Problem Of Ownership Research Articles

SPOUSES' OWNERSHIP OF LAND: PROBLEMATIC ISSUES

The paper is devoted to the theoretical and practical problems of the spouses' ownership of land plot, especially in cases where this land plot is the personal (separate) property of one spouse, but on this land plot is built the real estate object belonging to both spouses as joint ownership. It is stated that there are several approaches to the legal regulation of civil turnover in relation to the land plot and real estate object built on the land. In particular, the concept of a single object of civil rights (usual as to European countries) and the concept of following the land plot after the real estate object built on it (usual as to Ukraine) are studied. The court practice of applying the Civil and Land Codes regarding transfer of ownership of land plot in cases on division between spouses the real estate object that is built on the land plot is analyzed. It is emphasized that in these cases the transfer is non-payable. The author argues that this approach contradicts the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms regarding the inviolability of property rights, as it provides for free of charge (i.e. volunteer) confiscation of property from its owner against his will. The concept of a single object of civil rights is proposed to adopt in Ukraine. Regarding the distribution property between spouses, the author proposes to introduce a rule for determining the ownership of land plot as the personal (separate) property of one spouse or as joint property of both spouses that is based on the principle of the higher value of the object (land plot or real estate built on it). Accordingly, if the value of the land plot is higher, then the real estate object acquires the same legal regime as the land. Conversely, if the value of the land plot is lower, then it acquires the legal regime of the real estate object located on it. In any case, the other spouse must receive compensation due to the termination of his ownership of the share in the property.

Ногайцы-кочевники в XVIII–XIX вв.: выбор между Российским государством и Османской империей

The article examines the process of formation of the Russian multinational state by the example of the inclusion of Nogai nomads into the Russian Empire in the XVIII–XIX centuries and the subsequent ambiguous phenomenon, the resettlement of part of the ethnos into the Ottoman Empire, to be precise. The relevance of the study is due to the little-studied and fragmentary coverage of the problem of Nogai society’s choice between Russian and Ottoman citizenship in the XVIII-XIX centuries. The novelty of the author’s approach consists in understanding the need to study this issue not only through the prism of the Russian-Turkish rivalry in the North Caucasus and the Northern Black Sea region, but also through the process of integration of Nogai nomads into the Russian Empire in the historical period under consideration. The study reveals the main position of the imperial authorities regarding the formation and development of the administrative and legal system in Nogai society, the inclusion of nomads in the all-Russian political, legal and economic space. The process of formation and functioning of the bailiff apparatus is considered in the context of the implementation of the normative legal acts developed for nomadic Nogai society, such as “The Order for the management of Nogais” (1822) and “The Charter for the management of Nogais and other Mohammedans nomadizing in the Caucasus region” (1827). The author pays special attention to the problem of land ownership and land use faced by nomadic societies in the first half of the XIX century, which was reflected in practice in the restriction and reduction of nomadic lands, and this undoubtedly influenced the economic situation of Nogai nomads. By the middle of the XIX century, the Nogais faced a difficult choice: to join the Russian Empire, sacrificing their identity to a certain extent, or to resist this process, preferring a more radical version of their own historical path. The result of these events was the resettlement of most of the Nogais lived in the North Caucasus and the Northern Black Sea region to the Ottoman Empire. The author highlights the processes of adaptation of Nogai nomads to legal and political conditions in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the XIX century. The problem of choosing citizenship, which faced the Nogais in the XVIII-XIX centuries, eventually led to their dispersed living in our days.

Beyond Bitcoin: The Economics of Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technologies (Chapter 6: Smart Contracts and Blockchain)

In this chapter we discuss smart contracts and functionalities they afford, especially in combination with blockchain. 6.1. The rise of Ethereum. 6.1.1. History. 6.1.2. Ethereum is “different”. 6.2. Smart contracts. 6.2.1. Smart contracts on Ethereum. 6.2.2. What do smart contracts need a blockchain for? 6.3. Tokens. 6.3.1. What are tokens? 6.3.2. Use of tokens. 6.4. Initial coin offering. 6.5 Non-fungible tokens. 6.5.1 NFTs and Smart contracts do not solve digital art ownership problems. 6.5.2. New markets enabled by NFTs. 6.6. DAPPS. 6.7 Blockchain governance, DAPPS and smart contracts. For Chapter 1 (Introduction), see https://ssrn.com/abstract=3135021. For Chapter 2 (Means of Exchange: Ever-present Competition), see https://ssrn.com/abstract=3135028. For Chapter 3 (Platform-based Currencies), see https://ssrn.com/abstract=3135030. For Chapter 4 (Bitcoin and Emergence of Cryptocurrencies), see https://ssrn.com/abstract=3135043. For Chapter 5 (The Rich Land of Crypto), see https://ssrn.com/abstract=3135057. For Chapter 6 (Smart Contracts and Blockchain), see https://ssrn.com/abstract=3894110. For Chapter 7 (Enterprise Blockchains), see https://ssrn.com/abstract=3894117. For Chapter 8 (Conclusions: Future Full of Possibilities), see https://ssrn.com/abstract=3894118.

Uncommon Implications of the Common Ownership Hypothesis

One of the most pressing dilemmas facing consumer protection policy and corporate law is the common ownership problem – the idea that diversified investment products that help millions of consumers are indirectly making them worse off. The hypothesis states that when the same investment funds own sizable stakes in rival firms, those firms will have less incentive to compete with one another, leading to higher prices, lower wages and greater income inequality. We argue that current attempts to resolve the common ownership question are destined for stalemate because they are premised on a misunderstanding of the empirical evidence that frames the issue. The problem stems from a flawed measure of common ownership that drives the results of the empirical research on common ownership mechanically, rather than revealing anything about the underlying reality of the issue. We demonstrate this flaw by replicating the foundational “airline paper,” showing that a relationship between ownership and anticompetitive price increases can be obtained using completely random common ownership or low, presumably harmless levels of common ownership, in line with what some have proposed as a legal limit. We propose an alternative empirical and legal approach to the common ownership problem that empirically tests a set of logical implications of common ownership theory that have thus far been missing from the conversation. These implications entail empirical observations that should be surprising and uncommon absent the effects of common ownership. Specifically, if the economic theory that underpins the hypothesis is true, certain transactional forms in the life of a firm that are assumed irrelevant for consumers should have dramatic effects on consumer prices. For example, Mondelez’s decision to change a subsidiary’s on-paper nationality through a tax inversion would be expected to lower other companies’ coffee prices. And Proctor & Gamble’s decision to pay in stock instead of cash to acquire Gillette should cause unrelated third-party companies to sell cheaper batteries. We explain how predictions like these can guide legal research and empirical inquiry into common ownership’s effects, mechanisms and solutions.

Evaluation of Farms’ Sustainability According to Land Tenure in Mornag, Tunisia

<p>In Tunisia the main objective of sustainable agriculture is to improve agricultural systems by creating more wealth and meeting the needs of the population without compromising those of future generations. It turned out that confusion and lack of clarity of ownership status of agricultural land would lead to instability in agricultural sustainability by having a negative impact on social and economic prosperity and environment preservation. Within this environmental concern, the current research constitutes an assessment of the level of sustainability of different farms in Tunisia where problems of land ownership still exist. The current research is based on the Farm Sustainability Indicators method (standing for: <em>‘Indicateurs de durabilité des exploitations agricoles </em>or IDEA). This case study employed IDEA method which provides operational content to compare the sustainability concept at the farm level, based on the factor of ‘land tenure status’. In Tunisia, the lack of clear land ownership affects the output of agriculture that is why it is valuable to assess the impact of land properties status on farms’ agricultural sustainability. Hence, we distinguished two groups of farms: Private Farms (PF) (inherited from father to son) and Farming Enhancement Corporation (FEC) (state’s lands leased by farmers for many years). The results showed that land tenure has impact on farms sustainability. PF are more sustainable on both agro-ecological scale (49.2) and socio-territorial scale (48); compared to FEC (agro-ecological: 44.5 and socio-territorial: 46). PF favor integrated systems and the production of field crops and fodder crops and they attach greater importance to their employees’ training.</p>

Common Ownership and the Corporate Governance Channel for Employer Power in Labor Markets

This article combines two relatively new subjects of antitrust scholarly interest: labor market power, and corporate governance. In so doing, it speaks to a number of recent debates that have grown up both inside the scholarly antitrust literature and adjacent to it. First, the paper interprets the shift in the balance of power within corporations favoring shareholders at the expense of workers, both in economic-theoretical and historical terms. Second, it lays out the role of shareholders and the common ownership channel as a vector for anti-competitive conduct arising between firms, not just within firms, thanks to profit-maximization at the portfolio level rather than the firm level. Third, it evaluates the claim that employer market power has increased, relative to other current explanations for labor market trends. Fourth, it ties rising employer power in labor markets to the increasing significance of common ownership. And finally, it contends that antitrust is a suitable policy remedy to the dual problems of anti-competitive common ownership and increased employer power, provided it abandons the consumer welfare standard and instead elevates worker welfare to an equivalent juridical status.

Assessment of the determinants of accessibility of sport facilities and equipment: the case of Dessie city administration

The purpose of the study was to assess the Determinants of accessibility of Sport facilities and equipment the Case of Dessie City administration. The data was collected through questionnaire, interview and observation method from the list of sampling frame, a total of 3939 respondents participated as the source of data by using simple random sampling and purposive sampling methods. The design of the study was descriptive survey research. The data collected were organized, analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive statics. The findings indicated that budget, low efforts, role and capability of sport administrators to mobilize the community, problem of sport facilities ownership and unable to the surrounding opportunities and less protection of the community for sport facilities resources are the determinants of availability of sport facilities and equipments. Consequently, it was concluded that less annual sport facilities budget, less capability of sport administrators to mobilize the surrounding community in generating income, sport facilities ownership issues and surrounding opportunities are limiting factor of the availability of sport facilities and equipments in Dessie city administration. Thus, it was recommended that an appropriate budget has to be allocated for the availability of sport facilities and equipments in accordance with the annual activity plan of the sub cities, the concerned bodies have to build the capacity of the sport administrators to work with surrounding community in generating income for the development of sport activities and sport facilities fulfilments, the concerned body has to give a due attention for the protection of sport facilities and the community itself will protect the resources there.

Inactivity of public authority as a subject of land dispute in administrative legal proceedings

In recent years, conflicts in land relations between citizens and government have been increasingly occurring in Ukraine. On the one hand, citizens are striving to realize their right to receive a land plot free of charge, on the other hand, authorities are trying to ignore the corresponding statements of citizens. The purpose of this research is to formulate a legal position concerning the inactivity of authorities in relations arising from the initiative of citizens regarding granting them permission for the development of a land management plan with the subsequent transfer of a land plot into ownership, as well as to determine the optimal way to protect the violated rights of citizens as a result of unlawful inactivity of public authorities. The study has been characterization and identification of peculiarities of application of the principle of tacit consent in land permission relations; indicated ways of protecting the rights of an individual as a result of unlawful inactivity of a powerful subject; established nature of the discretionary powers of the competent authorities. The importance and value of research are complex in nature and is revealed in its social significance since it consists in publication and raising problematic issues in the land sphere for public discussion; the economic value is manifested in helping to resolve real estate ownership problems; legal significance consists in determining perspective directions of legal and regulatory improvement of land relations; the applied value which is manifested in the promotion of the activities of local self-government bodies and administrative justice.

Understanding The Problem of Control and Ownership of Mojok.co: Is It Still Alternative?

The development of digital technology in the past ten years has been transforming the media forms. New media are emerging and presenting its characteristics that blur the boundary between the sender and receiver. New media empowers the receiver to take part as content providers. Then, recently we can see there are new media platform produced by people who previously only became the contents recipients. This media can be an alternative in the dominance of large industrial media. De-professionalized, de-capitalized, and de-institutionalized are the characteristics of alternative media. Mojok.co is one of the examples of the alternative media. In order to maintain its existence, there are problems need to be concerned, especially financial issues. Mojok.co is also considerate to this issue, and once became the crucial case. As an alternative media, Mojok.co run into financial problem, that forced this site to accepted the fund from investor. The involvement of the investors to the media life encouraged the rethinking of the three characteristics of alternative media, which is already mentioned. Investment presents new problem, such as the problem of ownership and control. Those problems will provide many changes in the production of alternative media content. The investment of Tirto.co to Mojok.co implicated to the changes of Mojok.co. Mojok.co lost its independence. There are some requirements charged by Mojok.co, such as certain targets to achieve page views. By pursuing view, Mojok.co actually has no difference from others digital media assigning Alexa rank as the indicator of the achievement of the media. Ideologically, Mojok.co stated that this site would not take sides with certain ideologies. Accommodating all ideologies indicates that Mojok.co is trying to reach all targets. For this reason, a study of political economy needs to be done to understand the problem. Through the study of political economy, this research found the control mechanism, the shifting of editorial policies and the production practices of the Mojok.co after Tirto.co’s investment. Commodification of content become a policy in editorial for gaining more readers.Keywords: Alternative Media, Ownership, Commodification, Mojok.co ABSTRAKPerkembangan teknologi digital dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir telah mengubah bentuk media. Media baru bermunculan dan menampilkan karakteristiknya yang mengaburkan batas antara pengirim dan penerima. Media baru memberdayakan penerima untuk berperan sebagai penyedia konten. Lalu, belakangan ini kita bisa melihat ada platform media baru yang diproduksi oleh orang-orang yang sebelumnya hanya menjadi penerima konten. Media ini bisa menjadi alternatif dalam dominasi media industri besar. De-profesionalisasi, de-kapitalisasi, dan de-institusionalisasi adalah karakteristik media alternatif. Mojok.co adalah salah satu contoh media alternatif. Untuk mempertahankan eksistensinya, ada beberapa masalah yang perlu mendapat perhatian, terutama masalah keuangan. Mojok.co juga memperhatikan masalah ini, dan pernah menjadi kasus krusial. Sebagai salah satu media alternatif, Mojok.co mengalami masalah keuangan yang memaksa situs ini menerima dana dari investor. Keterlibatan investor dalam kehidupan media mendorong pemikiran ulang ketiga karakteristik media alternatif yang telah disebutkan. Investasi menghadirkan masalah baru, seperti masalah kepemilikan dan penguasaan. Masalah-masalah tersebut akan memberikan banyak perubahan dalam produksi konten media alternatif. Investasi Tirto.co ke Mojok.co berimplikasi pada perubahan Mojok.co. Mojok.co kehilangan kemerdekaannya. Ada beberapa persyaratan yang dibebankan oleh Mojok.co, seperti target tertentu untuk mencapai tampilan halaman. Dilihat dari sudut pandang, Mojok.co sebenarnya tidak berbeda dengan media digital lainnya yang menempatkan Alexa rank sebagai indikator pencapaian media. Secara ideologis, kata Mojok.co, situs ini tidak akan berpihak pada ideologi tertentu. Akomodatif semua ideologi menunjukkan bahwa Mojok.co berusaha untuk mencapai semua target. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan kajian ekonomi politik untuk memahami permasalahan tersebut. Melalui kajian ekonomi politik, penelitian ini menemukan bagaimana mekanisme kontrol, pergeseran kebijakan redaksi dan praktik produksi Mojok.co pasca investasi Tirto.com. Komodifikasi isi menjadi bagian dalam kebijakan redaksi untuk mendapatan pembaca yang lebih banyak.Kata Kunci: Media alternatif, Kepemilikan, Komodifikasi, Mojok.co

Kepemilikan Hak Atas Tanah dalam Perkawinan Campuran

The study of this research is a review of the ownership of land rights for husbands / wives as a result of the existence of mixed marriages, currently mixed marriages exist in various circles of Indonesian society, the cause of this legal incident is the result of the fast and easy development of the times, and is supported by international relations that continue to increase. With the occurrence of many mixed marriages in Indonesia, legal protection in mixed marriages should be accommodated properly in the legislation in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to understand the arrangement of ownership of land rights according to Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning agrarian principles and to know the status of ownership of land rights that can be owned in mixed marriages. Researchers use normative techniques, namely normative legal research methods or library law research methods, which are methods or methods used in legal research conducted by examining existing library materials. This research illustrates that the ownership of land rights according to Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Basic Agrarian Regulations in general, land rights can be in the form of property rights, land use rights, land use rights, and finally use rights which are between one and one rights. Other rights have different meanings in terms of limitations on legal subjects of ownership and limitations on the duration of ownership. The status of ownership of land rights that can be owned in mixed marriages is attached to people who have Indonesian citizenship and in mixed marriages the problems of ownership of the rights over can be resolved by a marriage agreement made between the parties.

Larangan Kepemilikan Tanah Pertanian Secara Absentee Dan Pertanggung Jawaban Hukum Badan Pertanahan Di Kabupaten Tulungagung

Reforms have been carried out by the government through many land reform programs that regulate land ownership and legal relations between owners and land objects, so that a prosperous and productive society is created to advance the national economy and food security. One of them is the prohibition of agricultural land ownership regulated in article 10 paragraph (1) of the Basic Agrarian Law. It is expected that the owners of agricultural land will work on their own land so that productivity will be maximized, the community will be taught to work and be productive regularly and routinely. But in reality in the field in Jabalsari village Sumbergempol subdistrict Tulungagung regency there are still many people who control agricultural land absentee and interpreted the rules of ownership of agricultural land absentee not yet effective, so this research aims to find out the causes of absentee ownership of agricultural land and how a large role Tulungagung Regency National Land Agency in terms of absentee ownership of agricultural land. This research is carried out using the Empirical Juridical method namely how the law is implemented in social life. The results of research conducted in Jabalsari village Sumbergempol Sub-district Tulungagung District showed that absentee land ownership in Tulungagung District occurred due to many factors namely: community awareness factors, cultural factors, legal factors, law enforcement factors in the area, facility and infrastructure factors as well as quite a lot It was found that economic factors, and the responsibility of the National Land Agency of Tulungagung Regency still reached the supervision of certified land and improved administration of agricultural land data, this was done so that in the future it would run and orderly administration of the problem of absentee ownership of agricultural land.

Effects of the private land acquisition process and costs on mining enterprises before mining operation activities in Turkey

According to the mining legislation in Turkey, different permits must be obtained from the authorized institutions or to reach an agreement with a private landowner according to whether there is private or public land for mining. If the landowner and the mining investor do not agree, the expropriation is conducted if the public interest is observed in the mining operation. There is no doubt that the rights of landowners should be adequately ensured by legislation. However, there are cases where land ownership problems cannot be solved in areas that overlap with mining areas and are subject to private ownership. The expropriation permit process may sometimes last 1.5–2 years. Therefore, mining enterprises are unable to start production activities and risk losing their investments. Especially for the reasons related to private landowners and experts, private land acquisition/expropriation costs for mining activities are quite high compared with the market.To identify and produce solutions to the legal problems in Turkey, in May, June, and July of 2018, a survey study was conducted to ask mining enterprises about their problems in private land acquisition and the costs for them. The mining sector in Turkey expects that all applicable legislations will be proposed in a manner that does not waste the time of the mining investor and that the private land acquisition/expropriation costs will be reduced in a manner that does not pose a risk of mining investment. In this respect, the ratio of expropriation costs to the mining investment amount (MIA) was analyzed according to the different mineral groups and the social and economic development level of the cities where mining was conducted. Based on this research, legislation practices also have negative effects on mining enterprises, on the expropriation costs and the expropriation permit processes.

What Is Community Policing?: Divergent Agendas, Practices, and Experiences of Transforming the Police in Kenya

AbstractIn line with global trends, community policing has been a vehicle for transforming the state police in Kenya. This article analyses various community policing efforts in Kenya and argues that many of these initiatives have largely failed to act as a vehicle for transformation due to three interconnected problems of diversity, representation, and ownership. The first problem—diversity—relates to the multiplicity of definitions, manifestations, and practices of community policing, which creates uncertainty and provides space for various actors to engage with it in conflicting ways. The second problem—representation—concerns the identification and creation of the ‘community’: this remains to occur in a state-driven manner and is also not a straightforward concept or organizational unit, especially in a highly multi-ethnic and classed setting as Kenya. The third is ownership: community policing is not experienced or exercised as a partnership, but as a state-centric framework that should remain under the direction and ownership of the state police. We make our claim by focusing on Likoni, Mombasa and drawing from further qualitative data conducted by both authors in Kenya.

Modeling sequences of discrete and continuous variables over time with an application to the vehicle ownership and usage problem

The problem of modeling individual decisions repeatedly over time is important to study dynamics in travel behavior, changes in preferences, and adoption of new services or technologies. Although different methods have been proposed to account for dynamics in pure discrete choice contexts, the case where both continuous and discrete decision variables evolve dynamically has not been fully solved. In this paper, we develop a methodology for the problem of vehicle ownership and usage in a finite time horizon, but the formulation is general and can be easily transferred to other contexts where discrete–continuous decision variables are modeled in time. The model specification is based on a recursive binary probit model that maximizes instantaneous and future utility components of discrete choices, and on a linear regression that models the continuous decision variable. Empirical results are obtained using simulated data; validation tests attest that trends in demand are correctly recovered.

Роль устной традиции в письменных контекстах (на примере документов Тарского Прииртышья Петровской эпохи)

The article examines written documents created at the end of the XVII — first quarter of the XVIII centuries in the Tarsky Irtysh region, for inclusion in them as one of the sources of oral evidence. The article analyzes the role of oral tradition in the process of solving the problems of land ownership.

Blockchain and the international law regime of activities in cyberspace

From the beginning, blockchain was recognized as significant enhancement of opportunities for interaction through the Internet. Together with smart-contracts, which are an inevitable furtherance of this technology, blockchain allows activities in the Internet to not depend on state support, particularly legal. Consequently, many well-known means for implementing this technology resulted in a surge of anxiety from states. The realization of relations entirely with the framework of cyberspace, often without some manifestation in the material world, with universal access of objects of these relations thanks to the Internet, raise a series of interesting difficult questions which arose earlier, but remained unresolved. This paper focuses on the development of international law norms with specific attention given to the articulation of issues and their affordable solutions. In this regard, in connection with the main topic, the author also discusses the interrelationship between international public and international private law, the concept of property with regard to discussions around the legal nature of “digital objects”, the principles of choice of the law applicable, and a number of other general doctrinal problems as they relate to the realities of the relations arising in “virtual reality”. The article presents a legal analysis of the issues emerging from the application of information technologies, such as the principles of technological neutrality, the autonomy of the Internet cyberspace, the problems of localization of Internet activity, and restrictions of such activities of sites’ owners as a restricting in relation to their domicile jurisdiction. The concept of targeting foreign Internet users and the approaches to “nationalization” of Internet activities is also elaborated upon. The author describes the structure of various legal relations arising from the use of the Internet and makes comments on the preferable legal policy in this area. Significant attention is given to the problems of ownership of mining capacities, and the consequences of their concentration in the hands of individual actors on the Internet.

E-Citizenship:, A Proposed Solution For Land Ownership Problems In The Land Management Sector In Palestine

يهدف البحث الى إيجاد آلية لمنح المواطنين الفلسطينيين جميعا الرقم الوطني أسوة بباقي الشعوب وباقي الدول، والى فحص إمكانية تخطي القيود التي تفرضها إسرائيل من خلال احتكارها لإصدار ارقام الهوية الفلسطينية وحصرها في المواطنين الذين يقيمون في الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة. الامر الذي يحرم باقي الفلسطينيين في الشتات ومعظمهم لاجئون من الحصول على الجنسية الفلسطينية والرقم الوطني. يستهدف البحث عموم الشعب الفلسطيني في الداخل والشتات وسيحاول الإفادة من تجارب دول أخرى في استخدام تقنيات جديدة وأساليب مستحدثة لحل وتجاوز هذه المشكلة تسمى المواطنة الالكترونية، على الرغم من أن أسباب استخدام تلك التقنيات في تلك الدول مختلفة عن هدف هذا البحث إلا أنها تقدم حلا لمشكلة البحث. كما أن لها آثارا إيجابية أخرى كخطوة أساسية نحو التوجه الى الحكومة الإلكترونية والخدمات الإلكترونية من خلال استخدام المواطنة الالكترونية. وفي هذا السياق اختير قطاع الأراضي لإظهار وتوضيح مشكلة البحث وكيف تحل المواطنة الالكترونية هذه المشكلة.

Изменение структуры сельскохозяйственных угодий в Кабардино-Балкарской Республике: проблемы и перспективы

The paper presents the dynamics of changes in the structure of agricultural land in the Kabardino- Balkar Republic, characteristics of the impact of land structure on land use and ecology, analysis of land use and land ownership problems, and prospects for crop production in the region. A method for regulating the structure of agricultural land by determining the maximum changes in the ratio of arable land and gardens.

Estratégias de aquisição da casa própria: a trajetória de algumas famílias negras paulistanas nas décadas de 1920 a 1940

Resumo No Brasil, há uma crença cultural de que a atitude mais sábia para garantir uma economia doméstica segura e estável é a aquisição da casa própria. Por gerações, o “sonho da casa própria” tem sido cultivado como um horizonte a se atingir. Confirmando essa tendência, desde a década de 1920, a “casa própria” torna-se uma noção mobilizada nos periódicos da imprensa negra, circulando em diversos artigos como uma aspiração desejável e uma orientação ao público dos jornais. Entre 1924 e 1937, dois dos principais jornais da imprensa negra paulista, O Clarim da Alvorada e A Voz da Raça, realizaram uma campanha em favor da casa própria, difundindo entre as famílias negras paulistanas a ideia da importância da aquisição imobiliária. Essas campanhas constituem um indício importante da relevância da aquisição residencial para as famílias negras do período. Neste trabalho, procuramos analisar essa importância como estratégia de seguridade social intergeracional, por meio da apresentação de três casos de famílias negras que realizaram esse objetivo entre as décadas de 1920 e 1940. Os depoimentos das famílias negras aqui reportados indicam precocidade, especificidades e estratégias que representam novos desafios para a reflexão sobre a formulação do problema da casa própria, a partir do ponto de vista racial.

Struktura dóbr szlacheckich w księstwie głogowskim i podstawy ich prawnego funkcjonowania w czasach habsburskich (1526–1740)

<p>W artykule omówiono problem kształtowania się własności ziemskiej w rękach szlachty w okresie habsburskim na obszarze księstwa głogowskiego, pozostającego wydzieloną częścią administracyjną ówczesnego władztwa czeskiego. Poruszono głównie kwestie związane z potencjałem ludnościowym księstwa, z jego terytorium, na bazie czego dokonano analizy rozwoju drobnej, średniej i wielkiej własności ziemskiej. Majątki szlacheckie księstwa głogowskiego powierzane były w posiadanie na podstawie trzech porządków prawnych. Główny podział przebiegał na linii dziedziczności bezwarunkowej, dziedziczności lennej oraz formy przejściowej. U podstaw takiego zróżnicowania leżała skomplikowana historia księstwa głogowskiego tak w środkowym, jak i późnym średniowieczu, a więc jego przynależność do Korony Czech, władania nim przez Piastów głogowskich, a następnie powierzenie go w ręce członków polsko-litewskiej dynastii Jagiellonów (Jana Olbrachta i Zygmunta Jagiellończyka, Władysława Jagiellończyka i Ludwika II). Opisane zróżnicowanie pod względem wielkości majątków i ich pozycji prawnej względem króla Czech związane było z występowaniem tutaj takich form, jak tzw. władztwa, fideikomisy, majoraty i wolne państwo stanowe. Właściciele każdego z nich dysponowali odmiennymi prawami do ziemi, a ich majątki – wraz z podnoszeniem rangi – mogły stać się nawet odrębnymi jednostkami administracyjnymi, których właściciele mogli pozyskać dla siebie prawa równe książęcym (w tym np. osobną pozycję w życiu publicznym przez uzyskanie głosu indywidualnego podczas obrad sejmu śląskiego).</p>