Ownership Of Devices Research Articles

The use of mobile phones and the heterogeneity of banana farmers in Rwanda

Information and communications technologies (ICTs) play a key role in improving agricultural production, enhancing socio-ecological resilience, and mitigating rural poverty. However, the use of ICTs for agricultural development among smallholder farmers, especially in the least developed countries, still lags behind. It is therefore critical to understand distinct attitudes among heterogeneous smallholder farmers that determine use of ICTs, such as mobile phones. Moreover, data-driven empirical studies on the use of mobile phones in smallholder settings are still scarce. We bridge this knowledge gap by evaluating the link between the use of mobile phones and various farming types of smallholder farmers in Rwanda. Using the principal component and cluster analysis, we analyzed 690 banana farming households across eight of the 10 major agro-ecological zones of Rwanda and developed a typology of banana farms. We identified three distinct farm types based on a combination of various farmer characteristics and farm operations and endowments, namely the beer banana, livestock-based, and the cooking banana farm types. These farm types clearly differ in terms of ownership and use of both basic and smart mobile devices. Farmers in the cooking banana farm type are far more likely to own and use smart mobile phones than in other types. Regression results further indicated that farm type, gender, and education have significant correlations with the perceived usefulness of mobile phones in agriculture. Major barriers to using ICT-based agricultural services were 1) low awareness of the existence of ICT services, 2) limited availability of ICT services, 3) lack of technical know-how, 4) relatively high prices of ICT devices, and 5) low levels of ICT literacy. This empirical study provides strategically important insights for the transition to digital agriculture in the context of smallholder farming systems.

The Role of Health Kiosks: Scoping Review.

BackgroundHealth kiosks are publicly accessible computing devices that provide access to services, including health information provision, clinical measurement collection, patient self–check-in, telemonitoring, and teleconsultation. Although the increase in internet access and ownership of smart personal devices could make kiosks redundant, recent reports have predicted that the market will continue to grow.ObjectiveWe seek to clarify the current and future roles of health kiosks by investigating the settings, roles, and clinical domains in which kiosks are used; whether usability evaluations of health kiosks are being reported, and if so, what methods are being used; and what the barriers and facilitators are for the deployment of kiosks.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review using a bibliographic search of Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases for studies and other publications between January 2009 and June 2020. Eligible papers described the implementation as primary studies, systematic reviews, or news and feature articles. Additional reports were obtained by manual searching and querying the key informants. For each article, we abstracted settings, purposes, health domains, whether the kiosk was opportunistic or integrated with a clinical pathway, and whether the kiosk included usability testing. We then summarized the data in frequency tables.ResultsA total of 141 articles were included, of which 134 (95%) were primary studies, and 7 (5%) were reviews. Approximately 47% (63/134) of the primary studies described kiosks in secondary care settings. Other settings included community (32/134, 23.9%), primary care (24/134, 17.9%), and pharmacies (8/134, 6%). The most common roles of the health kiosks were providing health information (47/134, 35.1%), taking clinical measurements (28/134, 20.9%), screening (17/134, 12.7%), telehealth (11/134, 8.2%), and patient registration (8/134, 6.0%). The 5 most frequent health domains were multiple conditions (33/134, 24.6%), HIV (10/134, 7.5%), hypertension (10/134, 7.5%), pediatric injuries (7/134, 5.2%), health and well-being (6/134, 4.5%), and drug monitoring (6/134, 4.5%). Kiosks were integrated into the clinical pathway in 70.1% (94/134) of studies, opportunistic kiosks accounted for 23.9% (32/134) of studies, and in 6% (8/134) of studies, kiosks were used in both. Usability evaluations of kiosks were reported in 20.1% (27/134) of papers. Barriers (e.g., use of expensive proprietary software) and enablers (e.g., handling of on-demand consultations) of deploying health kiosks were identified.ConclusionsHealth kiosks still play a vital role in the health care system, including collecting clinical measurements and providing access to web-based health services and information to those with little or no digital literacy skills and others without personal internet access. We identified research gaps, such as training needs for teleconsultations and scant reporting on usability evaluation methods.

Adolescent media use, parent involvement and health outcomes: a latent class analysis approach

ABSTRACT Media use among early adolescents is nearly ubiquitous and has been associated with important health outcomes such as physical activity, sleep and problematic internet use (PIU). Parent involvement has been recommended as a prevention strategy; it remains unclear how it is associated with media use and health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to develop profiles of media use, parent involvement and health outcomes among adolescents. Early adolescents were recruited to a cross-sectional online survey using the Qualtrics platform and panels. Media use measures included ownership and bedroom use of devices, social media platforms and video games. Parent media involvement assessed media rules and role-modeling. Health measures included physical activity, sleep and PIU. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct profile groups across these three areas. The 1155 participants had a mean age of 13.6 years (SD = 1.1), of whom 49.7% were female, 73.7% were White and 61.1% had parent education with a college degree. We found that most participants owned personal media devices, including smartphones (81.4%), computers (64.6%) and video game systems (58.9%). The LCA identified three distinct profile groups: (1) Active Autonomous Media Users, (2) Young Low-Tech Sleepers and (3) Risky Regulated Media Users. Findings support that media use patterns vary across adolescents, suggesting different education and prevention approaches may be needed. Targeting educational messages to different media profiles may be an effective strategy to optimize productive media use and health.

Problematics of 6th grade students in Utilizing the Media Learning Science in the Pandemic Period

This study aims to describe 1) the use of science learning media for 6th during the pandemic period, 2) the problems in the utilization of 6th learning media during the pandemic period and 3) efforts to overcome the problems in the utilization of science learning media for 6th grade students during the pandemic period. This is a qualitative approach with a type of case study. The data of this research are the data on the problems of students in the utilization of science learning media for 6th grade students State Elementary School 4 Pulutan Kulon, Wuryantoro Wonogiri. The data sources of this research were 6th grade students, 6th grade teachers, school principals and parents of 6th grade students. This research was conducted in the second semester of the 2020/2021 learning year. The data collection technique was carried out by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used interactive analysis by Miles and Huberman. The data validity test used triangulation of sources, methods and theories. This study concludes that 1) The media used in science learning in grade VI are varied and effective. The learning media includes visual, audio-visual and realia media. 2) Problems in the use of learning media experienced by students include internet network constraints, limited device ownership, the environment around students is different, students' lack of interest in the learning videos provided, tools and materials for practicum at home with limited surroundings, and lack of parental assistance in science learning. 3) Efforts were made to overcome the problems of utilizing natural science media during the pandemic, namely by collaborating with parents, forming small groups of students for cooperation. With the results of this study is expected to be a consideration in determining the medium of science learning during distance learning.

Transitioning from face-to-face classes to emergency remote learning

Abstract
 The COVID-19 pandemic forced higher education institutions to pivot their traditional face-to-face teaching to emergency remote teaching (ERT), causing a shift in delivery modalities. Recent studies have described ERT's existing experiences as an emerging transitioning methodological alternative to comply with the social distancing and safety guidelines stipulated globally. This research study merges data from two sources in a convergent parallel mixed method design. Thus, the study presents a systematization of the action plan undergone by the faculty authorities of Universidad Nacional of Costa Rica and a follow-up trace analysis of newcomer's experiences in the Bachelor major in English Teaching as a Foreign Language at the school of Literature and Language Sciences (ELCL, Spanish initials) during the first term of 2020. Results evince the students' experience in tech possibilities, electronic device ownership, and healthy, economic, social, or physical learning setting issues. Lastly, the researchers propose an empathetic design thinking further research study to determine where to integrate technology at the BA TEFL major.
 
 Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, face-to-face teaching, emergency remote teaching, newcomer students' experiences, higher education

Exploring links between ownership, governance and condition of stormwater quality improvement devices

Local government uses the development approval process to place responsibility for stormwater treatment with private landholders through the installation of stormwater quality improvement devices on their land. This source control strategy can complement publicly owned and managed centralized solutions to improve urban water quality outcomes. The maintenance of decentralized solutions for waterway health is compromised by the motivation of individuals whose professed value of cleaner waterways is not evident in their individual lot-based actions. This exploratory research makes four policy and governance observations: waterway policy should consider property scale and ownership type when allocating responsibility for stormwater treatment; devices need to be integrated within the landscape and be publicly visible; education and regulation are advised in order to better support devices placed in private ownership; and policy will be more likely to achieve cleaner waterways if it aligns the motivations of waterway scientists, maintenance actors and property owners.

Mobile Device Ownership, Current Use, and Interest in Mobile Health Interventions Among Low-Income Older Chinese Immigrants With Type 2 Diabetes: Cross-sectional Survey Study.

BackgroundChinese immigrants suffer a disproportionately high type 2 diabetes (T2D) burden and tend to have poorly controlled disease. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have been shown to increase access to care and improve chronic disease management in minority populations. However, such interventions have not been developed for or tested in Chinese immigrants with T2D.ObjectiveThis study aims to examine mobile device ownership, current use, and interest in mHealth interventions among Chinese immigrants with T2D.MethodsIn a cross-sectional survey, Chinese immigrants with T2D were recruited from Chinese community centers in New York City. Sociodemographic characteristics, mobile device ownership, current use of social media software applications, current use of technology for health-related purposes, and interest in using mHealth for T2D management were assessed. Surveys were administered face-to-face by bilingual study staff in the participant’s preferred language. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study sample and summarize technology use.ResultsThe sample (N=91) was predominantly female (n=57, 63%), married (n=68, 75%), and had a high school education or less (n=58, 64%); most participants had an annual household income of less than US $25,000 (n=63, 69%) and had limited English proficiency (n=78, 86%). The sample had a mean age of 70 (SD 11) years. Almost all (90/91, 99%) participants had a mobile device (eg, basic cell phones, smart devices), and the majority (n=83, 91%) reported owning a smart device (eg, smartphone or tablet). WeChat was the most commonly used social media platform (65/91, 71%). When asked about their top source for diabetes-related information, 63 of the 91 participants (69%) reported health care providers, followed by 13 who reported the internet (14%), and 10 who reported family, friends, and coworkers (11%). Less than one-quarter (21/91, 23%) of the sample reported using the internet to search for diabetes-related information in the past 12 months. About one-third of the sample (34/91, 37%) reported that they had watched a health-related video on their cell phone or computer in the past 12 months. The majority (69/91, 76%) of participants reported interest in receiving an mHealth intervention in the future to help with T2D management.ConclusionsDespite high mobile device ownership, the current use of technology for health-related issues remained low in older Chinese immigrants with T2D. Given the strong interest in future mHealth interventions and high levels of social media use (eg, WeChat), future studies should consider how to leverage these existing low-cost platforms and deliver tailored mHealth interventions to this fast-growing minority group.

Smartphone Ownership and Interest in Mobile Health Technologies for Self-care Among Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Cross-sectional Survey Study

BackgroundHeart failure (HF) is a highly prevalent chronic condition that places a substantial burden on patients, families, and health care systems worldwide. Recent advances in mobile health (mHealth) technologies offer great opportunities for supporting many aspects of HF self-care. There is a need to better understand patients’ adoption of and interest in using mHealth for self-monitoring and management of HF symptoms.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to assess smartphone ownership and patient attitudes toward using mHealth technologies for HF self-care in a predominantly minority population in an urban clinical setting.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of adult outpatients (aged ≥18 years) at an academic outpatient HF clinic in the Midwest. The survey comprised 34 questions assessing patient demographics, ownership of smartphones and other mHealth devices, frequently used smartphone features, use of mHealth apps, and interest in using mHealth technologies for vital sign and HF symptom self-monitoring and management.ResultsA total of 144 patients were approached, of which 100 (69.4%) participated in the study (63/100, 63% women). The participants had a mean age of 61.3 (SD 12.25) years and were predominantly Black or African American (61/100, 61%) and Hispanic or Latino (18/100, 18%). Almost all participants (93/100, 93%) owned a cell phone. The share of patients who owned a smartphone was 68% (68/100). Racial and ethnic minorities that identified as Black or African American or Hispanic or Latino reported higher smartphone ownership rates compared with White patients with HF (45/61, 74% Black or African American and 11/18, 61% Hispanic or Latino vs 9/17, 53% White). There was a moderate and statistically significant association between smartphone ownership and age (Cramér V [ΦC]=0.35; P<.001), education (ΦC=0.29; P=.001), and employment status (ΦC=0.3; P=.01). The most common smartphone features used by the participants were SMS text messaging (51/68, 75%), internet browsing (43/68, 63%), and mobile apps (41/68, 60%). The use of mHealth apps and wearable activity trackers (eg, Fitbits) for self-monitoring of HF-related parameters was low (15/68, 22% and 15/100, 15%, respectively). The most popular HF-related self-care measures participants would like to monitor using mHealth technologies were physical activity (46/68, 68%), blood pressure (44/68, 65%), and medication use (40/68, 59%).ConclusionsMost patients with HF have smartphones and are interested in using commercial mHealth apps and connected health devices to self-monitor their condition. Thus, there is a great opportunity to capitalize on the high smartphone ownership among racial and ethnic minority patients to increase reach and enhance HF self-management through mHealth interventions.

To negotiate or not negotiate: professional boundaries surrounding mobile device usage

ABSTRACT With the widespread ownership and usage of mobile devices combined with the subsequent challenges usage poses on relationships, this research examines how people negotiate time spent on mobile devices (smartphones and/or tablets) accomplishing professional tasks. Participants in this study were the users of the mobile device within a full-time managerial level position. Diverse organizational representation included, but not limited to health care, engineering, public relations, finance, education, and distribution management industries. Using qualitative methods and semi-structured interviews, data analysis unveiled what negotiation means when using mobile devices in any capacity for professional reasons within the domestic (familial) sphere. Management-level organizational members share how parameters (sometimes called boundaries or borders) are both in and out of their control when using mobile devices to communicate professionally. Within their control was the users’ ability to engage or disengage, while also challenged with situations out of their control due to organizational directives. This research re-conceptualizes the concepts of Clark’s (2000) Work/Family Border Theory. While this data was gathered prior to Covid19, understanding this balance has current and future relevancy from an academic and applied perspective.

Unsung voices of technology in school education-findings using the constructivist grounded theory approach

Technology adoption for school education further gained momentum during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the challenges and strategies of children belonging to the less privileged (we use ‘privileged’ in the article to identify those enjoying a standard of living or rights as majority of people in the society) families are different from those of the children who come from socio-economically better-off (privileged) backgrounds. The purpose of this research is to explore the experiences of children with school education and using technology for learning. Past studies have highlighted the use of internet and communication technologies as a promising solution to provide quality school education in the remotest parts of the country. Previous research has also ascertained that the socio-economic status divide has no significant impact on the students’ ability to learn using technology. Children can use technology to learn irrespective of their socio-economic status and background. We conducted this exploratory qualitative study from a constructivist grounded theory perspective. A purposive sample of 14 students (9 from underprivileged and 5 from privileged family backgrounds) in the age group of 6–14 years, was used and unstructured interviews were conducted. We analysed the data using constructivist grounded theory methodology. We found that the experiences of privileged and underprivileged children differed with respect to access to internet, affordability of ICT device, quality teachers, parental support, and financial sponsorship. However, the experiences and perspectives of the children were found to be similar with respect to personal ownership of mobile phone device for unlimited time at own disposal, self-directed learning and having a trusted study advisor. The findings may be useful to policy makers and EdTech firms to build strategies and solutions for effective implementation of universal school education in the country.

How does health education media and methods could mostly attract for teenagers? cross-sectional study on junior and senior high school students in Bima-nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia

Objective: To identify how attractive is health promotion media for prevention substance and drug abuse at teenagers. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included students from 20 schools in Bima. We used purposive sampling method and selected 723 respondents from grade 7-12 students. The instrument used was a questionnaire. Data analysis was done using univariate and bivariate analyzed and Chi-Square test. Results: Out of 723 students, 77.6% chose audiovisual media as the most desirable health promotion media and school was the most desirable place for implementing health promotion activities with a duration of 30min-1 hours (61.5%) with a frequency of more than once a year (73.3%). Health workers and non-health workers were equally desirable as educators with the application of cultural elements in health promotion activities (66.9%). The results of the bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test showed that gender (P=0.004, OR=1.677), student education level (P=0.010, OR=1.522) and device ownership (P=0.041, OR=0.522) were significantly associated with the choice of how to apply cultural elements in the promotion of drug abuse prevention activities. Conclusion: The most attractive drug prevention promotion was media for teenagers and needs to be integrated with cultural values with attractive audiovisual.

Screen media are associated with fine motor skill development in preschool children

Media form an integral part of children's environments and represent, amongst other domains, altered sensorimotor experiences. Fine motor skills (FMS) represent a fundamental prerequisite for learning and cognition and initial work has begun to show links with screen media usage – although work is scarce and the directionality is uncertain. Therefore, using a cross-lagged-panel design with 2 waves 1 year apart, we examined longitudinal links between media usage and FMS in 141 preschool children. Results show a negative cross-lagged path from media usage to FMS, which was also statistically significant when only newer media were examined, after controlling for parental educational attainment, immigrant status, device ownership, age of first use, working memory, and vocabulary. The study contributes to our understanding of links between media usage and FMS development.

Device Ownership, Accessibility, and University Students’ Perceptions of an Online Foundation English Course in Thailand

Device Ownership, Accessibility, and University Students’ Perceptions of an Online Foundation English Course in Thailand

CHALLENGES AND CAPACITY GAPS IN SMALLHOLDER ACCESS TO DIGITAL EXTENSION AND ADVISORY SERVICES IN KENYA AND UGANDA

<List><ListItem><ItemContent> ● Seventy-eight percent of farmers accessed extension and advisory services from electronic sources dominated by radio. </ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent> ● Low digital literacy and high cost of internet and digital devices were key barriers to digital extension and advisory services use. </ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent> ● Farmers need information to make decisions, e.g., fertilizers, seeds or pesticides to use. </ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent> ● Integrating digital and face-to-face methods can enhance inclusive scaling of extension activities. </ItemContent></ListItem></List> An assessment of the challenges and capacity gaps in smallholder access to digital extension and advisory services (EAS) was made by surveying 197 female and 239 male farmers in Kenya and Uganda. Non-digital extension approaches remain dominant but at least 78% of farmers accessed EAS from electronic sources dominated by radio. This is attributed to the fact that ownership of radios was more widespread than of other digital devices. Challenges that particularly limit the use of digital services included low digital literacy and prohibitive cost of internet and mobile devices. Female and elderly farmers were more likely to report these challenges than their counterparts. Logistic regression model results show that ownership of digital devices, participation in post-production activities, and access to extension were enablers of digital EAS use. Farmers mentioned gaps in obtaining information on crop pest/disease diagnosis and management, fertilizer application, pesticide safety and quality seed. Given the diversity in smallholder technological capabilities and information needs, the recommendations made include integration of digital communication within multimode advisory services that use different but linked communication channels, continued farmer digital innovation capacity enhancement, and participatory design approaches that deliver relevant and actionable information for inclusive scaling of extension activities.

Internet utilization for health information and its associated factors among undergraduate university students in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundAmong currently available technologies, only the Internet has the potential to deliver universal access to up-to-date health care information. This study aimed to assess the status of Internet utilization to access health information and its associated factors among university students in Ethiopia. MethodsA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 845 undergraduate students selected by Stratified multi-stage sampling from 19 randomly chosen departments of Addis Ababa University. A pretested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were entered into EPI Info version 7 and exported to the SPSS version 23 for analysis. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between the study and outcome variables. ResultAlmost all 761 (98.8%) university students have used the Internet. Among these, the overall proportion of Internet use for health information was 59.1% (95% CI: 55.5–62.7). Respondents with good eHealth literacy (AOR = 1.656, 95% CI: (1.143, 2.397), student's field of study (AOR = 0.025, 95% CI: (0.007, 0.087), year of study (AOR = 1.609, 95% CI: (1.130, 2.290), and owning computer device (AOR = 2.314, 95% CI: (1.392, 3.844) were found to be significantly associated with utilization of Internet for health information. ConclusionThis study confirms that nearly two-thirds of undergraduate university students use the Internet to access health information. eHealth literacy, the field of study, year of study, and ownership of electronic devices were significant predictors for Internet use for accessing health information. As a result, it is recommended that university students in Ethiopia have access to electronic devices and that eHealth literacy be promoted to use the Internet as a source of health information effectively.

Usability assessment of an interactive health technology for kidney living donors: protocol for a prospective cross-sectional survey

IntroductionSeveral web portals for kidney patients are available, but assessments of their performance are scarce. A crucial aspect of living donation is to provide standardised information about the risks of...

A preregistered vignette experiment on determinants of health data sharing behavior Willingness to donate sensor data, medical records, and biomarkers.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spotlighted the importance of high-quality data for empirical health research and evidence-based political decision-making. To leverage the full potential of these data, a better understanding of the determinants and conditions under which people are willing to share their health data is critical. Building on the privacy theory of contextual integrity, the privacy calculus, and previous findings regarding different data types and recipients, we argue that established social norms shape the acceptance of novel practices of data collection and use. To investigate the willingness to share health data, we conducted a preregistered vignette experiment. The scenarios experimentally varied the vignette dimensions by data type, recipient, and research purpose. While some findings contradict our hypotheses, the results indicate that all three dimensions affected respondents' data sharing decisions. Additional analyses suggest that institutional and social trust, privacy concerns, technical affinity, altruism, age, and device ownership influence the willingness to share health data.

Assessment of a Downloadable Application with Avatar Guidance for PT-Prescribed Home Exercise after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A 30-Day Usability and Feasibility Study

Objective: To explore the usability and feasibility of a downloadable application (APP) compared to paper handouts (CONTROL) in guiding 30 days of PT-prescribed home exercise after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and to compare functional outcomes at 30 days postoperatively between APP and CONTROL. Design: Randomized controlled usability and feasibility study. Setting: Rehabilitation laboratories at two regional medical centers. Participants: Individuals with knee osteoarthritis undergoing unilateral TKA (APP group: N = 26; mean age, 67.0 ± 8.2 y; CONTROL group: N = 31; mean age, 64.7 ± 7.7 y). Interventions: This study assessed the user experience of a downloadable app to guide 30 days of home exercises and instruction after TKA and compared exploratory outcomes to a group using paper handouts. Main Outcome Measures: The System Usability Scale (SUS) score was used to assess patient usability experience. Raw SUS scores were dichotomized (≥72% or a priori criterion for mean APP group score. Feasibility for app use was similarly evaluated in the APP group only through a priori criteria applied to computing device ownership and study use, to the absence of technology-based barriers to participation, and to completion of app-based testing. Exploratory measures compared change from baseline to 30 days for functional and patient-reported outcomes between APP and CONTROL. Results: The APP group’s mean SUS score of 79.2% at 30 days exceeded the 75% threshold for good usability. The app met the predetermined a priori feasibility criteria for absence of technology-based barriers to participation (75% of participants) and completion of app-based testing (91.3% of participants). Personal computing devices were used by 71.4% of APP participants, which was below the 75% a priori feasibility criterion. No differences between the APP and CONTROL groups were observed for functional or patient-reported outcomes. Conclusions: The app-based platform met the a priori criteria for usability for 79% of APP participants. Our findings suggest that app-based, avatar-guided home exercise after TKA has acceptable usability and feasibility. The app-guided patient assessment capability also demonstrates preliminary feasibility for guiding and administering functional and self-reported outcomes assessments.

Integrated Mobile Learning Education Supply Chain Management for Higher Learning Institution

The mobile devices are used to execute the teaching-learning-evaluation process in Mobile Learning (m-learning) methodology. M-learning is a trending field in educational organizations, companies, and for individual study. With the explosion of mobile device ownership among the users aged within 18–29 years who are also the attendees of the higher learning institution (HLI), gives us the opportunity to consider the use of m-learning methodology to be embedded in the HLI beside traditional methodologies. Exceptional circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic when traditional face-to-face methodology suddenly changed to online paradigm, is also forcing us to strongly consider the m-learning approach. However, HLI may not have a general policy to implement m-learning into the traditional learning environment. A proper educational outcome needs to be configured to implement a new process into the traditional process. Therefore, a model integrating the m-learning aspects and the education supply chain management factors obtained from this study may benefit the stakeholders of HLI, especially educators and students.

Recreational screen media use in Danish school-aged children and the role of parental education, family structures, and household screen media rules

Screen media use is part of most children's everyday lives, but organisations have advised that use should be limited. The aims of this study were to describe 6–11-year-old Danish children's screen device ownership and screen media use (weekdays and weekends), including the role of parental education, family structure and household screen media rules.We conducted a cross-sectional study including 5274 Danish children aged 6–11-years sampled from ten Danish municipalities from May 2019 to November 2020. Characteristics of the sample and source population were obtained from the Danish Health Data Authority. Parent's completed the SCREENS questionnaire, which was developed to assess children's screen media habits. We used inverse probability weighted logistic and linear regression models.Smartphone and laptop ownership was higher with increasing age, and use of screen media varied across day type, age and gender. The proportion of children using screen media more than 4 h/day was 13% (95% CI 12%;14%) for weekdays and 28% (95% CI 27%;29%) for weekend days. Children of parents with medium-length or long educations had statistically significant lower odds of using screen media more than 4 h/day. We found a statistically significant graded relationship between household screen media rules and children's screen media use; the less parents reported presence of rules, the more time their children spent on screen media engagements.Our results suggest that parental educational level and family structure are related to unfavourable screen media habits, and household screen media rules may play an important role for parents to limit children's screen use.