Overview Of Failure Research Articles

Expected Failures in 3-D Technology and Related Failure Analysis Challenges

After an introduction to 3-D technology, and through silicon via (TSV)- and stacking options, this paper provides an overview of failures that can be expected in 3-D technology and lists the potential failure analysis (FA) techniques that can be applied to find these failures and the related challenges. Various failure mechanisms and effects that can be expected in TSVs, such as Cu pumping, voids, liner/barrier breakdown, electromigration, mechanical stress impact, Cu diffusion, plasma-induced damage, and the keep-out-zone, are discussed. Also, failures due to backside processing (thinning-induced damage, charging, and Cu exposure) and stacking (misalignment, voids, solder squeeze-out, electrostatic discharge, stress-induced cracking, and delamination) are listed. The importance of mechanical stress and chip–package interaction as a main threat for failures in 3-D technology is highlighted. The FA techniques are not discussed in detail (references are provided). There is a clear need for techniques that can detect failures, such as small (micrometer and submicrometer range) cracks, voids, and delaminated regions (both planar and vertical).

Heart Failure

Heart failure is a disease of epidemic proportions in the United States affecting almost 6 million people. This heart failure overview includes a brief description of the etiology of this extremely prevalent coronary artery disease. Myocardial (ventricular) remodeling is described as being either physiological or pathological. Patients must initially be taught that heart failure is a chronic and ongoing disease to comprehend the need for lifestyle changes and management of life problems. Because adherence is a key determinate of clinical outcomes, promoting patient adherence with medications is a major focus for clinicians working with patients with heart failure. Various diagnostic tests are explained as well as the treatment of heart failure. Treatment includes pharmacologic, nonpharmacologic, and surgical interventions. Although there have been substantial advances in care and management, this information is important for healthcare service professionals to know because the number of people diagnosed with heart failure continues to increase each year.

Advances in the management of respiratory failure: overview.

Advances in the management of respiratory failure: overview.

Advances in the Management of Respiratory Failure Overview

Advances in the Management of Respiratory Failure Overview