Transfer Of Ownership Research Articles

О некоторых особенностях, связанных с приобретением права собственности на недвижимое имущество

The purpose of the study is to consider controversial positions existing in the law enforcement practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and related to registration actions for the transfer of ownership of vend in the Federal Service of State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Research objectives: to determine the necessity of state registration of the transfer of ownership, to identify the main ways to protect the rights of a bona fide acquirer of vend, to study the features of the division of real estate of spouses. General scientific methods (dialectical, logical, systematic), private scientific methods (historical, statistical, sociological), as well as special legal (comparative legal, formal legal) were used. The actual circumstances taken into account by the courts in disputes over the rights to real estate are indicated. It is noted that in the current legislation there are no clear criteria for classifying property vend. The ways of protecting the right of a bona fide buyer are considered, including confirmation of the actual transfer of the apartment under the contract of sale and obtaining the consent of the second spouse when concluding a preliminary contract of sale on the seller’s side. Such subjects of legal relations as spouses have been studied, since when dividing the joint acquired property, the question of determining the share in the ownership of vend is most acute. It is noted that the fact of registration is not always an unconditional basis for the emergence of ownership of vend.

Dual Traceable Distributed Attribute-Based Searchable Encryption and Ownership Transfer

In this paper, we propose dual traceable distributed attribute based encryption with subset keyword search system (DT-DABE-SKS, abbreviated as DT) to simultaneously realize data source trace (secure provenance) and user trace (traitor trace) and flexible subset keyword search from polynomial interpolation. Leveraging non-interactive zero-knowledge proof technology, DT preserves privacy for both data providers and users in normal circumstances, but a trusted authority can disclose their real identities if necessary, such as the providers deceitfully uploading false data or users maliciously leaking secret attribute key. Next, we introduce the new conception of updatable and transferable message-lock encryption (UT-MLE) for block-level dynamic encrypted file update, where the owner does not have to download the whole ciphertext, decrypt, re-encrypt and upload for minor document modifications. In addition, the owner is permitted to transfer file ownership to other system customers with efficient computation in an authenticated manner. A nontrivial integration of DT and UT-MLE lead to the distributed ABSE with ownership transfer system (DTOT) to enjoy the above merits. We formally define DT, UT-MLE, and their security model. Then, the instantiations of DT and UT-MLE, and the formal security proof are presented. Comprehensive comparison and experimental analysis based on real dataset affirm their feasibility.

STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ON USING GOOGLE CLASSROOM FOR TEACHING OF BUSINESS EDUCATION COURSES IN UNIVERSITIES IN EDO STATE

The study examined students’ perceptions on using Google classroom for teaching of Business Education courses in universities in Edo State. The descriptive research design using the survey was adopted in the study. The population of the study covered all the four thousand two hundred and one (4201) Business Education students of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and University of Benin, Benin City. A sample of 420 students representing 10 percent of the students from both institutions was drawn using the simple random sampling technique. A researcher developed questionnaire titled: Google Classroom Perception Questionnaire (GCPQ) was used to collect data. The test-retest reliability coefficient yielded an r-value of 0.79 and 0.82 on usefulness and benefits of Google classroom respectively. Research question 1 and 2 were analysed using mean (𝑋̅) and standard deviation (S.D). The result showed that students have positive perceptions on the usefulness of various features of Google classroom including the singular screen view for student assignments, class arrangement, transfer of class ownership, new class integration and also the commenting features for teaching education courses in universities in Edo State. Also, they had favourable disposition on the benefits of Google classroom with reference to time and file saving benefits, flexibility, user-friendly interface, teachers’ evaluation and feedback for teaching Business Education courses in universities in Edo State. It was thereby recommended that universities management should take advantage of students’ favourable disposition toward Google Classroom by encouraging Business education teacher to introduce the use of the application for assignment and group projects.

Hero Plumbers: The Transitional Challenges of a Family-Owned Business

This case study focuses on the transitional challenges of a family-owned business, including generational transfer of ownership, succession planning, bridge leadership during a crisis, and possible external acquisition of the business. The focus is on a family-owned plumbing company and its struggles to survive a generational transition and competition within the U. S. residential services industry. Options are presented to the business owner by a protagonist in the person of a consultant who specializes in helping businesses survive critical leadership issues.

Blockchain and NFTs-Based Trades of Second-Hand Vehicles

Recently, the automotive industry has been characterized by disruptive innovations, like self-driving cars or hybrid/electric engines. Despite this fact, some operations, such as the trade of second-hand vehicles, still continue to be carried out in the “traditional” way, in which the buyer has to trust the seller about the state of the vehicle. Several studies highlighted that odometer fraud alone could cost around 8.9 billion euros per year. In order to overcome these limitations, which are related to information asymmetries between buyers and sellers, in this work we propose to exploit blockchain technology to store a previous vehicle’s history in a transparent way. To further explore blockchain advantages, we also present how a decentralized second-hand vehicle market– enabling also automatic transfers of ownership upon monetary transfers– can be built, leveraging on Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). We propose an architecture and a practical implementation of a Decentralized Application (Dapp) and discuss the security of the proposed system, its costs, and future developments.

Distributed ledger technology: Cutting through the paradox

Despite recent market turmoil, distributed ledger technology (DLT) is expected to accelerate its transformation of the financial services industry. Assets made available for investment using DLT will extend beyond cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and the like to embrace assets of all kinds, including equity and fixed income securities, loans, real estate and others that today generally are supported by highly fragmented legacy proprietary frameworks. DLT offers the prospect of a safer, more cost-efficient, more widely adopted operating environment across all types of assets and transactions. However, legal and regulatory frameworks for financial services have taken time to adapt to this sea change. While certain regulatory and legislative developments have grabbed headlines, less appreciated is the state of play of so-called ‘private law’. Private property law addresses ownership rights in digital assets as well as whether and how these rights may be asserted indirectly through intermediaries, requisites for transfer of ownership, rulesets for resolution of disputes regarding ownership and whether and how interests in such assets may be secured by collateral arrangements. More broadly, and more fundamentally, as the UK Law Commission has recently noted, ‘property law is default law’ and is particularly useful because, in principle, property rights ‘are recognised against the whole world, whereas other — personal — rights are recognised only against someone who has assumed a relevant legal duty’.1 This distinction is especially important where a party having responsibility for an asset becomes insolvent. Within individual legal systems, digital assets and methods for their transfer have struggled to integrate themselves with existing laws such as the law regarding property rights and laws addressing the impact of insolvency. Each legal system by and large has addressed this challenge in its own way and in its own time, complicating prospects for a broad, scalable take-up of DLT as a replacement for current inefficiencies and fragmentation as well as for new types of assets. This is likely to be especially problematic in the context of cross-border investments, holdings and dispositions — especially if the law of more than one jurisdiction might apply to the same investment. This paper argues that it is essential that legal systems grappling with digital assets are mindful of the risks and pitfalls of inconsistency with other legal systems and that in this respect consistent application of governing law and choice of forum especially should be considered. In particular, the efforts of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) should be supported in order to establish a conceptually sound set of principles for all jurisdictions to apply, regardless of the peculiarities of their respective legal systems.

Облікове забезпечення процесу надання ІТ-послуг на підприємстві

The aim of the article is the scientific substantiation of theoretical provisions and the development of practical recommendations for the optimal accounting support of the process of providing IT services at the enterprise. The article analyzes the views of scholars on the relevance of the process of providing IT services at the enterprise in the context of digitalization of business processes, the vectors of their scientific research in accounting for the IT industry are presented. The types of IT services that can be provided by IT entrepreneurship entities are listed. The characteristic features of IT service as an object of accounting are generalized. It is emphasized that the specific features of IT services require high-quality documentation and accounting support. The article underlines variety of IT services, which is reflected in the relevant methodological aspects and the procedure for displaying information in accounting accounts. The documentary support of the process of providing IT services on the terms of trust between the subject of IT entrepreneurship and customers of IT services is generalized. Emphasis is placed on the possibilities of cooperation between an IT company under civil law contracts with individuals and under gig contracts with residents of Diia.City. Options for organizing the accounting support of the process of providing IT services are provided. The peculiarities of reflection in the accounting accounts of the provision of various types of IT services, including the IT product as a comprehensive set of services and IT outsourcing, are outlined. The need to fix the transfer of ownership of an intangible asset in the case of providing a comprehensive set of IT services and creating an IT product is emphasized. It is summarized that the organization of accounting support for the process of providing IT services can be ensured in different ways, taking into view the needs of the IT entrepreneur and the possibility of optimizing the tax burden. As a direction for further research, the need to develop ways to optimize the tax burden of IT entrepreneurship entities is outlined.

Notes: Can ownership of reproductive material be transferred?

Regulation 18 of the Regulations Relating to the Artificial Fertilisation of Persons provides for an ownership scheme in reproductive material — eggs, sperm and embryos — outside the human body. Within this regulatory scheme, the following question is pertinent: can ownership of reproductive material, once acquired in terms of reg 18, be transferred to someone else? To answer this question, reg 18 is analysed using well-established tools of statutory interpretation. The conclusion drawn is that a broad interpretation of reg 18 should be followed that allows for the transfer of ownership. Attention is drawn to case law that contradicts this conclusion, but it is shown that the rationale for the relevant decision lacks any depth. Accordingly, the decision should urgently be challenged in the public interest.

Abstract B030: Sustainability plan for Wellness Rx: A community-led initiative to reduce disparities and improve healthy lifestyles in an under-resourced Black community

Abstract Background: Wellness Rx is a community-academic partnership program developed through a community engagement and participatory model (CEP) framework, to improve health disparities in an under-resourced predominantly Black community. This program addresses health disparities in chronic disease and social determinants of health through interactive health education, empowerment, and neighborhood support. This program aims to increase access to resources, increase capacity and strengthen relationships with local organizations for sustainable health outcomes. Wellness Rx ran in the community for 4 years with financial and logistical support from an academic medical center. In year 5, the community participated in sustainability training to shift and transfer ownership to community members. Methods: A sustainability training program was developed and delivered to community members to allow for Wellness Rx to be community-led and self-directed. A core group of 12 community members volunteered to serve as the taskforce that would ultimately lead and direct Wellness Rx after the sustainability training. This training included Information sharing of program materials, key partnership contacts, resource lists, skills training on program implementation, volunteer management, grant writing, partnership development and leadership. Results: Since the adoption of the training program, the community has tailored the Wellness Rx to meet their needs and priorities, and encompasses topics within and outside of behavioral health. As leaders of the program, they have expanded their partnerships beyond existing networks and have secured funding for activities. Conclusion: Wellness Rx demonstrates the potential for a program to become self-directed after initial support from an academic medical center. Core components of Wellness Rx can be replicated and implemented as a power-sharing model for long-term sustainability. Citation Format: Manisha Salinas, Monica Albertie. Sustainability plan for Wellness Rx: A community-led initiative to reduce disparities and improve healthy lifestyles in an under-resourced Black community [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B030.

Issues and Perspectives on The Electronic Translation of Shipping Incoterms: FOB as a case study

The international commercial terms are officially known as Incoterms. These trade rules, established by ICC (the International Chamber of Commerce) are written and pronounced in English. Mastering their use is necessary to circumvent any confusion in the meaning, and to avoid any misunderstanding between the contracting parties. These incoterms are universally agreed upon, except for the United States where a difference in their meaning is noticed, mainly the incoterm FOB (Free on Board). Although they are mandated as multinational business terms, they do not regulate the transfer of ownership of the merchandise nor the sale price. Despite the difference in their meanings, it should be noted that they constitute broad lines for commercial exchanges between countries. Some of their advantages are: The distribution of costs related to export and import, the distribution of documents between the seller and the buyer, and the conditions for the delivery of goods. They are stated to enable trading partners to reach markets throughout the world. To apply incoterms for overseas shipment, maritime transport companies need to make sure that their staff understand them clearly to avoid any costly mistakes in the process of transactions. Collaboration with educational institutions and training courses are required. Both current and future Algerian professionals in the field need to be assisted on how to use incoterms. This research paper deals with the use of shipping incoterms when training the students, who are specialized in maritime trade, for a future profession as a maritime leader or dealer. As the incoterms are basically written and pronounced in English, the use of a translating method, that allows them to identify and understand the meaning of linguistic terms, is required. Bearing in mind the fact that artificial intelligence covers a wide range of outputs nowadays, it has been necessary to ask the following question: Could the T M (translation machine) provide the students a faithful translation of incoterms? In an attempt to answer this question, the following hypotheses were formulated: Teaching EOP (English for occupational purposes) in the Algerian maritime sector focuses on translating the international commercial terms. Machine translation provides a faithful meaning of words and sentences. As the software performs translation for a specific language or domain, it produces a high-quality output. To check these hypotheses, it is essential to go through the MT translation method for it is mostly used by the learners as it is free from any charges. The MT (Machine Translation) method is what a computer program produces. To fulfil a translation, the text is simply entered or pasted in and the languages are selected. Google Translation is a well-known example of this type of translation. The use of this software enables the students to substitute mechanically and quickly words from one language to another. It exempts them from any human linguistic intervention. Though it provides free and instant translations, it produces incoherent wording. The present study reveals that different electronic sites do not give the same translation for the incoterm FOB. One way of evaluating the quality of machine translation is when the human translator reviews the output to ensure that it is linguistically correct. This review is referred to as the post-editing machine translation. When adopting this method, a good quality of translation is achieved; grammatical errors are fixed, unclear and confusing wording and mistranslations are cleared up.

새로운 임대인의 실거주를 이유로 한 갱신거절권(수원지방법원 2022. 4. 22. 선고 2021나89299 항소심 판결)

As housing costs rise and the housing market becomes unstable, there is an accelerated transition from Chonse to monthly rent, causing housing instability and increasing the burden of housing costs on lessees. By ensuring the lessee's right to renew the lease, the lease guarantee period has been increased from two years to four years. Increases in rent or security deposits upon contract renewal are limited to 1/20 of the agreed amount. Consequently, the lessor has a great deal of complaints.
 In the lessee's situation, Chonse is hard to find, and the Chonse price increases sharply. The lessor also finds it difficult to raise the lease fee. Moreover, even after the lessor purchases the house, the lessor has difficulty moving in due to the lessee's application for contract renewal.
 The lessor also suffers greatly. The timely sale of a home as needed, the completion of residence requirements that are exempt from transfer taxes, and the retroactive application of two rental laws (the 「Housing Lease Protection Act」 and Real Estate Transaction Reporting Act). Therefore, the lessor's property rights are being violated. Both parties express concern about tax burden due to actual transaction report of Chonse and monthly fee.
 It may not be possible for the assignee to reside in their newly acquired home if the lessee residing there applies to renew their lease to the lessor (a seller) prior to registration of ownership transfer.
 In accordance with current law, the transfer of ownership takes effect only after registration, and the assignee inherits the status of the lessor. Due to this, the assignee of the leased house had the right to refuse contract renewals.
 The lessor's right to refuse renewal does not expire, even if ownership of the leased object changes after the application right to renewal is exercised. The lessor can also refuse to renew the lease. Consequently, the lessor is legally and effectively entitled to refuse renewal within the period stipulated by law. The lessor can also exercise the renewal refusal right of the previous lessor. The lease contract will thus be terminated in the non-renewal state during the original contract expiry period.
 The amended 「Housing Lease Protection Act」 led to many disputes over the rights of lessees to renew their leases. A typical situation is when a lessee exercises their right to renew their lease where the new lessor acquires ownership of the house from the previous lessor, and on the basis of the actual residence, the new lessor rejects the lessee's renewal application.
 Although the purpose of the amendment of the 「Housing Lease Protection Act」 was to protect the lessee, the only effect was to increase the pain of the lessee as the Chonse price increased at once for four years. The amended 「Housing Lease Protection Act」 has only been enacted recently, and a number of lower court decisions have been issued, but This was first Supreme Court ruling. If there is a legitimate reason under the「Housing Lease Protection Act」After exercising the Application right of contract renewal, within the renewal refusal period of the old lessor the transferee who has succeeded to the leasehold status must be able to exercise the right of refusal of contract renewal for the purpose of Actually Reside.
 A full review of the 「Housing Lease Protection Act」 is also necessary in the future, as well as a discussion about the need for a 「Housing Lease Protection Act」

Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts: Current Developments in Germany

The debate on the return and restitution of cultural property is by no means a new one. In recent years, however, the debate – stimulated by French President Emmanuel Macron’s speech in 2017 – extended to include the question of how to deal with collections from colonial contexts. Whereas international law provides a legal framework for how to deal with war-time looting (the 1954 Hague Convention) and the present-day trafficking in cultural property (the 1970 UNESCO Convention), no such legal regime exists for cultural objects removed during colonial times. Nevertheless, as this article illustrates – with a focus on recent examples in Germany – current developments indicate a movement towards new political and ethical schemes on how to deal with collections from colonial contexts and, in a broader sense, how to come to terms with the colonial past. In Germany, this includes the return of cultural objects and human remains to Namibia as well as the transfer of ownership of all Benin Bronzes held by German institutions to Nigeria.

The Issue of Own Money


 
 
 
 
 Charging own money on vehicles has become a norm in Pakistan’s automobile * industry. Own is a form of premium charged by the car dealers over and above the price of the vehicle for express delivery of the vehicle. An artificial shortage, primarily due to low production numbers, allows dealers and other investors to pre-book vehicles and charge own from end buyer for immediate transfer of ownership once the demand for vehicle rises in the market.
 As per our estimates, in the last five years at least PKR 150-170 billion was paid as own money on cars in Pakistan, with own being charged on 80 to 90 percent of vehicles. This means, Pakistani car consumers pay an additional PKR 30-34 billion annually in undocumented transactions under the disguise of own money for the purchase of cars. In the last five years, Pakistan produced less than a million vehicles under the cars and jeeps category (See Fig 1). During the same period, Morocco produced twice as many vehicles while Turkey’s production remained over six times more than Pakistan. Moreover, Brazil’s vehicle production remained nearly thirteen (13) times more than vehicles produced in Pakistan.
 In addition to low production numbers, lack of effective regulations allows the automobile companies, dealers, and other investors to foster the own money culture in the automobile market. While the invoice amount of vehicle is paid through banking channels directly to the automobile manufacturer, the own money transactions occur through cash only, thus, creating a significantly large black economy in the automobile sector of Pakistan. PIDE Knowledge Brief No. 41:2021 details the ground realities of the nuisance of the own money culture.
 
 
 
 

AKIBAT HUKUM AKUISISI PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP LISENSI MEREK

This study aims to obtain information regarding the legal consequences in the event of an Acquisition of ownership of rights to a Mark and to determine the legal protection of the Brand Licensee against cancellation by the Acquirer. The type of legal research used is normative using qualitative analysis techniques. The results of the study show that the company's acquisition does not have a legal effect on the transfer of ownership of the rights to the Mark because the meaning of the Acquisition contained in the Company Law is the Acquisition of Shares, so that the Acquired party remains the owner of the rights to the Mark. Whereas in Asset Acquisition if the Acquired company transfers the Assets including ownership of the rights to the Mark to the Acquirer, there will be a change in the parties in the Mark Licensing agreement, resulting in legal consequences for the fulfillment of achievements or royalty payments. In the event of the cancellation of the Mark License Agreement by the Acquirer, the Mark Licensee shall receive protection under the Law of the Agreement by filing a breach of contract according to Article 1243 of the Civil Code because Law of Mark and geographical indication only protects the Licensee against the deletion of the registered mark but the Licensee must agree in writing unless agreed otherwise.

Pengaruh Program Pemutihan Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor, Pembebasan Bea Balik Nama (BBN) Kendaraan Bermotor, dan Kualitas Pelayanan Pajak Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor dengan Sosialisasi Perpajakan sebagai Variabel Moderating

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Motor Vehicle Tax Bleaching Program, the Exemption of Transfer of Name Duties and the Quality of Tax Services on the Compliance of Motor Vehicle Taxpayers with Tax Socialization as a Moderating Variable at UPT. Samsat Medan Utara. The research approach used in this study is associative. The sampling technique used is incidental sampling. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires to motorized vehicle taxpayers registered with the UPT. North Medan Samsat. The data analysis technique used in this study is the classical assumption test, multiple linear regression, t-test, f test, coefficient of determination, and moderating regression analysis using the IBM SPSS Version 26.0 program. The results of this study indicate that partially Bleaching Motor Vehicle Taxes has an effect on compliance with motorized vehicle taxpayers, Exemption of Transfer of Names for Motorized Vehicles has an effect on compliance with motorized vehicle taxpayers and the Quality of Tax Services does not affect compliance with motorized vehicle taxpayers. Simultaneously the Motor Vehicle Tax Bleaching Program, the Exemption of Transfer of Ownership of Motor Vehicles, and the Quality of Tax Services have a significant effect on the compliance of motorized vehicle taxpayers. Motor Vehicle Taxpayer Compliance. Socialization of Taxation as a moderating variable is not able to moderate the relationship between Tax Service Quality and Motor Vehicle Taxpayer Compliance UPT. Samsat Medan Utara.

Privatisation, Regulation, and Competition in South Asia (The Mahbub ul Haq Memorial Lecture)

Privatisation has begun to accelerate in India and Pakistan. However, it is not clear that a change in ownership per se will contribute significantly to a more rapid, efficient, and equitable growth unless policies that ensure competition for these enterprises and remove distortions in factor markets also are undertaken at the same time or prior to privatisation. After a brief discussion of the transition from state-led development to more market-oriented policies and gradual opening to world markets, this paper reviews some of the analytical literature on privatisation and regulation. The translation of these theories into concrete policy suggestions is difficult for countries such as Pakistan and India, where many of the assumptions behind the theories do not hold. However, the results of empirical studies on past privatisations around the world do hold lessons for South Asia. Similarly, theories of regulation offer only broad recommendations, most notably (for South Asia) that regulation is not the best way to redistribute resources. The final section of the paper reviews India’s and Pakistan’s experience with privatisation thus far. Attempted privatisation of electricity in India serves as an example of the need for more attention to regulation, while the transfer of ownership has led to better service at lower cost in the telecommunications sector. Pakistan’s privatisation programme appears to have had similarly mixed results, though it is difficult to come to firm conclusions with the evidence at hand.

Blockchain and Smart Contracts to Secure Property Transactions in Smart Cities

Cities have been growing at an impressive rate, and with the advancement of technology and digitization, new ways have been proposed to provide cities with a certain level of autonomy and intelligence so that they can self-regulate tasks that currently take a lot of time for both citizens and authorities, and which also have a negative impact on the environment. We have recently experienced one of the most abrupt changes in history as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, where millions of people, businesses, schools, companies, governments, etc., have had to modify their ways of working, in addition to dealing with many other changes in the present moment, the most important of which is the transition to electronic transactions. This is a chance to progress toward smart city transformation and the implementation of models that assist citizens in their ordinary activities. One of the most common activities is the purchase of real estate. In this study, we propose a model to make the purchase and sale of real estate more equitable and fairer, and not just based on the amount of money. A smart home should be able to identify who its current owner is by functioning as an IoT badge, and, after the subject’s identity has been verified, it should be granted full access to all services, or else it should be blocked and/or alerted to the authorities. The use of smart contracts in a blockchain to transfer ownership of a smart home that includes, as inputs, those interested in acquiring a specific house and, as outputs, a person who chose the system based on the requirements previously established by the government of the Smart City. As a result, susceptibility to fraud or interference by a third person is reduced, and an individual’s security of living in a smart home, and therefore, in a smart city, is strengthened.

Strategic reserves in Oregon’s forests for biodiversity, water, and carbon to mitigate and adapt to climate change

Creating strategic forest reserves is essential for stemming the loss of biodiversity and contributing to climate mitigation and adaptation. Meeting preservation targets of 30% protection by 2030, and 50% by 2050 would lead to greater protection of animal taxa and tree species habitat, carbon stocks and accumulation, and forests that are important sources of drinking water. Here, we develop a regional framework to specifically identify at a fine resolution (30 m) high priority forestlands for preservation in Oregon, USA. We include a resilience metric that represents connectivity and topographic diversity, and identify areas within each ecoregion that are ranked high priority for carbon, biodiversity, resilience and drinking water. Oregon has less than 10% of its forestlands protected at the highest levels, yet its temperate forests are among those with the highest carbon densities in the world. Reserves for surface drinking water sources and forest habitat for birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles could increase to 50–70% protection at the highest levels by 2050. Protected aboveground biomass carbon could triple to 635 teragrams of carbon by 2050. The ownership of the high preservation priority lands for carbon and biodiversity is primarily federal (67% by 2050) followed by private (28% by 2050), with much less in the other ownerships. Forest reserves could be established on federal lands through executive action, regulation and rule-making, while private landowners could be incentivized to store more carbon, limit harvest in certain areas and transfer ownership to land trusts. Protecting mature and old forests on federal lands fulfills an urgent need for protection and provides a low-cost way to simultaneously meet national and international goals. This study provides a flexible, dynamic framework for identifying areas that are high priority to protect for climate mitigation and adaptation at regional and sub-regional scales.

Transfer Period Of Land Rights Ownership By Foreign Citizen Due To Inheritance

Land is an essential natural resource that is very important for the life and livelihood of all living things. Recognizing the importance of the primary need for the land, it is not uncommon for disputes or disputes to arise because of this. The Basic Agrarian Law stipulates that the highest and strongest ownership of land rights, namely property rights, can only be owned by Indonesian citizens. If there are foreign nationals who have ownership rights to land in Indonesia by accident due to inheritance, then within one year the person concerned is required to relinquish his rights. The mechanism of transfer of land rights ownership by foreigners is not really clear enough. Thus, this paper aims to justify and emphasize when the duration starts to be calculated because the laws and regulations do not provide any explanation regarding this. This study uses a normative juridical legal research method based on a literature study on various legal theories and laws and regulations. The problem approach used is the statutory and doctrinal approach. The results of this study are the period of transfer of ownership of land rights by foreign citizens due to inheritance, starting from one year since the acquisition of these rights or the loss of citizenship. Foreign heirs have a period of 1 (one) year since the process of changing the name on the land certificate is not counted since the inheritance is opened or since the inheritance certificate has been issued.

Exit strategies of family businesses in Hungary

The study aims to examine the ownership transmission strategies in the context of family firm succession in Hungary. The successful transfer of ownership, management and acquired experience at a family firm represents one of its greatest challenges; however, there is still a lack of understanding of the unique future strategies and succession outcomes of Hungarian family businesses. As a significant proportion of the founders of those family businesses established after the regime change (post-1989) are now reaching retirement age, a study of how such business organisations plan to survive the generational transition is highly relevant. This study applies a mixed methodology of quantitative and a qualitative analysis (e.g.,in the case of IPOs). The results show that the average age of the examined family firm CEOs is higher than the global average and the majority of them plans to keep ownership and management within the family. Other exit strategies (i.e. initial public offerings, mergers and acquisitions) are not typical of the examined sample.