Owners Of Plots Research Articles

Население Каргопольского уезда в начале XVIII в. (по переписной книге города Каргополя и уезда 1712–1713 гг.)

Introduction. The article examines the population of the Kargopolsky Uyezd (the Onega River basin) at the beginning of the 18th century (numbers, social structure, population migrations, and marital relations). Methods and materials. Methods of historical research are used: analysis, synthesis. The source base consisted of census books. Analysis. At the beginning of the 18th century, the population of 25 volosts and the Oshevenskaya settlement of the Kargopolsky Uyezd consisted of 95% of tax-paying peasants and only 5% of other categories of the population (the clergy of a parish, beggars, sharecroppers, batches, farmsteaders, and Cossacks). A large number of monasteries (11 monasteries and pustyns) and the presence of a city with a townsman population – owners of land plots in the county – led to the formation of large and medium-sized landowners represented by individual monasteries and townspeople. In turn, this created a need for labor. As a result, the author came to the conclusion that the existing structure of land ownership was the reason for the activity of migration processes. There are a significant number of newcomers in the monastery and township courtyards; these were mainly immigrants from the Olonetsky Uyezd. Marriage ties were between representatives of neighboring volosts, often within the same volost and village.

Land easements in the budget system of territorial communities

Many linear engineering and technical networks run on the lands of settlements, which are operated by enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership and for the services of which the population of territorial communities pays appropriate funds. On the other hand, for land plots, including those on which land easements are established, the owners pay land tax in full, following the norms established by law. In most cases, enterprises, and organizations whose custody linear engineering and technical networks are used free of charge easements. That is, on parts of land holdings where linear engineering and technical networks pass, certain restrictions on the use of these lands are established following regulatory acts, and at the same time, operating organizations do not compensate the owners of land plots any costs. Therefore, the fairness problem arises compensating land plot owners for certain expenses. Local self-government bodies and state authorities use the institution of paid land easement when providing land plots for short-term or long-term use for commercial needs, etc. However, this does not apply to establishing a paid land easement for linear engineering networks. Filling local budgets is one of the essential mechanisms for developing territorial communities and individual settlements. In this aspect, searching for new opportunities to supplement the local budget is an urgent and essential problem. This study is dedicated to the search for additional financial resources for territorial communities by researching the possibilities of introducing the mechanism of paid land servitudes of linear engineering and technical networks. For this purpose, a unique technique has been developed that allows the determination of compensation to the owners of land plots for the presence of easement restrictions on their territories. The scientific novelty consists of developing a methodology for the formation of payments for easement use of land in the protection zones of linear engineering and technical networks. The practical implementation of the proposed methodology was implemented in practice when determining the fee for land easements of linear engineering and technical networks in the village of Lolyn, Kalusky region, Ivano-Frankivsk oblast. Keywords: methodology, land easement, fee, linear engineering, and technical networks.

The problem of establishing coastal protection strips within settlements

The article analyzes the main problems related to establishing coastal protection strips within the boundaries of settlements. Groups of problems were identified based on standard features and reasons for their occurrence: problems caused by the obsolescence or lack of urban planning and land management documentation; problems related to land plots adjacent to coastal protective strips; problems associated with obstructing citizens' access to water bodies and those associated with insufficient control over the condition of riverbeds. It has been established that the most common problem is the lack of up-to-date urban planning and land management documentation, such as a master plan and a land management project for establishing (changing) boundaries, including settlements, a land management project that defines the territories of the nature reserve fund, other areas of nature protection, health, recreation, historical and cultural, forestry purposes, as well as water fund lands and water protection zones (most of these documents are from the 80-90s of the last century). Insufficient documentation also leads to the loss of natural channels of water bodies in some places, such as on the territory of territorial communities, making it challenging to establish coastal protection strips. According to the current legislation, the owners of land plots do not have the right to own these land plots. In addition, a significant problem is restricting citizens' access to water bodies in settlements. The article also analyzes essential documents and regulatory and methodological materials regarding establishing coastal protection strips. It was emphasized that measures such as the updating of urban planning documentation, in particular the development of comprehensive plans for the spatial development of the territories of territorial communities, conducting an inventory of land within the boundaries of water bodies, and the development of projects for the establishment of water protection zones and coastal protection strips will contribute to the solution of these problems and ensure the proper order of using water objects. Keywords: coastal protection strips, water protection zones, urban planning documentation, regulatory and legal support, territorial communities.

Тhe agricultural land market in Ukraine: the first summary of legal regulation

ANNOTATION: Introduction. ABSTRACT: Introduction. The work is devoted to the analysis of the effectiveness of legal influence on social relations that arose after the opening of the agricultural land market in Ukraine (2021-2022), and the application of economic indicators to determine the effectiveness of land law norms. Establishing in the Basic Law the possibility of authoritative restriction of the right to freely exercise the powers of the owner on a land plot and land circulation in general can be dangerous. Such interventions are associated with the risk that limiting the right to private ownership of land may lead to devaluation of its content, which, in its development, will restrain the economic activity of market participants. At the same time, along with limiting the powers of the private owner of the land, the legislator imposes on the state bodies the duty of reasonable and fair intervention in the activities of the owners of land plots. The Constitution of Ukraine states that the right to own land is guaranteed (according to Article 14), all subjects of ownership and management are equal before the law, the state itself ensures equal protection of their rights (according to Article 13), and the institution of private property rights land is inviolable (according to Article 41).

The effect of land tenure across food security outcomes among smallholder farmers using a flexible conditional difference-in-difference approach

ABSTRACTThe paucity of literature on the influence of land tenure across a range of food insecurity outcomes may impede a complete analysis in developing countries. This paper examines the association between land tenure and food security among 1434 sampled smallholders from the Nigeria Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) three-round panel dataset. The data were analyzed by a flexible conditional difference-in-difference model and a generalized ordered logit regression. The regression results showed that smallholders who owned land and acquired plots for free were less likely to have high Household Dietary Diversity Scores (HDDS). On the other hand, owners of family-inherited plots were more likely to consume diverse diets and hold more assets. Holders of informal land documents were more likely to be food secure by having a low food expenditure share, high HDDS and Livelihood Coping Strategy (LCS). Meanwhile, perceived rights to mortgage land for a loan may be enhanced with having formal land certificates than informal land documents. The study concluded that formal land governance should recognize land ownership via family inheritance and holding informal land documents to support smallholder food security by increasing their dietary diversity and lowering their food expenditure shares.

Affordability of low-cost land allocation: a perspective of non-economic criteria

PurposeBeyond the economic determinants, non-economic criteria of land affordability are also of great importance. From the context of emerging economies, this study investigated the affordability of low-cost land allocation through the lens of non-economic criteria.Design/methodology/approachGiven that the non-economic criteria considered are those related to religion and politics, data were elicited from the owners of residential plots at Redemption City and Ikosi Residential Scheme respectively in Nigeria. The data collected were analysed using statistical methods of analysis: mean and standard deviation.FindingsThe result showed that safety and comfort, quality management, proximity to market, proximity to public transportation and proximity to health facilities were the significant non-economic criteria at Redemption City. On the other hand, the non-economic criteria found to be significant at Ikosi Residential Scheme were proximity to public transport, safety and comfort, low presence of environmental problems and income ratio.Practical implicationsThis study informs the promotion of private and public partnerships towards reducing the housing deficit in emerging economies. Also, it would help in the formulation and review of land policies, which would benefit not only their members.Originality/valueThis study is among the few that have looked at the non-economic criteria of land affordability, especially in emerging economies.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC LAW AND PRIVATE LAW RESTRICTIONS ON THE RIGHTS OF OWNERS OF NEIGHBORING LAND PLOTS

The article considers the problem of regulation of civil law relations between the owners of neighboring land plots that develop in the exercise of the right of ownership, with the obligation to take into account the legitimate interests of neighbors, and undergo an acceptable impact, emanating from a neighboring land plot. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problem of legal regulation of legal relations in the field of civil law that develop between the owners of borderland plots. In the course of the study, a number of scientific methods are used: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; specific scientific methods: legal-dogmatic and interpretation of legal norms. The results of the study make it possible to reveal a gap in the legislative regulation of civil law relations, stipulating the obligation of the owner to take into account the legitimate interests of owners of neighboring land plots. The article determines the differences between such legal categories as the limits of the exercise of the right to property and the limits of the right to property, these categories are delimited with the notion of «abuse of the right to cause harm to another person».

Settlement land analysis for sustainable economic development in Russia

The largest part of the population of the Russian Federation (RF) is concentrated in settlements. The lands of settlements play an important role in the life of society, fulfilling the function of territorial and spatial basis. Occupying a relatively small area compared to the entire territory, these lands are the place of residence of the majority of the population. The lands occupied by settlements are intended for the location of cities, towns, rural settlements, and real estate objects that ensure the vital activity of the population. Land legislation singles out these lands as a separate category of lands. The spatial and land resources basis of urban and rural settlements consists of territories within the established borders (boundaries) of urban and rural settlements, as well as everything that is above and below the surface of these territories (Article 38 of the Town Planning Code). It should be noted that the inclusion of land plots within the boundaries of settlements does not entail the termination of the right of ownership, land tenure, land use and lease rights to these plots. However, in this case land tax rates are changed. Inclusion of land plots in the boundaries of settlements does not entail termination of the rights of owners of land plots, land users, landowners, and lessees of land plots. In modern conditions, the development of territories of settlements is an important area contributing to sustainable economic development in Russia.

Rent in ownership relations on Ager Colonicus in Rome (1-2 centuries AD)

In Roman agrimensura, starting from the archaic period, there was a division of land areas: culta - meant fields suitable for tillage; inculta - unsuitable for grain crops. Culta were subjected to divisio, forming the category agri divisi. Inculta retained the status of Publicus, so they were not divisi. But the importance of these lands was important when organizing Ager Colonicus, since they created an opportunity for settlers to engage in farming and cattle breeding in addition to farming. Roman surveyors identified categories of such public lands. They could be used by the owners of nearby plots. Such lands were provided to new settlers for rent for vectigal. These were the relic lands (agri relicti) and the massif that made up the colony’s reserve (extra clusa). In addition, the remnants of the surveying - subsecivi (unoccupied centuries or its fragments) were also provided to the colonists for temporary lands. A “joint pasture” (compscuus) was often created on the segments. Also, on lease terms, the new settlers used the forest and pasture (silva et pascua). On all categories of land, ownership relations were formed within the boundaries of Ager Colonicus. As a result, the colonist’s economy acquired a complex character, which contributed to the prosperity of this new settlement.

Управление неиспользуемыми или используемыми с нарушением законодательства Российской Федерации земельными участками сельскохозяйственного назначения: сравнительно-правовой аспект

The involvement in the turnover of unused or used agricultural land plots in violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation is connected with the message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly in 2015, in which this problem was voiced. In 2016 the legislator did some work, the essence of which was to create a legal basis for the seizure of agricultural land plots from their owners in case of their non-use for their intended purpose or use in violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation. Consolidating this position, the legislator touched upon the institution of property rights protection. This study aims to protect the rights of owners and to demonstrate the ineffectiveness of such a measure. Russia has previously taken steps to encourage owners of such land plots through the taxation system, but this did not give the expected result. Thus, it should be stated that we do not yet have an effective mechanism for solving this problem. Along with the compulsory termination of property rights, developed countries are aware of other mechanisms for improving the efficiency of the use of agricultural land, such as: planning, development by the authorities of measures to assist owners of land plots, forced leasing of such plots, carrying out works to preserve the landscape. In order to examine these measures, the legal framework, research works, and experience of the European Union, the UK, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, recognized by the world community as the most successful in the development of agriculture, were analyzed using historical, logical, comparative-legal, and other methods of research. The mechanisms of agricultural land management in developed countries, including constitutional guarantees for the protection of property rights and the success of the implementation of alternative methods, proven by practice in order to apply them on the territory of Russia, were studied. As a result of the analysis, the author came to the conclusion that the forced deprivation of property rights does not solve the stated problem, which is confirmed by the criticism of the scientific community and statistical data for the last five years. In addition, the legislator, fixing the compulsory termination of ownership of agricultural land plots, probably doubts the successful implementation of such a mechanism, since they provide for the responsibility of the new owner of the land plot seized and sold at auction if the owner does not start using it for its intended purpose within a year from the moment of its acquisition. Thus, an alternative solution to the problem could be the management mechanisms of countries successful in agriculture - mechanisms that can be fixed in the current legislation of Russia.

The Agricultural Land Market in Ukraine: Current Conjuncture and Problems of Formation

The agricultural land market was launched in Ukraine on July 1, 2021. Before its opening in Ukraine, experts had attempted to outline various scenarios of its operation, but most part of the predictions proved to be far from reality. The inadequacy and unsoundness of these predictions raise the importance of studies devoted to the current conjecture of the agricultural land market in Ukraine. 
 The article contains results of a study of the processes involved in the formation of the agricultural land market in Ukraine and its current conjuncture. A review of the legal acts of Ukraine that streamlined the evolution of relations on this market was made: the Decree of the President of Ukraine “Urgent measures to accelerate reforms in the agrarian sector of the economy” (1999), the Land Code of Ukraine (2001), the Decree of the President of Ukraine “Supplementary measures on social protection of rural residents who are owners of land plots and land parts (shares)” (2002), the Law of Ukraine “Amendments to some legislative acts of Ukraine on terms of the turnover of agricultural lands” (2020). A comparison of the cost of land lease in Ukraine and EU countries in 2019, and the actual weighted average price of 1 hectare of agricultural land in Ukraine and some other countries was made. Domestic sources of information on the land market operation in Ukraine are given. 
 It is concluded that the land market in Ukraine is in the passive state now, with both demand and supply being slack. The factors behind the low demand and supply on the domestic land market were identified: the demand is constrained by a limited range of buyers and lack of uncostly mortgage loans for purchase of land; the supply is constrained by the low market price of 1 hectare of land, inability of the majority of residents to sell their shares in case of the valid leasing contract, bad legal and financial literacy of rural inhabitants. The efficiency of land leasing in Ukraine remains to be low due to irrational use of soils by land tenants. The need for government regulation of this market is shown.

Game-theoretical approach to payoff distribution in joint construction of transportation and engineering networks

The article discusses a game-theoretical approach to payoff distribution between the construction participants during the transport and engineering networks construction. The construction participants can be both the owners of land plots or buildings, and the administrative personnel of settlements and states. It is shown that payoff distribution between the participants should satisfy two principles: dominance and fairness. To determine fair payoff, the mathematical apparatus of cooperative games is used and the Shapley vector is calculated. Options for the implementation of a construction project for 4 and 8 participants are being considered. The use of the Lutsenko formula, which greatly simplifies the calculation of the Shapley vector components for the considered problem of transport and engineering networks construction, is discussed.

Парадоксы закона и судебной практики, связанные с арендой земельных участков

Introduction: the paradox of the judicial practice on claims of the municipal authorities on forcing the conclusion of lease agreements of land plots with the owners of parking spaces in the underground parking lots (garages). The Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Article 15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) establishes a fee for the use of land. The forms of payment for the use of land are land tax and rent. Article 15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the land tax refers to local taxes and the payment for it goes to the local budget of the municipality in whose territory the tax was introduced. The right of ownership of land (real estate) is registered and is publicly available. The tax authorities immediately issue payment receipts and the owners pay the tax, so the payment for the use of land is observed. Nevertheless, the municipal authorities (the departments of municipal property of the DMI) require owners to conclude lease agreements, lease their property and pay a fee to the local budget. The courts satisfy such claims and create a paradox that does not meet the requirements of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 36), the requirements of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes that the landlord can only be the owner or a person authorized by law or the owner to lease the property (Article 608 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). It is paradoxical, but that’s the fact that the owner of his property becomes both a landlord and a tenant of his property. And the departments receive double payment for the use of land in the form of a local tax and in the form of rent. It is necessary to formulate the norms of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation more clearly and expressly so that there is no possibility of a paradoxical interpretation of the procedure for their application. In addition, the courts recognize the owner as unreasonably enriched, since the registered ownership of the land plot is not considered a sufficient legal basis to use his property. The purpose of the study is the author’s attempts to show contradictions in the judicial practice on the application of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Methods: in the process of the research, the method of a systematic approach to the study of legal concepts, comparative legal analysis, and synthesis was used. Results: the author clearly shows the conflict of interests of the owners of land plots and the departments of municipal property. As a result of the study, it is shown that the wording of the norms of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation allows them to be interpreted differently and, accordingly, applied differently. Conclusions: the author proposes the rules for the exact interpretation of the norms of law and changes in the judicial practice in such cases.

METHODS OF OBTAINING AND USING QUALITY DATA IN THE PRACTICE OF URBAN PLANNING

This article uses the term “spatial knowledge” to describe methods aimed at obtaining qualitative data on urban space. The study examines the coexistence of formal planning with informal planning practices. This coexistence takes place in the context of changes in current legislation and the growing influence of local communities in urban development planning. This paper describes certain methods for analyzing the "spatial practices" of the local community and examples of interaction between municipal authorities and NGOs. Communication between governmental and non-governmental planning agents explicitly or implicitly influences urban development by gradually transforming the "rational model" that defined planners as neutral analysts. Approbation of methods for obtaining quality data on urban space took place during various workshops at the All-Ukrainian festival "Cities of Ukraine" in Dnipro from 2016 to 2020. Thus, to analyze the manifestations of spatial tactics of citizens, the method of mapping places of artistic action was used. In combination with the method of mapping urban areas with limited access, it provides data on the nature of use (or restrictions on use) of common space. The analysis of property rights with an assessment of developers’ (or tenants’) intentions regarding the main and adjacent land plots was conducted using the mixed methodology. First of all, open sources (cadastral maps) were analyzed to determine the owners of plots. The data obtained were supplemented by information from the town-planning councils where intentions to develop specific sites were stated in the form of various projects. Subsequently, the method of implicit property rights analysis was used in the development concept of the Naberezhna Peremohy area in Dnipro. In general, all these city workshops, as well as practical planning performed in cooperation with a local architectural workshop, are relevant to the inclusion of informal practices in urban development planning. The transformation of the "rational model" of spatial planning requires using not only quantitative but also qualitative data of the place. Characterization of spatial tactics of citizens, identification of places of joint action with the definition of "urban voids" and identification of the main "actors" of spatial development contribute to the effectiveness of planning proposals.

Land potential of Non-chernozem region, its use and influence on the quality of life in rural areas

The article provides a brief analysis of certain norms of the Russian land legislation in the field of protection and use of land resources for the agricultural production. The authors underline the importance of land management in the organization of work aimed at preserving and protection soil fertility and environment. The main subjects, entrusted with powers to carry out activities on soil fertility preservation have been identified in this paper. It was found that the state actually freed the owners of land plots, land users, landowners and tenants of agricultural lands from the need to finance the measures for the reproduction of land fertility that was an integral part of agricultural technologies in the past. So, since the mid-90s, land management as an institution of development doesn’t exist in Russia anymore. As a result, the removal of nitrogen by crops from the soil exceeded its input with organic and mineral fertilizers, provoking the decrease in soil fertility. The characteristics of the labor and land potential of the subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the Non-Chernozem Economic Zone of the country are considered in this article.

POSSIBILITIES OF CHANGING THE FORM OF OWNERSHIP (AT THE MUNICIPAL LEVEL)

The possibility of legally regulating the relationship between the municipality and the owners of land plots (legal entities and individuals) and made recommendations to local authorities to resolve existing problems. The purpose of the study is to identify the essence of public administration of municipal property. The theoretical and methodological relevance of this work is that economists do not consider the issue of publicity in property management as a priority in modern realities. The work speaks of the need at the regional level to maintain an accounting and management policy for the management of state property in the context of digitalization. To study the problem, the author applied a comprehensive and methodological approach. It is concluded that ongoing institutional changes are currently taking place with very rapid changes. The article considers the prospects for the implementation of a grandiose project for the municipality of Perm. To increase the value of state property and its effective use, at the regional levels it is necessary to introduce digital processes to control state real estate (property and land) and its management (sale, lease) online. The conclusions proposed by the author can be included by the administration of the city of Perm in the perspective plan of socio-economic development until 2030.

Development of the structure of information system for supporting the activity of nonprofit horticultural partnerships

The developed automated system of information support for nonprofit horticultural partnerships (NHP) is intended for automation of management accounting of the economic activities of NHP. The effective management of the activity of nonprofit horticultural partnerships requires operating full, accurate, objective and timely economic information. This can be achieved through management accounting of the economic activity of NHP. The subject of this research is the methods of automation of control, monitoring and support of the establishment of management reporting of NHP. The object of this research is the information systems functioning within the “client-server” architecture. The research methods include the apparatus of relational algebra, theory of sets, optimization and mathematical statistics. It is noted that the activity of many NHP is carried out in the so-called “manual mode”, i.e. all necessary documents the employees fill by hand, and all calculations are by means of calculator. This substantiates the relevance of this research. Leaning on the conducted comparison of software products-analogues based the Saati method, the software “Info-Accountant for NHP” is chosen as a prototype. The author determines and describes the main algorithms of the developed system, the peculiarity of which is the formation of balance sheet and reports of its implementation, calculation of membership fees, introduction of the function of subsystem of NHP reference books(of the owners of land plots, streets, tariffs, expenditures, etc.). The output data is provided in form of a chart on the display form of the report subsystem. The scientific novelty lies in the suggested approach towards automation of accounting:  development of the forecast for pumping up the budget based on the previous periods.

Об особенностях правового регулирования и алгоритме решения вопроса вырубки древесно-кустарниковой растительности в охранной зоне газопровода

We present a legal regulation analysis of procedure for cutting down emergency trees and trees and shrubs located in the protected zone of the gas pipeline, which poses a threat to the safety and functioning of gas networks. The purpose of study is to determine the subjects and the proce-dure for cutting down emergency trees in the security zone of gas pipeline, as well as to assess the regulatory regulation of procedure for cutting down emergency trees in the security zone of gas pipeline, taking into account the balance of interests of gas distribution organizations, local authorities and citizens – owners of land plots. The research methodology is based on a sys-tematic approach in the analysis of the legal regulation of the subject of re-search, formal legal, logical methods of cognition, which together ensure the reliability and validity of conclusions and proposals on the algorithm for solving the issue of cutting down trees and shrubs in the protective zone of the gas pipeline. We conclude that there is variability in the regulation of the elimination of emergency trees, taking into account such conditions as the location of the gas pipeline security zone (ownership of territory) and the owner of the land plot on which the trees are located. We state that the pres-ence of tree plantations in the security zone of gas distribution networks is not prohibited by law, but there is a procedure for the owner of land plots and gas networks to remove trees that potentially pose a threat to the safety of the gas pipeline within the security zone. The legislation unambiguously determines that the person who is obliged to carry out work on cutting down trees and sawing off branches is the owner of the land plot. All work on cutting trees must be carried out taking into account the interests of the gas distribution organization, the owner of the gas pipeline and a real threat to the safety of the gas pipeline. We formulate recommendations for effective building of interaction between subjects interested in resolving the problems of finding emergency trees in the protected zone of the gas pipeline.

СОЧЕТАНИЕ ИНТЕРЕСОВ ОБЩЕСТВА И ЧАСТНЫХ ИНТЕРЕСОВ В РЕГУЛИРОВАНИИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬ

Introduction: the article analyzes the evolution of Russian legislation on the use of land plots in the post-Soviet period from the perspective of public and private interests as reflected therein. Purpose: to analyze the development of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the use of land plots, with a focus on relations regarding the economic exploitation of the land plot as a natural resource; to assess current legislation from the perspective of the balance of public and private interests. Methods: methods of formal logic, historical, comparative legal and system-structural methods. Results: the development of legislation on the use of land plots in the Russian Federation has been inconsistent. At the first stage, before the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the public interest acted as the limit of the exercise of ownership of land and other natural resources. The Constitution of the Russian Federation does not directly establish the social function of ownership of land and other natural resources. The provisions of the Constitution imply the potential opportunity for the development of various concepts of ownership in land law. Currently, the Land Code of the Russian Federation reflects the social function of ownership, which follows from a number of basic principles of land legislation. The legislator subordinated the regulation of relations on the use of land plots to public interests and, at the same time, liberalized the rights and obligations of the owners of land plots in contrast to the Land Code of the RSFSR of 1991. From our point of view, this circumstance demonstrates the legislator's desire to harmonize land and civil legislation in the regulation of land use.

The shared boundary: Sicilian mafia and antimafia land

ABSTRACT This article looks at boundaries as shared points of conflict and sociality in rural Sicily where the mafia and their opponents (‘antimafia’ cooperatives) have lately been at loggerheads. My focus is on neighbourly relations between owners of plots on both sides. This uncomfortable proximity of enemies allows us to see boundaries as more than markers of separation. For sure, Sicilian boundaries imprint a history of violence on the landscape and divide people along categorical lines. However, they also reflect histories of inheritance and kinship, while providing points of contact and an unexpected moral order of neighbourhood relations. A focus on borders shared between plots managed by ‘antagonistic’ social groups exposes emergent relations of conflict and solidarity between their owners. Land boundaries can be markers of proximity and difference between opposed groups who find themselves owning plots next to each other. The boundary underpinning such divisions can make neighbours of feuding groups, rather than confining them to closed clusters.