial Life Narratives: Testimonial Transactions

This recent delivery in the “Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures” series edited by Elleke Boehmer constitutes an insightful delving into the narrative agencies of colonial and postcolonial texts at large. It does so by scrutinizing a limited but revelatory range of cases from the late 18th century to nowadays; while it does not fully overlook the second 19th century the present monograph recognizes the effects of the long 18th-century sentimentality in contemporary concerns about Human...

Reproducibility for pathological prognostic parameters of the Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy: a Japanese cohort study of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.

The Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) was proposed by international working group in 2009. Interobserver reproducibility of each pathological definition was already evaluated, but that of four pathological prognostic parameters score has not yet been assessed. We first assess the reproducibility of each pathological definition in Japanese patients. Our study is aimed to assess that of four pathological prognostic parameters score among the five Japanese pathologists. The renal specimens from 411 Japanese patients, aged 3-85years, with biopsied proven primary IgAN were collected from 50 facilities between 2006 and 2012. The reproducibility of pathological definitions was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and that of four pathological prognostic parameters score (mesangial hypercellularity (M), endocapillary hypercellularity (E), segmental glomerulosclerosis (S), and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (T)) was assessed by kappa statistics. The ICC of M, E, S, T, global sclerosis and cellular crescents and/or fibrocellular crescents were good or moderate agreement among the five pathologists and were well agreed with results of the Oxford study. Kappa statistics was moderate agreement for M and T score assessed with the semi-quantitative method by the Oxford group, but that was poor agreement for S and E score based on a simple "present" or "absent" assessment. This is the first report to assess the reproducibility of pathological prognostic parameters score in the Oxford classification. Our study supports the utilization of the pathological lesions in routine diagnosis. The methodological assessment of pathological prognostic parameters score should be reconsidered.

High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Oxford study

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in dietary intakes between 30251 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Oxford study, comprising 18 244 meat eaters, 4 531 fish eaters, 6 673 vegetarians, and 803 vegans aged 30 to 90 years who completed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. We hypothesized that these groups characterized by varying degrees of animal product exclusion have significantly different intakes of many nutrients, with possible implications for dietary adequacy and compliance with population dietary goals. Nutrient intakes were estimated including fortification in foods, but excluding dietary supplements. Dietary supplementation practices were also evaluated. Highly significant differences were found in estimated nutrient intakes between meat eaters and vegans, with fish eaters and vegetarians usually having intermediate values. Meat eaters had the highest energy intakes, followed by fish eaters and vegetarians, whereas vegans had the lowest intakes. Vegans had the highest intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, vitamins C and E, folate, magnesium, iron, and copper. Meat eaters had the highest intake of saturated fatty acids, protein, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, vitamin D, zinc, and iodine. Fish eaters had the highest intakes of calcium and selenium. There were no statistically significant differences in sodium and potassium intakes between dietary groups. With the exception of sodium intake, compliance with population dietary goals was high across diet groups. The results suggested a high prevalence of inadequacy for dietary vitamin B12 and iodine in vegans. The diet groups under study showed striking differences in dietary intakes, with possible implications for compliance with dietary recommendations, as well as cardiometabolic diseases risk.

Discussions with Louis: Across the Frontiers of Translation

The occasion of this article, an invitation to open the Oxford study day devoted to the memory and work of my late friend Louis Marin, reminded me vividly of the complexities inherent in our attempted discussions across the frontiers of translation not only between our respective languages, but also between the guiding presuppositions of our notably different intellectual cultures. One of our immediate and leading concerns was that of how best to understand the notion (or notions) referred to in English by the term ‘neutrality’ and in French by that of ‘le neutre’. For Louis to speak of ‘le neutre’ was, quite naturally, to make reference not just to neutrality, but equally to that which in English is characterised as neuter; and given the much closer connections between philosophy – as it existed at that time at any rate – in France and the discourses of psychoanalysis and literature in general, it was not surprising that Louis' approach to this question found expression in ways very different from those which anyone coming from an intellectual and linguistic background such as my own might have been expected to find readily intelligible. In looking back on our discussions of so many years ago, I am led to reflect not only on such problems of conceptual translation, but at the same time on the differences that may be found in what in one context or another may be recognised as counting as rationally compelling argument and on the difficulties in the way of mutual understanding to which both may give rise.

The Reformation of Suffering: Pastoral Theology and Lay Piety in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany. Ronald K. Rittgers. Oxford Studies in Historical Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. xiv + 482 pp. $78.

The Reformation of Suffering: Pastoral Theology and Lay Piety in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany. Ronald K. Rittgers. Oxford Studies in Historical Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. xiv + 482 pp. $78. - Volume 69 Issue 4

The evolution of functional left peripheries in Hungarian syntax ed. by Katalin É. Kiss

Reviewed by: The evolution of functional left peripheries in Hungarian syntax ed. by Katalin É. Kiss István Kenesei and Anikó Lipták The evolution of functional left peripheries in Hungarian syntax. Ed. by Katalin É. Kiss. (Oxford studies in diachronic & historical linguistics.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. 263. ISBN 9780198709855. $110 (Hb). This is the first English language book on Hungarian diachronic syntax in the generative framework. It summarizes the outstanding achievements of a four-year OTKA (Hungarian Scientific Research Fund) project on diachronic syntax of Hungarian, carried out at the Research Institute for Linguistics under the leadership of Katalin É. Kiss. The book is a somewhat more concise version of the Hungarian publication É. Kiss 2014, adapted to an international readership. The book provides an empirical overview of the syntactic changes in Hungarian, covering the following five major areas: basic sentence structure, DP structure, quantification, PP structure, and subordination. The book’s title is slightly misleading since the volume is not explicitly about the functional left periphery in all of the above areas, but rather about the development of functional material (in the left periphery or elsewhere) that is closely linked to historical change and grammaticalization. The diachronic data studied are texts originating between the end of the twelfth century and the end of the sixteenth century, from the second half of the Old Hungarian period (which roughly corresponds to six centuries between c. 900 and 1500) and the beginning of the Middle Hungarian era that followed it. In this period, the most important documents comprise forty-seven hand-written codices (Old Hungarian) and printed books in various genres (Middle Hungarian). These texts were annotated and entered into a corpus built for the project (currently available for the Hungarian-speaking audience at http://oldhungariancorpus.nytud.hu). The building of the corpus itself was a massive undertaking, the details of which (the process of digitalization, problems of character recognition, text encoding, annotation, etc.) are documented by Eszter Simon in the appendix to the volume. The five chapters detailing historical change in Hungarian share a methodology. The reconstruction of the Proto-Hungarian language (with no surviving documents) is based on the S-curve method (Croft 2000): new constructions first spread slowly, then fast, then slowly again, while old constructions are ousted following the reverse pattern. Using the backward extension of these curves, as well as comparisons with the Ob-Ugric sister languages Khanti and Mansi, the research established several features of Proto-Hungarian and Old/Middle Hungarian. The following gives a brief summary of the chapter contents. Ch. 1 by Katalin É. Kiss argues that Hungarian has changed from an SOV to an SVO language, a change that went hand in hand with the disappearance of unmarked objects and the appearance of the modern Hungarian left periphery. Possibly, rightward-dislocated phrases came to be reanalyzed as base-generated arguments, bringing about the reanalysis of preverbal elements as A-bar constituents, resulting in a Topic–Focus–V–X order (rather than, strictly speaking, SVO). The change must have taken place before the start of the Old Hungarian period since the fifty clauses of the first Old Hungarian document already utilize every clausal functional projection that is attested in Modern Hungarian. Although the head-final nature of Proto-Hungarian is argued for on the basis of evidence that VP, TP, and CP were all head-final in that period, the role of Tense is neglected throughout in the change from SOV to the Old Hungarian structure. Note that there is precious little on this topic even in the highly relevant chapter on finite and nonfinite subordination apart from an important, though rather brief, observation, claiming that ‘Old Hungarian was not an OV language any more, yet auxiliaries strictly followed the main verb, which means that VP was not head final, but TP/AspP still was’ (n. 17, p. 182). The paper also provides a detailed account of the development of object agreement, which is descended from topic-verb agreement in Proto-Hungarian, where the subject was a primary topic, and the object a focus or a secondary topic, which triggered agreement only in the latter case (an instance of differential object agreement...

Mahler’s Symphonic Sonatas by Seth Monahan

Reviewed by: Mahler’s Symphonic Sonatas by Seth Monahan James L. Zychowicz Mahler’s Symphonic Sonatas. By Seth Monahan. (Oxford Studies in Music Theory.) New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. [x, 278 p. ISBN 9780199303465 (hardcover), $45; ISBN 9780199303465 (e-book), various.] Music examples, illustrations, companion Web site, bibliographic references, index. In Mahler’s Symphonic Sonatas, Seth Monahan explores the composer’s orchestral works by focusing on sonata structures instead of the all-too-usual treatment of [End Page 102] their programmatic content. As with other investigations of this topic already taken up in the critical literature, the idea of sonata in this monograph encompasses both the form associated with first movements and the multimovement structure inherited from the nineteenth-century symphony. Monahan approaches the subject with the assumption that scholarship on Mahler has focused on the music from a large perspective (“transsymphonic storytelling,” as he writes on p. 2), without necessarily offering detailed analyses of individual movements. He challenges the commentators who pass over critical elements of the music, which are, in Monahan’s estimation, the domain of theorists. To address these lacunae, Monahan proposes to focus in detail on selected movements in order to scrutinize the role of the sonata in Gustav Mahler’s music and, implicitly, its relevance for modern audiences. At the core of Monahan’s study are four movements, specifically the first movements of the Fourth and Sixth Symphonies, the first part of the Third, and the Finale of the Sixth. Mahler scholars will already be familiar with Henry-Louis de La Grange’s multivolume biography, which includes analytic articles in the appendices, and while these may not always offer the requisite depth, they point readers to explorations of Mahler’s music by various specialists. In this light, it is telling that the existing analyses do not always coincide, with differences emerging depending on the interpretation of sonata form and its application in specific movements by Mahler. While this problem is not unique to Mahler, it suggests the deeper need for intensive studies of the sonata in the late nineteenth century. This topic is not unknown in music literature, but its coverage is limited. Some scholarship is dated and narrow in scope, as with the last of William S. Newman’s three-volume study of the sonata (The Sonata since Beethoven: The Third and Final Volume of a History of the Sonata Idea, vol. 3 [New York: W. W. Norton, 1972]); or regrettably general, as occurs in the revised edition of Charles Rosen’s Sonata Forms (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988). While the understanding of sonata form has gone beyond Beethoven’s treatment, it often stops with Brahms and fails to take into consideration the ways in which later composers used the sonata. When it comes to the understanding of sonata form in Mahler’s works, even within Monahan’s correctives on the “generative” conception of the form, this study would benefit from further details, preferably with reference to choices that other contemporary composers made; such a perspective would allow for a more intensive exploration of formal parameters. Even without such a broad context, Mahler was a modern composer who consciously made reference to eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century music, thus inviting multiple points of comparison. It is important to distinguish between the various models that his music could evoke, along with the possibility of multiple models that could be subsumed into his musical structures. While it is possible to quibble with Monahan’s analyses, the book succeeds on the whole in shifting the interpretive emphasis away from the programmatic elements that unfortunately blur into biographical expressions of musical ideas. This is a significant shift that is necessary for understanding the composer’s intentions in his scores. Beyond the disputed—and sometimes arguably convincing—narrative elements of programs and personal stories ascribed to the symphonies, the musical narrative (that is, the innovative structures Mahler composed) relies on parameters beyond the thematic and tonal drama Monahan investigates, with the intersections of rhythmic, textural, and timbral dimensions creating scores that benefit from multiple interpretations and repeated hearings. Such considerations surpass the stories that are found in program notes, since they cannot be comprehended in any kind...