Car Ownership Research Articles

Total Cost of Ownership of Electric Car and Internal Combustion Engine Car with Performance Normalization

In the transportation sector, motorized vehicles are currently a contributor to pollution in Indonesia, producing CO2 emissions. In an effort to achieve environmentally friendly and low-carbon motorized vehicles, promoting electric cars to the public is an important strategy that is being pursued by countries throughout the world. The large target of converting ICE cars to electric cars requires a series of analyzes to accelerate efforts to convert the use of electric cars from various angles which will ultimately be successful as a promotional medium for potential electric car users. To carry out this analysis, there is one calculation method, namely calculating the total cost of ownership (TCO) of an electric car. This method has been studied in countries that are concerned with promoting the use of electric cars. In this research, we will present a calculation model for the TCO of electric cars and the TCO of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) cars as a comparison. The cars analyzed in this research consist of several electric cars and ICE cars according to their respective performance levels, where for each electric car an analysis of several battery ownership schemes is also attempted, namely those owned by the car owner, rental batteries and those owned by the car owner. However, some components can be repaired. The calculation model will consist of capital and operational costs, namely the purchase price, resale value, government subsidies, retailer discounts, battery replacement costs, maintenance, insurance, vehicle tax and energy consumption costs. All data was obtained from literature studies and information from vehicle distributors in Indonesia. The TCO model is analyzed based on the average distance traveled, namely 20,000 km/year for 10 years of driving. The research results show that the TCO of BEVs with a rental battery scheme is cheaper than ICEs for cars with 93, 167 & 210 hp, namely 2,961; 6,227; & 5,633 (USD) and the TCO of ICE is cheaper than BEV with a rental battery scheme on cars with 40 & 95 hp, namely 796 & 5,793 USD. Several components that make up TCO costs will later be proposed to be considered for adjustment so that vehicle purchases can grow significantly. Knowledge from this research can be useful for consumers, product manufacturers, planners, and government policy makers.

Assessing network-based traffic crash risk using prospective space-time scan statistic method

As car ownership and urbanization continue to rise worldwide, traffic crashes have become growing concerns globally. Measuring crash risk provides insight into understanding crash patterns, which can eventually support proactive transport planning and improve road safety. However, traditional spatial analysis methods for crash risk assessment, such as the hotspot detection method, are mainly focused on identifying areas with higher crash frequency. These methods are subject to critical issues in risk analysis due to ignoring crash impacts and background traffic volume information. Aside from the two issues, current crash risk assessment methods, especially those aiming for cluster detection, are subject to the modified temporal unit problem, referring to the temporal effects (i.e., aggregation, segmentation, and boundary) in cluster detection. To alleviate these issues, this paper applies an emerging hot spot detection method, called the prospective space-time scan statistic (STSS) method, for assessing the crash risk at a refined network scale and over multiple years in a case study of Hartford, Connecticut. By identifying the spatial and temporal clusters of the crash risk, the study can provide evidence for tailoring road safety management strategies in neighborhoods characterized by high crash risk.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING PASSENGERS TRAFFIC IN THE ABUJA-KADUNA TRAIN SERVICE (AKTS)

This paper analysed passengers’ traffic of the Abuja-Kaduna train service (AKTS). The AKTS is gaining recognition and increasing patronage of high-profile individuals, private car owners, and other passengers plying the Abuja-Kaduna road for various reasons (Suleiman, 2023; Suleiman, 2021). Data used for this study was obtained through both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data involved the administration of 45 questionnaires to the railway staff in charge of the AKTS operation. While secondary data was obtained from the Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC). The secondary data cover operational data for passengers transported by the AKTS between 2016-2021. The study employed the use of both descriptive and inferential statistical methods of data analysis. The findings of the descriptive analysis revealed that 2019 recorded the highest passengers traffic, while 2016 recorded the lowest. As for monthly traffic, December recorded the highest while May recorded the lowest. The result of one-way between-groups analysis revealed that there was a statistically significant difference at the p < .05 level in the yearly traffic.

The new frontier of urban mobility: a scenario-based analysis of autonomous vehicles adoption in urban transportation

ABSTRACT Urban mobility, as a critical component of urban development and sustainability, is on the brink of a major revolution with the advent and widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, the ambitious vision of a transformative shared economic future and decreased car ownership conflicts with the notion that car dependency will be worsened, leading to significant uncertainties and potential challenges surrounding AVs, particularly in developing countries. In this context, this study contributes to the literature by addressing these uncertainties, through an empirical examination of preferences toward four distinct modes of transportation: “public transport”, “conventional private car”, “autonomous private car”, and “shared autonomous taxi”. To accomplish this, a scenario-based stated preference survey was administered in Istanbul, Turkey, as an example of a megacity in a developing country. The collected data were analyzed using discrete choice models (multinomial and random parameter (mixed) logit models) to reveal the preferences of the survey participants. The findings indicate that considering the social status and significance associated with private vehicle ownership, the challenges of popularizing shared and on-demand AV modes should not be underestimated.

Analysis of the usage and awareness of child safety seats for children aged 0-6 in Leshan City, Sichuan Province, China.

To investigate the current situation of child safety seat use and children's cognition of safe riding in Leshan City, and to provide a basis for the promotion and application of child safety seats in Leshan City. From November 2021 to February 2022, a total of 500 car-owning families who visited or were hospitalized in the department of pediatrics of our hospital were surveyed by self-filling questionnaire method. Through the investigation of personal situation, family situation, travel habits, use of child safety seat, cognition of safe riding, etc., the influencing factors of possession and use of child safety seat and cognition were analyzed. The ownership rate of car seats was 57.8%, the use rate was 47.6%, and the always use rate was 18.8% among all families with children surveyed. There were no statistically significant differences in the use rate and always use rate of child safety seats among different genders of children, parents' education background, and car ownership price. The use rate and constant use rate of child safety seats in urban households were significantly higher than those in rural areas. When the main driver was the mother, the use rate of child safety seats was higher, and the difference was statistically significant. From the perspective of cognition, the use rate and constant use rate of the child safety seat of parents with correct cognition were 64.5% and 25.7% respectively, while the use rate and constant use rate of the child safety seat of parents with incorrect cognition were only 11.1% and 4.3%, which were significantly lower than those with correct cognition, and the difference was statistically significant. In terms of cognition, 10.4% of parents think it is safe for children to sit in the back seat with adults in their arms, and 9.0% of family members think it is safe for children to sit in the back seat with seat belts alone. At present, the ownership rate, utilization rate, and parents' correct cognition of child safety seats in Leshan City are all at a low level, and there is a lack of regional legal guidance, so the safety situation of children in cars is worrying. To effectively improve the use of child safety seats, the promotion of child safety seats should be promoted from three aspects: improving parents' cognition, forming good traffic habits, and legal guidance.

Mapping the charging demand for electric vehicles in 2050 from mobility habits

This paper proposes a method to spatially model and compare charging needs on the European scale, considering local disparities in population density, distance to city centres, car ownership and mobility habits. Mobility habits are modelled across Europe in terms of distance and time frame to elaborate scenarios of charging behaviour. The first step of the method is to calculate the density of electric vehicles with a resolution of 1km2, according to the progressive electrification of the fleet each year between 2020 and 2050. The second step is to quantify the mobility of commuters using their driving distance to work areas and mobility statistics. The model is then applied in a case study in Switzerland to plan the public charging infrastructure required to satisfy the charging needs of the local population. Despite lower motorization rates and driving distances, the results show a stronger need for charging in cities. With 50% of commuters charging at work and 20% at home during the workday, the demand in the evening can be reduced by 50% in the suburban areas compared to the baseline scenario in which all commuters are charging at home in the evening. This model can be used to quantify the energy needs of commuters, plan the deployment of the charging infrastructure, or simulate the effect of policies.

Car Ownership, Commute Distance, and Commute Mode Choice in the Dense Megacity of a Developing Country: The Direct and Indirect Role of the Built Environment

Despite much having been published about the effects of the built environment (BE) on urban travel in the developed world, few articles have so far been published based on studies using a megacity in a developing country. The paper addresses the existing gaps in research by conducting a study in Dhaka, one of the densest urban areas globally. An integrated framework based on the structural equation model and discrete choice model is used to examine how individual commute mode choice behavior is influenced by the BE, as mediated by car ownership and commute distance. Three BE features—population density, street connectivity, and job-to-household ratio—have a direct and total positive association with non-motorized transport use. Although being close to bus stops does not directly affect people’s choice to take non-motorized transport, it does promote non-motorized travel in an indirect way by decreasing car ownership and commute distance. Population density, job-to-household ratio, proximity to the nearest central business district, and bus stop proximity all have a positive direct and total impact on transit use, although larger employment densities directly support automobile use over transit. Understanding how the BE affects commute distance, car ownership, and mode choice is a useful reference for the development of practical measures to reduce demand for automobiles.

Beyond the Company Carpool: Disadvantage and Informal Automobile Sharing Within and Between U.S. Households

Planners increasingly recognize connections between traveler constraints, automobile access, and travel behavior. The limited ability to travel via car—for economic or other reasons—greatly reduces mobility for many Americans, who overwhelmingly rely on automobiles for access. Yet public policy efforts to reduce excessive automobile travel often prioritize public transit, ignoring the high rates of private automobile sharing among U.S. travelers. Relatedly, few researchers have studied informal sharing and its relationship with traveler disadvantage, particularly for noncommute trips. To address this research gap, I analyze U.S. trip diary data from 2017. I use multinomial probit modeling to explore the relationship between disadvantage and informal automobile sharing. My definition of disadvantage includes people who have low incomes, travel-limiting physical conditions, and/or limited automobile access. I define several categories of informal automobile sharing to account for different dimensions of interhousehold and intrahousehold sharing. I find that transportation disadvantage is associated with most types of informal sharing, particularly borrowing cars and receiving rides from nonhousehold members. However, trip purpose—particularly noncommute trips—predicts the choice to share better than disadvantage does. Further, trip purpose has a stronger association with sharing among nondisadvantaged travelers. These findings suggest that informal sharing benefits disadvantaged travelers, but social and situational contexts also influence decisions to share transportation. I recommend policies to enhance automobile-based access for low-income travelers, including subsidies for carshare, ridehail, and private car ownership.

Disentangling policy and structural effects on car-ownership for car-owning and carless US households during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

This research analyzed car-ownership in the US during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, by utilizing a nationally representative household survey spanning from January 2020 to March 2022. Using a multilevel Hurdle model with month and state random effects, vehicle ownership trends are separately modeled for car-owning and carless households within the same modeling framework, while accounting for endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity. An increase in the total amount of economic stimulus funding received increased the odds of vehicle ownership, while high car prices, high levels of housing expenditures, living in multi-family dwelling, and being from minority and low-skilled worker families negatively affected car-ownership. Greater household labor force participation, increases in household size and young persons in the household, living in states with high COVID caseloads and with moderately stringent Stay-at-Home social distancing mandates affected car-ownership propensities differently for car-owning and carless households. The significance of the research is that it disentangled pandemic-related and transportation policy variables from changes in household structure, living arrangements and employment-related characteristics. The analysis jointly considered how short-term pandemic-related influences as well as long-term demographic and occupational factors differently affect car-ownership for car-owning households and those without cars. Policy implications are drawn for consumer protection in the car ownership process, auto loan forbearance in future economic disruptions, strategies for public transportation which has continued to suffer from lower levels of use, and sustainability programs due to higher volumes of older used cars.

A Review of Anomalous Behavior Detection in Internet of Vehicles

The intelligent transportation system with the Internet of Vehicles as its core is gradually penetrating into the lives of urban residents, but it has also exposed security threats such as remote control of vehicles and leakage of personal information of car owners. Compared to the security issues at the level of vehicle end devices and vehicle networking service platforms, the article focuses on the security issues of abnormal behavior in vehicle networking. Based on this, the article reviews the relevant research on abnormal behavior detection mechanisms in the Internet of Vehicles environment in recent years. Firstly, the definition of abnormal behavior was analyzed, and the basic framework for detecting abnormal behavior was provided; Then, the classification of abnormal behavior detection mechanisms was discussed from three aspects: deep learning based abnormal behavior detection, spatiotemporal fusion based abnormal behavior detection, and visual based abnormal behavior detection; Finally, the unresolved technical issues and future research trends in the current abnormal behavior detection mechanism for the Internet of Vehicles were summarized.

Effects of perceived value dimensions on customer brand loyalty towards luxury cars

PurposeThe research aims to examine the influence of perceived value (PV) dimensions on brand loyalty of luxury car owners and to examine the mediating role of attitudinal loyalty (AL) between PV dimensions and behavioral loyalty (BL).Design/methodology/approachPrimary data for the study were gathered from the luxury car owners in Kerala, India. The construct measurements have been adopted from previous research studies. Structural equation modeling with the partial least square (PLS) technique was used to analyze the measurements and conceptual model.FindingsThe findings show that out of four PV dimensions among luxury car owners, the hedonic value (HV) significantly influences their AL. Economic value influences BL, and social values have an impact on AL as well as BL, but the relationship of functional value with any is not supported by the results. AL is a strong predictor of BL, and it actively mediates the relationship of HV and symbolic value with BL.Practical implicationsThe manufactures of luxury cars provide more importance to hedonic and symbolic elements while launching new models and consider the price perceptions of the targeted customers while making decisions related to brand attachment and brand loyalty.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the decision-making of the rapidly growing vehicle market by examining the perceptions and by providing the effects of perceived values among luxury car owners. Also, it extends the literature by developing a framework for PV dimensions on AL and BL and also incorporated the mediating role of AL.

Build environment, race, and walking behavior: A multiscale analysis

Hispanics have a documented higher risk of obesity than other ethnic minorities. Walking can reduce the risk of obesity and promote healthy living. However, walking behavior varies with race/ethnicity, and Hispanics’ walking behavior is less understood. This study compared the walking behaviors of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White residents in Salt Lake County (SLCo), Utah, at the personal and block group levels, based on data from the Utah Household Travel Survey (UHS), which covered 2800 households and 176 Hispanic individuals in SLCo, including their travel trips and socioeconomic status. Trip-level data from the UHS were aggregated into personal and block group levels based on trip ends for multiscale analysis. Our statistical analysis suggested that Hispanics’ walking frequency and density were significantly lower than those of non-Hispanic Whites. According to the personal-level model, education generally contributed to ethnic disparities in walking, but higher education did not increase Hispanics’ walking frequency. The block-group-level model showed that non-Hispanic Whites’ walking behavior was highly sensitive to the built environment. We also found positive impacts of worship accessibility on walking density, which might be unique to non-Hispanic White neighborhoods in SLCo. Built environment factors influenced Hispanics’ walking behavior less than that of non-Hispanic Whites, and the primary determinants included car ownership, driving license, and accessibility of public transit. The research outcomes of this study could provide implications for designing strategies to promote walkability based on ethnic disparities. This also encourages further investigations into the equity of walkable environments for different racial/ethnic populations as an environmental injustice issue.

THE ENVIROMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF CARPOOLING

Abstract: Car pooling System is an automated system which reduces the misery of travelers and makes them find cars in short period of time. Car pooling is an application of finding car in which drivers who are traveling to work alone can ask for fellow passengers through our application. For those who use public-transport system to go to work daily can use this application to find drivers who are traveling to the same destination in a short path. It provides with a simple riding platform between the car owner and car user. This project enables users to access mobility assets own by others exactly when they need. I t shows a medium for available cars to pick up them on the interest of car owner with time and capacity. This project aims at creation of a Car-pooling System. This paper delves into the design and implementation of a novel carpooling project aimed at addressing the challenges of urban transportation sustainability. With burgeoning urban populations, congestion, and environmental concerns, the need for innovative solutions is paramount. Carpooling presents a viable avenue to alleviate these issues by fostering shared mobility, reducing traffic congestion, and cutting down carbon emissions. The project employs a multi-faceted approach, leveraging advancements in mobile technology, data analytics, and user incentives to optimize the carpooling experience. Key components include a user-friendly mobile application for seamless ride matching, dynamic routing algorithms to optimize trip efficiency, and incentive structures to encourage participation and retention. Through a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative feedback, the efficacy of the carpooling project is evaluated. Metrics such as reduction in vehicle miles traveled, greenhouse gas emissions, and user satisfaction levels are assessed to gauge its impact on urban transportation sustainability. The findings of this research contribute to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable transportation solutions and provide insights for policymakers, urban planners, and transportation stakeholders seeking to promote carpooling initiatives. Ultimately, the project aims to foster a culture of shared mobility and pave the way for more efficient and sustainable urban transportation systems. IndexTerms – HTML, CSS, Javascript. Bootsrap, MySQL, Python.

How lowrider custom cars went global without being main-street hot rods in the meantime

In the Southwestern United States, during the mid-twentieth century, Mexican Americans introduced a genre of custom cars known as lowriders. They were unique compared to other American custom cars, such as hot rods and other fast cars on American main streets; lowriders rode low and slow and only inches from the ground. In fact, lowriders became central to Chicano culture and to the lives of car owners and their families. The car owner and the rest of the family also drew part of their self-identity not only from the car itself, but also in the act of driving – or lowriding as it is known. The story herewith tells how lowriders, lowriding and car clubs emerged from the heart of Chicano culture in ways that established and supported community building, expanding eventually to worldwide popularity.

Examining the correlation of household electric vehicle ownership: Insights for emerging mobility and planning

While there is a global shift to electric vehicles (EVs), few studies have comprehensively quantified the relative contribution of individuals' demographic characteristics, alternative transportation choices, and built environment (BE) attributes to EV ownership. Applying extreme gradient boosting decision trees to the 2020 regional household travel data in Wuhan, this study estimate the respective effects of these factors on EV ownership. The results emphasize the contribution of the BE and alternative travel options in predicting EV ownership and reveal a nonlinear relationship between variables. The distance to the city center, density and charging station facilities are identified as key factors influencing EV ownership. The study revealed a positive correlation between household ownership of conventional cars and EVs, indicating a tendency for households possessing conventional cars to acquire extra EVs, thereby transitioning into multi-car households. The findings also suggest that, in addition to the emissions reduction benefits, planners should be concerned about the potential urban issues that may result from vehicle electrification. The study provides empirical evidence for urban planners to inform policy interventions aimed at guiding the sustainable development of emerging mobility modes.

IOT - Enabled Digital Vehicle Parking Systems using Machine Learning

Abstract: In large cities, parking availability is a major problem. Car owners are confused by crowded reserved parking spaces during rush hour. To overcome this obstacle, modernizing the parking system is crucial. This research will conduct an in-depth and thorough literature review of past studies and project implementations to identify best practices and gaps in the existing research. The goal is to analyze previous work comprehensively, highlighting successful approaches and areas where further investigation is needed.In this study aims to perform a detailed and comprehensive examinations of previous research and research executions to precise effective strategies and deficiencies in the current body of research.The objective is to thoroughly evaluate prior efforts,emphasizing successful methodologies and areas requiring additional investigation.A prototype of the digital vehicle Parking System is implemented via an Android application leveraging Firebase and IoT based on AI . This makes it easy for drivers to find parking spaces with assigned spaces.

Compact Pollution Control and Sound Indicator Device

Abstract: The increasing urbanisation of cities globally has intensified worries about car pollution, leading to substantial environmental damage and public health risks. Current Pollution Under Control (PUC) systems, which primarily focus on reducing exhaust emissions, often encounter usability problems and neglect the issue of noise pollution. This study presents a new and innovative approach called the Compact Pollution Control and Sound Indicator Device (CPCSID), which aims to overcome these limitations. The project includes state-of-the-art sensors capable of discriminating and measuring several exhaust gases generated by cars, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Additionally, it contains an integrated microphone to assess engine-generated noise levels. The LCD panel presents real-time data of pollution and noise, providing consumers with practical insights into the environmental effects of their car. In addition, our invention is integrated with a GSM module, which allows it to send SMS notifications to car owners. These warnings aim to promote environmentally aware behaviour and enable quick responses to reduce pollution. The small size and easy-to-use design make it suited for both individual car owners and fleet managers, providing a complete solution for reducing automobile pollution in urban areas.

A Robust License Plate Detection System Using Smart Device

The license plate recognition (LPR) system is widely employed in various applications. However, most research studies have used a fixed camera rather than a moving one. This is because the location of the vehicle plate is nearly static and easily estimated, making the use of a static camera simple for locating and detecting the scanned license plate. Images obtained with a moving camera are highly complex due to frequent background changes. Additionally, a challenge with car plates in Malaysia is their non-standardized nature. Car owners are permitted to use any font type for their license plate number, rendering existing license plate recognition systems from other countries incapable of effectively detecting license plates on Malaysian car plates. A traditional LPR system typically requires a high-quality camera and a powerful computer for costly and bulky processing. Nowadays, many smartphones come equipped with powerful processors and cameras. Android smartphones include various libraries for modifying hardware configurations such as the camera. This paper presents a robust method for detecting Malaysia's license plate number using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The CNN model from the pre-training process is imported to the Android device and tested in real-time in an on-road driving environment, resulting in an average recognition rate of 89.37%. A comprehensive Character Recognition Analysis is also presented to demonstrate the accuracy of each character. However, there is still room for improvement in recognizing the character Q.

Workplace responsibility for employee mobility? A review of sustainability reporting frameworks

ABSTRACT Employers significantly influence employee travel habits through their policies and benefits, impacting workforce selection, equality of opportunities, and the environment. This study analyses what the fast-growing body of business sustainability standards and reporting frameworks (also known as Corporate Social Responsibility or Environment-Social-Governance (ESG) reporting) require from employers with respect to employee mobility. Analysing 29 leading frameworks using document analysis methods, our findings reveal that the majority (n = 19) do not address employee mobility in their reporting requirements. Among those that do (n = 10), their focus is notably limited, primarily centred on greenhouse gas emissions calculations. Only two frameworks emphasise employer responsibility for preventing transport injuries as part of workforce health and safety management. None of the frameworks mandate reporting on efforts to create an accessible workplace for all potential employees, regardless of abilities or car ownership. These results highlight a significant disparity between the limited expectations expressed in reporting frameworks and the far-reaching impacts of workplace mobility policies. We critique the GHG protocol's methodology concerning business travel and employee commuting on practical and normative grounds. We recommend that future reporting frameworks adopt broader requirements for employer transport policies, in the expectation that higher standards will trigger greener and more inclusive employer policies.

The Experimental Design of a Spring Coil Compressor Remover for Automobile

This study examined various types of coil spring compressors in the automobile industry. A coil spring compressor for compressing a coil spring during the assembly of subassemblies of automotive suspension systems, having a head jaw positioned above a base and movable concerning the base. The coil spring compressor is provided with a pair of guide bars suspended from the head plate and on which a slidable carriage is mounted. The carriage carries a pair of compressing assemblies facing each other in vertical positions and positioned at both the upper and lower parts of the coil spring. Each assembly comprises a pair of compressor arms interconnected with each other. Each compressor arm is provided with a jaw mount to which a compressing hook is adjustably attached. The jaws are introduced between a few successive turns of the coil spring by operating handles provided on the compressor arms. The purpose of this design is to be used on various types of suspension disassembly and assembly of vehicles, the tool includes the upper and the lower jaw which by the smooth turning of the screw lowers to compress the coil spring or turns to release the compressed coil spring. The new design was made from mild steel and the tools used for the construction were an electric arc welding machine, power, and hand hacksaws, the bench vice, assorted hammers, vice, etc. The findings indicated that the new design is more efficient than the existing one. It was also recommended that car owners who visit the workshop should insist on the use of the right compression tool in the disassembly and assembly of their suspension systems.