Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one Research Articles

Cochliomycin A inhibits the larval settlement of Amphibalanus amphitrite by activating the NO/cGMP pathway

Cochliomycin A is a compound with anti-barnacle settlement activity and low toxicity, but the molecular mechanism of the compound is unknown. Here, isobaric tags for the relative or absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling proteomic method were applied to analyze changes in the proteome of Amphibalanus（=Balanus） amphitrite cyprids in response to cochliomycin A treatment. Cochliomycin A affected the cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and NO/cGMP pathways, among which the NO/cGMP pathway was considered to play a key role in barnacle larval settlement, while the cytochrome P450 and the GST pathways are mainly for detoxification. The results of real-time PCR further suggested the NO/cGMP pathway was activated in response to cochliomycin A. Larval settlement assays revealed that S-methylisothiourea sulfate (SMIS) and 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) rescued cyprids from cochliomycin A-induced inhibition of larval settlement. The findings supported the hypothesis that cochliomycin A inhibited barnacle larval settlement by stimulating the NO/cGMP pathway.

Pharmacological study of the mechanisms involved in the vasodilator effect produced by the acute application of triiodothyronine to rat aortic rings.

A relationship between thyroid hormones and the cardiovascular system has been well established in the literature. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the vasodilator effect produced by the acute application of 10-8–10-4 M triiodothyronine (T3) to isolated rat aortic rings. Thoracic aortic rings from 80 adult male Wistar rats were isolated and mounted in tissue chambers filled with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer in order to analyze the influence of endothelial tissue, inhibitors and blockers on the vascular effect produced by T3. T3 induced a vasorelaxant response in phenylephrine-precontracted rat aortic rings at higher concentrations (10-4.5–10-4.0 M). This outcome was unaffected by 3.1×10-7 M glibenclamide, 10-3 M 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), 10-5 M indomethacin, or 10-5 M cycloheximide. Contrarily, vasorelaxant responses to T3 were significantly (P<0.05) attenuated by endothelium removal or the application of 10-6 M atropine, 10-5 M L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 10-7 M 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), 10-6 M (9S,10R,12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12-Hexahydro-10-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-1-oxo-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3′,2′,1′-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i](1,6)benzodiazocine-10-carboxylic acid, methyl ester KT 5823, 10-2 M tetraethylammonium (TEA), or 10-7 M apamin plus 10-7 M charybdotoxin. The results suggest the involvement of endothelial mechanisms in the vasodilator effect produced by the acute in vitro application of T3 to rat aortic rings. Possible mechanisms include the stimulation of muscarinic receptors, activation of the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway, and opening of Ca2+-activated K+ channels.

Nicorandil stimulates a Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger by activating guanylate cyclase in guinea pig cardiac myocytes.

Nicorandil, a hybrid of an ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channel opener and a nitrate generator, is used clinically for the treatment of angina pectoris. This agent has been reported to exert antiarrhythmic actions by abolishing both triggered activity and spontaneous automaticity in an in vitro study. It is well known that delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) are caused by the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange current (I NCX). In this study, we investigated the effect of nicorandil on the cardiac Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX1). We used the whole-cell patch clamp technique and the Fura-2/AM (Ca(2+) indicator) method to investigate the effect of nicorandil on I NCX in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes and CCL39 fibroblast cells transfected with dog heart NCX1. Nicorandil enhanced I NCX in a concentration-dependent manner. The EC50 (half-maximum concentration for enhancement of the drug) values were 15.0 and 8.7 μM for the outward and inward components of I NCX, respectively. 8-Bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP), a membrane-permeable analog of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), enhanced I NCX. 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a guanylate cyclase inhibitor (10 μM), completely abolished the nicorandil-induced I NCX increase. Nicorandil increased I NCX in CCL39 cells expressing wild-type NCX1 but did not affect mutant NCX1 without a long intracellular loop between transmembrane segments (TMSs) 5 and 6. Nicorandil at 100 μM abolished DADs induced by electrical stimulation with ouabain. Nicorandil enhanced the function of NCX1 via guanylate cyclase and thus may accelerate Ca(2+) exit via NCX1. This may partially contribute to the cardioprotection by nicorandil in addition to shortening action potential duration (APD) by activating KATP channels.

Relaxant effect of a metal-based drug in human corpora cavernosa and its mechanism of action.

We studied the mechanisms involved in the human corpora cavernosa (HCC) relaxation induced by a new metal-based nitric oxide (NO) donor, the ruthenium complex cis-[Ru(bpy)2Imn(NO)](+3) (FOR0811). FOR0811 produced relaxation in phenylephrine (PE)-precontracted HCC with a maximal response that achieved 112.9 ± 10.6%. There was no difference between the maximal relaxation induced by FOR0811 when compared with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (106.8 ± 7.3%), BAY41-2272 (107.6 ± 4.1%) or vardenafil (103.4 ± 3.8%), however, FOR0811 was less potent than SNP and vardenafil. L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NO synthase inhibitor, had no effect in the concentration-response curve elicited by FOR0811. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a heme-site inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) was able to either block or reverse the relaxation induced by FOR0811. On the other hand, the relaxation induced by FOR0811 was not affected by glibenclamide, a blocker of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. FOR0811 (10 μM) was able to increase cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in corpora cavernosa strips. FOR0811 completely relaxes HCC by a sGC-cGMP-dependent mechanism and can be a lead compound in the development of new stable NO donors.

Pharmacological preconditioning and postconditioning with nicorandil attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial necrosis and apoptosis in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Pharmacological preconditioning and postconditioning may reduce myocardial necrosis and apoptosis during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), however, hypercholesterolemia interferes with the associated cardioprotective mechanisms. The present study investigated whether pharmacological preconditioning and postconditioning with nicorandil could attenuate myocardial necrosis and apoptosis induced by I/R in hypercholesterolemic rats, and explored the possible mechanisms involved. Male Wistar rats (n=160) were fed normal (normocholesterolemic group, n=10) or high-cholesterol (hypercholesterolemic group, n=150) diets for 8 weeks. Hearts harvested from the normal and hypercholesterolemic rats were subsequently placed on modified Langendorff perfusion apparatus and 30-min global ischemia was performed, followed by 120-min reperfusion. Nicorandil (1, 3, 10, 30, 100 µmol/l), and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoic acid sodium salt (5-HD) (100 µmol/l) or soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) blocker 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (10 µmol/l) were perfused for 10 min, prior to ischemia or at the onset of reperfusion. The myocardial infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining. In order to investigate the potential mechanisms, the expression levels of caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) proteins and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were measured using western blot analysis. The present study demonstrated that, in hypercholesterolemic rats, pharmacological preconditioning and postconditioning with nicorandil decreased I/R-induced myocardial necrosis and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. The optimal preconditioning and postconditioning concentration of nicorandil determined to have anti-infarct and anti-apoptosis effects was 30 µmol/l, which significantly (P<0.05) reduced the infarct size to 14.88±3.25% and 15.96±3.29%, and attenuated the percentage of cardiomyocyte apoptosis to 25.20±3.93% and 26.18±4.82%, respectively, compared with the I/R group. However, the cardioprotective effects of nicorandil were partially suppressed by cotreatment with 5-HD or ODQ. Western blot analysis demonstrated that pharmacological preconditioning and postconditioning with nicorandil significantly downregulated caspase-3 and Bax expression, and upregulated Bcl-2 expression compared with the I/R group (P<0.05). The results of the present study suggest that pharmacological preconditioning and postconditioning with nicorandil may protect hypercholesterolemic hearts against I/R-induced necrosis and apoptosis; and the cardioprotective effects of nicorandil may be due to the dual pharmacological mechanisms of opening the mitoKATP channels and a nitric oxide/sGC-dependent mechanism, and regulation of the expression of caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2.

Vasorelaxant effects of Shunaoxin pill are mediated by NO/cGMP pathway, HO/CO pathway and calcium channel blockade in isolated rat thoracic aorta

Ethnopharmacological relevanceShunaoxin pill (SNX), one of the famous classical recipes in traditional Chinese medicine, is developed from the “Decoction of Xionggui”. It has been used for treatment of cerebrovascular related diseases. It is well known that vasodilatation plays a very important role in cerebrovascular diseases. The effect of SNX on vasorelaxant activity has not yet been explored. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the vasorelaxant effects of SNX on isolated rat thoracic aorta so as to assess some of the possible mechanisms. We also investigate the gasotransmitter signaling pathway involved which has been rarely reported in isolated rat thoracic aorta before. Aim of the studyThe present study was performed to examine the vasodilative activity of SNX and its mechanisms in isolated rat thoracic aorta. Materials and methodsSNX was studied on isolated rat thoracic aorta in vitro, including endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings. In present study, specific inhibitors including soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor 1 H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ), cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin (INDO), NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor zinc-protoporphyrin (ZnPP), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) inhibitor DL-Propargylglycine (PAG), non-selective K+ channel inhibitor tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), KV channel inhibitor 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP), and KATP channel inhibitor Glibenclamide (Gli) were used, they were added 20min before NE contraction and then added SNX to induce vasodilation. ResultsRemoval of endothelium or pretreatment of aortic rings (intact endothelium) with L-NAME, ODQ or ZnPP significantly blocked SNX-induced relaxation. Pretreatment with the non-selective K+ channel inhibitor TEA, KV channel inhibitor 4-AP or the KATP channel inhibitor Gli, none of them had influences on the SNX-induced response (p>0.05). Besides, SNX inhibited the contraction triggered by NE in endothelium-denuded rings in Ca2+-free medium. SNX also produced rightward parallel displacement of CaCl2 curves. ConclusionsThese results suggest that SNX can induce less endothelium-dependent and more endothelium-independent vascular relaxation. The NO/cGMP and HO/CO pathways, blockade of Ca2+ channels are inhibition of IP3R mediated Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores, are likely involved in this relaxation. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of combined compositions in SNX await further investigations.

Cooperative Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Caveolin-1 in Regulating the Vascular Response to Low Nitric Oxide-High Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiovascular Injury.

Aldosterone interacts with mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) to stimulate sodium reabsorption in renal tubules and may also affect the vasculature. Caveolin-1 (cav-1), an anchoring protein in plasmalemmal caveolae, binds steroid receptors and also endothelial nitric oxide synthase, thus limiting its translocation and activation. To test for potential MR/cav-1 interaction in the vasculature, we investigated if MR blockade in cav-1-replete or -deficient states would alter vascular function in a mouse model of low nitric oxide (NO)-high angiotensin II (AngII)-induced cardiovascular injury. Wild-type (WT) and cav-1 knockout mice (cav-1(-/-)) consuming a high salt diet (4% NaCl) received Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (0.1-0.2 mg/ml in drinking water at days 1-11) plus AngII (0.7-2.8 mg/kg per day via an osmotic minipump at days 8-11) ± MR antagonist eplerenone (EPL) 100 mg/kg per day in food. In both genotypes, blood pressure increased with L-NAME + AngII. EPL minimally changed blood pressure, although its dose was sufficient to block MR and reverse cardiac expression of the injury markers cluster of differentiation 68 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in L-NAME+AngII treated mice. In aortic rings, phenylephrine and KCl contraction was enhanced with EPL in L-NAME+AngII treated WT mice, but not cav-1(-/-) mice. AngII-induced contraction was not different, and angiotensin type 1 receptor expression was reduced in L-NAME + AngII treated WT and cav-1(-/-) mice. In WT mice, acetylcholine-induced relaxation was enhanced with L-NAME + AngII treatment and reversed with EPL. Acetylcholine relaxation in cav-1(-/-) mice was greater than in WT mice, not modified by L-NAME + AngII or EPL, and blocked by ex vivo L-NAME, 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), or endothelium removal, suggesting the role of NO-cGMP. Cardiac endothelial NO synthase was increased in cav-1(-/-) versus WT mice, further increased with L-NAME + AngII, and not affected by EPL. Vascular relaxation to the NO donor sodium nitroprusside was increased with L-NAME + AngII in WT mice but not in cav-1(-/-) mice. Plasma aldosterone levels increased and cardiac MR expression decreased in L-NAME + AngII treated WT and cav-1(-/-) mice and did not change with EPL. Thus, during L-NAME + AngII induced hypertension, MR blockade increases contraction and alters vascular relaxation via NO-cGMP, and these changes are absent in cav-1 deficiency states. The data suggest a cooperative role of MR and cav-1 in regulating vascular contraction and NO-cGMP-mediated relaxation during low NO-high AngII-dependent cardiovascular injury.

Regulation of Endothelin-1-Induced Trabecular Meshwork Cell Contractility by Latanoprostene Bunod.

Previous in vivo studies demonstrated that latanoprostene bunod (LBN), a nitric oxide (NO)-donating prostaglandin F2α receptor agonist, results in greater intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering than latanoprost. The present series of investigations compared the effects of LBN and latanoprost on primary human trabecular meshwork cell (HTMC) contractility and underlying signaling pathways to determine whether LBN might mediate this additional IOP lowering via the conventional outflow pathway. The effect of LBN (1-100 μM) on HTMC cGMP levels was determined by ELISA with or without the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) was used to induce HTMC contractility. To determine the effect of LBN on myosin light chain-2 (MLC-2) phosphorylation, HTMCs were pretreated with 10 to 60 μM LBN for 1 hour and then ET-1 for 5 minutes. MLC-2 phosphorylation was determined by Western blotting. Effects of LBN (30 and 45 μM) on ET-1-induced filamentous (F)-actin cytoskeletal stress fibers and the focal adhesion associated protein vinculin were determined by confocal microscopy. ET-1-induced HTMC monolayer resistance in the presence of LBN (45 μM) was determined by electrical cell substrate impedance sensing, as an indicator of cell contractility. Latanoprost and SE 175 (an NO donor which releases NO on reductive transformation within the cells) were used as comparators in all studies. LBN (1-100 μM) significantly increased cGMP levels in a dose-dependent manner, with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 1.5 ± 1.3 μM, and with maximal effect similar to that of 100 μM SE 175. In contrast, latanoprost caused a minimal increase in cGMP levels at 100 μM only. The cGMP elevation induced by LBN or SE 175 was abolished by ODQ and was therefore sGC-dependent. The two NO donors SE 175 and LBN elicited a reduction in ET-1-induced MLC-2 phosphorylation that was significantly greater than that mediated by latanoprost in HTMCs. SE 175 (100 μM) and LBN (30 or 45 μM) caused a dramatic reduction in ET-1-induced actin stress fibers and vinculin localization at focal adhesions, whereas 45 μM latanoprost was without observable effect. SE 175 reduced ET-1-induced increases in HTMC resistance in a dose-dependent manner. A synergistic effect on reduction of HTMC resistance was observed when latanoprost and SE 175 doses were given together. LBN significantly reduced ET-1-induced HTMC monolayer resistance increases to a greater extent than latanoprost, indicating a greater reduction in cell contractility with LBN. LBN, SE 175, and latanoprost caused relaxation of ET-1-contracted HTMCs. The effect on HTMC relaxation observed with LBN was significantly greater in magnitude than that observed with latanoprost or SE 175. Data indicate that the NO-donating moiety of LBN mediates HTMC relaxation through activation of the cGMP signaling pathway and a subsequent reduction in MLC-2 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that increased conventional outflow facility may mediate the additional IOP-lowering effects of LBN over that of latanoprost observed in in vivo studies.

Small-molecule inhibitors at the PSD-95/nNOS interface protect against glutamate-induced neuronal atrophy in primary cortical neurons

Glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) are important regulators of dendrite and axon development in the central nervous system. Excess glutamatergic stimulation is a feature of many pathological conditions and manifests in neuronal atrophy and shrinkage with eventual neurodegeneration and cell death. Here we demonstrate that treatment of cultured primary cortical rat neurons for 24h with glutamate (500μM) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) (100–500μM) combined with glycine suppresses neurite outgrowth. A similar reduction of neurite outgrowth was observed with the NO precursor l-arginine and NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (100 and 300μM). The NMDA-receptor (NMDA-R) antagonists ketamine and MK-801 (10nM) counteracted the NMDA/glycine-induced reduction in neurite outgrowth and the neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) inhibitor 1-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] imidazole (TRIM) (100nM) counteracted both the NMDA/glycine and l-arginine-induced decreases in neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, targeting soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a downstream target of NO, with the sGC inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (10μM) also protected against l-arginine-induced decreases in neurite outgrowth. Since the NMDA-R is functionally coupled to nNOS via the postsynaptic protein 95kDa (PSD-95), inhibitors of the PSD-95/nNOS interaction were tested for their ability to protect against glutamate-induced suppression in neurite outgrowth. Treatment with the small-molecule inhibitors of the PSD-95/nNOS interface 2-((1H-benzo[d] [1,2,3]triazol-5-ylamino) methyl)-4,6-dichlorophenol (IC87201) (10 and 100nM) and 4-(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxy-benzylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (ZL-006) (10 and 100nM) attenuated NMDA/glycine-induced decreases in neurite outgrowth. These data support the hypothesis that targeting the NMDA-R/PSD-95/nNOS interaction downstream of NMDA-R promotes neurotrophic effects by preventing neurite shrinkage in response to excess glutamatergic stimulation. The PSD-95/nNOS interface may be an attractive target for treating deficits in neuronal outgrowth and atrophy associated with excessive glutamatergic neurotransmission in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions.

Nitric oxide inhibits the pannexin 1 channel through a cGMP–PKG dependent pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), a major gaseous signaling molecule, modulates several ion channels and receptors. Here we show that NO attenuates pannexin 1 (Panx1) mediated currents in HEK-293 cells. NO exerts its effect by activating a cGMP–protein kinase G (PKG) dependent pathway. NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), reduced Panx1 currents by 25–41%. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), blocked the inhibition completely, whereas sGC activator YC-1 mimicked the effect of NO, suggesting the involvement of a cGMP dependent pathway. Supporting this, NO had no effect in the presence of the PKG inhibitor, KT5823. Further, immuno-precipitated Panx1 was recognized by an anti-phosphoserine antibody in Western blot. Phosphorylation was enhanced significantly when cells were treated with SNP. The target for phosphorylation is possibly Ser 206 of Panx1, as its mutation to Ala completely abolished the NO mediated inhibition.

7-NI and ODQ Disturbs Memory in the Elevated Plus Maze, Morris Water Maze, and Radial Arm Maze Tests in Mice.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an atypical neurotransmitter that causes changes in cognition. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and guanylate cyclase (GC) inhibitors have been shown to exert some effects on cognition in previous studies; however, the findings have been controversial. This study was aimed at understanding the effects of an NOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), and a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), on spatial memory in modified elevated plus maze (mEPM), Morris water maze (MWM), and radial arm maze (RAM) tests. Male Balb-c mice were treated via intraperitoneal injections with 7-NI (15 mg/kg), ODQ (3, 10 mg/kg), L-arginine (100 mg/kg) + 7-NI (15 mg/kg), or physiological saline. ODQ (3 mg/kg) and 7-NI (15 mg/kg) significantly increased the second-day latency in the mEPM test. 7-NI (15 mg/kg) and ODQ (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the escape latency in second, third, and fourth sessions, decreased the time spent in the escape platform’s quadrant, and increased the mean distance to the platform in the probe trial of the MWM test. ODQ (3, 10 mg/kg) and 7-NI (15 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of errors, whereas only 7-NI increased the latency in the RAM test. The administration of L-arginine (100 mg/kg) prior to 7-NI inverted the effects of 7-NI, which supports the role of NO on cognition. Our study shows that the NO/cGMP/GS pathway can regulate spatial memory in mice.

Quercetin Inhibits Pacemaker Potentials via Nitric Oxide/cGMP-Dependent Activation and TRPM7/ANO1 Channels in Cultured Interstitial Cells of Cajal from Mouse Small Intestine

Background: Quercetin regulates gastrointestinal (GI) motor activity but the molecular mechanism involved has not been determined. The authors investigated the effects of quercetin, a flavonoid present in various foods, on the pacemaker activities of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in murine small intestine in vitro and on GI motility in vivo. Materials and Methods: Enzymatic digestion was used to dissociate ICCs from mouse small intestines. The whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record pacemaker potentials in cultured ICCs in the absence or presence of quercetin and to record membrane currents of transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 7 or transmembrane protein 16A (Tmem16A, anoctamin1 (ANO1)) overexpressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. The in vivo effects of quercetin on GI motility were investigated by measuring the intestinal transit rates (ITRs) of Evans blue in normal mice. Results: Quercetin (100-200 μM) decreased the amplitudes and frequencies of pacemaker activity in a concentration-dependent manner in current clamp mode, but this action was blocked by naloxone (a pan-opioid receptor antagonist) and by GDPβS (a GTP-binding protein inhibitor). However, potassium channels were not involved in these inhibitory effects of quercetin. To study the quercetin signaling pathway, we examined the effects of 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and of RP-8-CPT-cGMPS, an inhibitor of protein kinase G (PKG). These inhibitors blocked the inhibitory effects of quercetin on pacemaker activities. Also, L-NAME (100 μM), a non-selective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, blocked the effects of quercetin on pacemaker activity and quercetin stimulated cGMP production. Furthermore, quercetin inhibited both Ca²⁺-activated Cl^- channels (TMEM16A, ANO1) and TRPM7 channels. In vivo, quercetin (10-100 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased ITRs in normal mice in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: Quercetin inhibited ICC pacemaker activities by inhibiting TRPM7 and ANO1 via opioid receptor signaling pathways in cultured murine ICCs. The study shows quercetin attenuates GI tract motility, and suggests quercetin be considered the basis for the development of novel spasmolytic agents for the prevention or alleviation of GI motility dysfunctions.

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;α,β&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;-Methylene-ATP-Induced Inhibition of Acetylcholine Release on the Stellate Ganglion: Contribution of Nitric Oxide

In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of nitric oxide pathways in the presynaptic inhibition of acetylcholine release induced by ATP analogs in dogs. We performed the study using HPLC with electrochemical detection and the nitric oxide detection-HPLC system. The amount of acetylcholine released in response to preganglionic stimulation at 5 Hz for 10 min was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner after exposure to 10-7 - 10-4 M α,β-methylene-ATP (α,β-meATP), but not by the P2Y receptor agonist, 2-methyl-thio-ATP (2MeSATP) or the P2X1 receptor agonist, β,γ-methylene-ATP (β,γ-meATP), at the same concentrations. The inhibition of acetylcholine release induced by α,β-meATP was antagonized by: the nonselective P2 receptor antagonist, pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2’,4’-disulphonic acid (PPADS); the P2X1, P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors antagonist, 2’-(or-3’)-O-trinitrophenyl-ATP (TNP-ATP); the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole; the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ); the NO scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethy-limidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO). Exposure to 10-5 M, but not 10-4 M, α,β-meATP, for 30 min increased the levels of , and this increase was antagonized by TNP-ATP and 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole. These results show that P2X receptor activation inhibits stellate ganglionic transmission by reducing acetylcholine release from presynaptic nerve terminals and that this inhibition seems to involve, at least in part, the activation of endogenous NO production and cGMP pathways.

The Nitric Oxide/Soluble Cyclic Guanylase/Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Pathway Is Involved in the Cardiovascular Effects of a Novel α1- and β-Adrenoceptor Antagonist

The compound MH-78 ((+/-)-1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-3-{4-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]-piperazin-1-yl}propan-2-ol dihydrochloride) contains structural elements that are typical for α₁- and β-blockers. This study aimed to investigate the hypotensive activity as well as the in vitro and in vivo cardiovascular effects of a novel α₁- and β-adrenoceptor antagonist (MH-78) and compare it with carvedilol and urapidil. The procedures were performed on aortic rings of normotensive anesthetized rats. MH-78 decreased the blood pressure and heart rate after intravenous and oral administration. MH-78 possesses both α₁- and β-adrenoceptor blocking activity, which was confirmed in the in vivo study. In biofunctional assays, MH-78 displayed vasorelaxant activity due to α₁-adrenoceptor antagonism and calcium channel blocking properties. Moreover, in endothelium-intact aortic rings, pretreatment with N_ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) reduced the MH-78-induced vasorelaxation to a level that is characteristic for MH-78 affinity to α₁-adrenoceptors. Our results demonstrated that MH-78 possesses α₁- and β-adrenoceptor blocking properties and induces potent hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects. Moreover, it relaxes vascular smooth muscle not only due to α₁-adrenoceptor blocking activity, but also via the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide/soluble guanylyl cyclase/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signalling pathway.

Presynaptic cell type-dependent regulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission by nitric oxide in rat insular cortex

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key retrograde messenger that regulates synaptic transmission in the cerebral cortex. However, little is known about NO-induced modulatory effects and their mechanisms relative to inhibitory synaptic transmission. The present study aimed to examine the effects of NO on unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (uIPSCs) and to postulate the synaptic location of NO action. We performed multiple whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from rat insular cortex and divided recorded cells into three subtypes: pyramidal cells (Pyr), fast-spiking interneurons (FS), and non-FS GABAergic interneurons. In the connections from FS to Pyr (FS→Pyr), the application of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine (SNAP, 100μM), an NO donor, suppressed uIPSC amplitudes in 31% of the connections, whereas 39% of the connections showed uIPSC facilitation. The remaining FS→Pyr connections showed little effect of SNAP on uIPSCs. An analysis of paired-pulse ratio (PPR) implied the involvement of presynaptic mechanisms in SNAP-induced effects on uIPSCs. Similar effects of SNAP were observed in FS→FS/non-FS connections; 33%, 54%, and 13% of the connections were facilitated, suppressed, and unchanged, respectively. In contrast, non-FS→Pyr or FS/non-FS showed constant uIPSC suppression by SNAP. PPR analysis supports the hypothesis that these SNAP-induced effects are mediated by presynaptic mechanisms in FS→FS/non-FS and non-FS→Pyr/FS/non-FS connections. The NO scavenger, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolineoxyl-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), or the inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), abolished the SNAP-induced uIPSC modulation. These results suggest that NO regulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission is dependent on presynaptic cell subtypes and that, at least in part, the effects are mediated by presynaptic mechanisms.

Vasodilatory effects of homologous adrenomedullin 2 and adrenomedullin 5 on isolated blood vessels of two species of eel

In mammals, adrenomedullin (AM) is a potent vasodilator through signalling pathways that involve the endothelium. In teleost fishes, a family of five AMs are present (AM1/4, AM2/3 and AM5) with four homologous AMs (AM1, AM2/3 and AM5) recently cloned from the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Both AM2 and AM5 have been shown to be strong in vivo vasodepressors in eel, but the mechanism of action of homologous AMs on isolated blood vessels has not been examined in teleost fish. In this study, both eel AM2 and AM5 caused a marked vasodilation of the dorsal aorta. However, only AM5 consistently dilated the small gonadal artery in contrast to AM2 that had no effect in most preparations. Neither AM2 nor AM5 had any effect when applied to the first afferent branchial artery; in contrast, eel ANP always caused a large vasodilation of the branchial artery. In the dorsal aorta, indomethacin significantly reduced the AM2 vasodilation, but had no effect on the AM5 vasodilation. In contrast, removal of the endothelium significantly enhanced the AM5 vasodilation only. In the gonadal artery, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ) significantly reduced the AM5 vasodilation suggesting a role for soluble guanylyl cyclase in the dilation, but l-NNA and removal of the endothelium had no effect. The results of this study indicate that AM2 and AM5 have distinct vasodilatory effects that may be due to the peptides signalling via different receptors to regulate vascular tone in eel.

Acute stress-induced antinociception is cGMP-dependent but heme oxygenase-independent

Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO), which is produced by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO), participates as a neuromodulator in physiological processes such as thermoregulation and nociception by stimulating the formation of 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). In particular, the acute physical restraint-induced fever of rats can be blocked by inhibiting the enzyme HO. A previous study reported that the HO-CO-cGMP pathway plays a key phasic antinociceptive role in modulating noninflammatory acute pain. Thus, this study evaluated the involvement of the HO-CO-cGMP pathway in antinociception induced by acute stress in male Wistar rats (250-300 g; n=8/group) using the analgesia index (AI) in the tail flick test. The results showed that antinociception induced by acute stress was not dependent on the HO-CO-cGMP pathway, as neither treatment with the HO inhibitor ZnDBPG nor heme-lysinate altered the AI. However, antinociception was dependent on cGMP activity because pretreatment with the guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a] quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ) blocked the increase in the AI induced by acute stress.

The stimulating effects of nitric oxide on intermediate conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels in human dermal fibroblasts through PKG pathways but not the PKA pathways.

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in dermal fibroblasts and is important during wound healing. Intermediate conductance Ca²⁺-activated K+ (IK; IK1; KCa3.1; IKCa; SK4; KCNN4) channels contribute to NOS upregulation, NO production, and various NO-mediated essential functions in many kinds of cells. To determine if the action of NO is linked to IK channel regulation in human dermal fibroblasts, we investigated the expression of IK channels in the cells and the effects and mechanisms of NO on the channels using RT-PCR, western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry and whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp techniques. The presence of functional IK channels at the RNA, protein and membrane levels was demonstrated and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) was shown to significantly increase IK currents. The effects of NO were abolished by pretreatment with KT5823 or 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) but not with KT5720. In addition, IK currents were increased by protein kinase G1α or 8-bromo-cGMP but not by forskolin, 8-bromo-cAMP, or catalytic subunits of protein kinase A (PKAcs). On the other hand, PKAcs with cGMP did not increase IK currents, and pretreatment with KT5720 did not block the stimulating effects of 8-Br-cGMP on the IK channels. These data suggest that NO activates IK channels through the PKG but not the PKA pathways, and it seems there is no cross activation between PKG and PKA pathways in human dermal fibroblasts.

CIMP synthesized by sGC as a mediator of hypoxic contraction of coronary arteries.

cGMP is considered the only mediator synthesized by soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) in response to nitric oxide (NO). However, purified sGC can synthesize several other cyclic nucleotides, including inosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cIMP). The present study was designed to determine the role of cIMP in hypoxic contractions of isolated porcine coronary arteries. Vascular responses were examined by measuring isometric tension. Cyclic nucleotides were assayed by HPLC tandem mass spectroscopy. Rho kinase (ROCK) activity was determined by measuring the phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 using Western blot analysis and an ELISA kit. The level of cIMP, but not that of cGMP, was elevated by hypoxia in arteries with, but not in those without, endothelium [except if treated with diethylenetriamine (DETA) NONOate]; the increases in cIMP were inhibited by the sGC inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3,-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). Hypoxia (Po2: 25-30 mmHg) augmented contractions of arteries with and without endothelium if treated with DETA NONOate; these hypoxic contractions were blocked by ODQ. In arteries without endothelium, hypoxic augmentation of contraction was also obtained with exogenous cIMP. In arteries with endothelium, hypoxic augmentation of contraction was further enhanced by inosine 5'-triphosphate, the precursor for cIMP. The augmentation of contraction caused by hypoxia or cIMP was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 at Thr(853), which was prevented by the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. ROCK activity in the supernatant of isolated arteries was stimulated by cIMP in a concentration-dependent fashion. These results demonstrate that cIMP synthesized by sGC is the likely mediator of hypoxic augmentation of coronary vasoconstriction, in part by activating ROCK.

208 The PKC Epsilon/AMPK ALPHA/ENOS Pathway is Implicated as a Mechanism by which Remote Ischaemic Conditioning Attenuates Endothelin-1 Mediated Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy

IntroductionRemote ischaemic conditioning (rIC) has mainly been implicated in protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Using a model of endothelin-1 (ET-1) driven cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, we have previously shown that rIC attenuates ET-1...