Overview Maps Research Articles

The diversity analysis and gene function prediction of intestinal bacteria in three equine species.

The intestinal flora has a variety of physiological functions involved in the regulation of host metabolism, immunity and endocrinology, and plays an important role in maintaining the health of the host. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the intestinal bacterial diversity and their gene functions in three equine species of the genus Shetland Pony (SP), Mongolian Wild Ass (MA), and Plain Zebra (PZ) in captivity in two wildlife parks in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The results showed that only the SP intestinal bacterial abundance index (Chao1) was significantly different (P < 0.05) between the same species in the two wildlife parks, but neither the intestinal bacterial diversity index (Shannon) nor the community composition were significantly different (P > 0.05). The bacterial abundance index (Chao1) was significantly higher in MA than SP (P < 0.05) and highly significantly higher than PZ (P < 0.01); the bacterial diversity index (Shannon) was higher in MA than PZ, but there was no significant difference, but both MA and PZ were significantly higher than SP (P < 0.05). Moreover, the intestinal bacterial community composition was significantly different among the three equine species (P = 0.001). The dominant bacterial phyla for SP, MA, and PZ were Firmicutes and Bacteroidota; among them, the bacterial family with the highest relative abundance was Lachnospiraceae and the bacterial genus was Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group. Analysis of the metabolic gene functions of intestinal bacteria revealed that the highest relative abundance at Pathway level 2 was for global and overview maps; at Pathway level 3, the highest relative abundance was for biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In sum, the intestinal bacterial community composition and diversity of the above three equine species differed significantly, but their metabolic gene functions were similar. Moreover, the results of this manuscript fill the gap in the study of intestinal bacterial diversity in SP, MA, and PZ. It also provides a reference for the study of the dominant bacteria in the intestinal microorganisms of these three equine species and the discovery of novel functional genes.

Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed candidate genes involved in fruiting body development and sporulation in Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum is an edible mushroom highly regarded in the traditional Chinese medicine. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fruiting body development in G. lucidum, transcriptome analysis based on RNA sequencing was carried out on different developmental stages: mycelium (G1); primordium (G2); young fruiting body (G3); mature fruiting body (G4); fruiting body in post-sporulation stage (G5). In total, 26,137 unigenes with an average length of 1078bp were de novo assembled. Functional annotation of transcriptomes matched 72.49% of the unigenes to known proteins available in at least one database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the evaluated stages: 3135 DEGs in G1 versus G2; 120 in G2 versus G3; 3919 in G3 versus G4; and 1012 in G4 versus G5. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of DEGs identified in G1 versus G2 revealed that, in addition to global and overview maps, enriched pathways were related to amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism. In contrast, DEGs identified in G2 versus G3 were mainly assigned to the category of metabolism of amino acids and their derivatives, comprising mostly upregulated unigenes. In addition, highly expressed unigenes associated with the transition between different developmental stages were identified, including those encoding hydrophobins, cytochrome P450s, extracellular proteases, and several transcription factors. Meanwhile, highly expressed unigenes related to meiosis such as DMC1, MSH4, HOP1, and Mek1 were also analyzed. Our study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying fruiting body development and sporulation in G. lucidum.

Contrasting Responses of the Microbial Community Structure and Functional Traits to Soil pH in Purple Soils

To clarify the effect of pH on the structure and functional traits of soil microbial communities in purple soils, three purple upland soils developed from the same parent material that differed in pH were selected as the research objects, and metagenomic shotgun sequencing was used to investigate the structure and functional traits of the microbial communities among different pH soils. The shotgun sequencing identified a total of 89 phyla, 222 classes, 527 orders, 1009 families, 2769 genera, and 14354 species in these soils. Regardless of the phylogenetic classification level, the microbial community structures of these three purple soils with different pHs were significantly different. RDA results corroborated the highly significant difference in the microbial community structures among the three purple soils with different pHs, and the soil properties tested here all had significant correlations with soil microbial community structure, in which the soil pH had the greatest effect (R2=0.9985, P=0.001). However, the results of investigating the microbial community functions revealed that the main metabolic processes of the three purple soils were all involved in unknown functions, global and overview maps, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, ammonia assimilation, etc. There was almost no significant difference in the relative abundance of microbes in the three purple soils annotated with the same function regardless of the COG/KEGG functional database and nitrogen cycling functional database, indicating that the overall function trait of soil microbial community was relatively conservative and not easily affected by environmental factors.

Alterations of gut microbiota diversity, composition and metabonomics in testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia rats

BackgroundStudies had shown many diseases affect the stability of human microbiota, but how this relates to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has not been well understood. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the regulation of BPH on gut microbiota composition and metabonomics.MethodsWe analyzed gut samples from rats with BPH and healthy control rats, the gut microbiota composition and metabonomics were detected by 16S rDNA sequencing and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS).ResultsHigh-throughput sequencing results showed that gut microbiota beta-diversity increased (P < 0.01) in the BPH group vs. control group. Muribaculaceae (P < 0.01), Turicibacteraceae (P < 0.05), Turicibacter (P < 0.01) and Coprococcus (P < 0.01) were significantly decreased in the BPH group, whereas that of Mollicutes (P < 0.05) and Prevotella (P < 0.05) were significantly increased compared with the control group. Despite profound interindividual variability, the levels of several predominant genera were different. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences in several bacteria. BPH group vs. control group: Firmicutes (52.30% vs. 57.29%, P > 0.05), Bacteroidetes (46.54% vs. 41.64%, P > 0.05), Clostridia (50.89% vs. 54.66%, P > 0.05), Ruminococcaceae (25.67% vs. 20.56%, P > 0.05). LC–MS/MS of intestinal contents revealed that differential metabolites were mainly involved in cellular processes, environmental information processing, metabolism and organismal systems. The most important pathways were global and overview maps, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, digestive system and endocrine system. Through enrichment analysis, we found that the differential metabolites were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways, steroid hormone biosynthesis, ovarian steroidogenesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and bile secretion. Pearson correlation analysis (R = 0.94) showed that there was a strong correlation between Prevotellaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Turicibacteraceae, Bifidobacteriaceae and differential metabolites.ConclusionOur findings suggested an association between the gut microbiota and BPH, but the causal relationship between the two groups is unclear. Thus, further studies are warranted to elucidate the potential mechanisms and causal relationships between BPH and gut microbiota.

Effects of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone A2 on Gonad Development in Juvenile Amur Sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, Revealed by Transcriptome Profiling Analysis.

Acipenser schrenckii is an economically important aquatic species whose gonads require particularly long times to reach sexual maturity. Luteinizing hormone plays important roles in gonad development, and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone A2 (LH-A2) is used as an oxytocin to promote ovulation in aquaculture of A. schrenckii. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of LH-A2 on gonad development in juvenile A. schrenckii through transcriptome profiling analysis of the pituitary and gonads after LH-A2 treatment at a dose of 3 μg/kg. The 17β-estradiol (E2) levels gradually increased with LH-A2 treatment time, and significantly differed from those of the control group on days 5 and 7 (p < 0.01). However, the content of testosterone (Testo) gradually decreased with LH-A2 treatment time and showed significant differences on day 3 (p < 0.05), and on days 5 and 7 (p < 0.01), compared to those in the control group. Thus, LH-A2 promotes the secretion of E2 and inhibits the secretion of Testo. Transcriptome profiling analysis revealed a total of 2,883 and 8,476 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the pituitary and gonads, respectively, thus indicating that LH-A2 has more regulatory effects on the gonads than the pituitary in A. schrenckii. Signal transduction, global and overview maps, immune system, endocrine system and lipid metabolism were the main enriched metabolic pathways in both the pituitary and gonads. Sixteen important genes were selected from these metabolic pathways. Seven genes were co-DEGs enriched in both signal transduction and endocrine system metabolic pathways. The other co-DEGs were selected from the immune system and lipid metabolism metabolic pathways, and showed mRNA expression changes of >7.0. The expression of five DEGs throughout LH-A2 treatment was verified to show the same patterns of change as those observed with RNA-seq, indicating the accuracy of the RNA-seq in this study. Our findings provide valuable evidence of the regulation of gonad development of juvenile A. schrenckii by LH-A2 and may enable the establishment of artificial techniques to regulate gonad development in this species.

Use of Napier grass and rice straw hay as exogenous additive improves microbial community and fermentation quality of paper mulberry silage

In order to effectively use locally available woody forage and hay resources in tropics, paper mulberry (PM) silages were prepared using Napier grass (NG) and rice straw (RS) hays. The mixing proportion of hays were 10%, 20%, and 30% on fresh matter basis. After 60 days of ensiling, single molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology was used to analyse the dynamic changes of microbial community and silage fermentation. When PM silages were prepared with both hays, the moisture of PM were adjusted below 67.6%. The dominant microbial community rapidly shifted from Gram-negative to Gram-positive bacteria during ensiling. Before ensiling, aerobic bacteria were dominant in materials, but after ensiling, Lactobacillus plantarum became the main bacterial community and dominated the fermentation process. The result of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis shown that hay-treated PM silages increased the proportion of Global and overview maps and carbohydrate metabolic pathways, while decreasing the proportion of amino acid metabolic pathway. Fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis and proteolysis categories may improve the flavour and quality of the silage. PM silage prepared with 10% hay effectively improved better fermentation quality than PM alone silage. The result confirmed that PM and hay are the ideal combination, they can prepare good-quality silage for ruminant feed to alleviate the shortage of feed in tropics.

Identification of differential mRNA and lncRNA expression in AcMNPV-infected Sf9 cells

Sf9Sf9 are the ovarian cells of Spodoptera frugiperda that is the host of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), and hence can serve as an effective test vehicle to understand the AcMNPV infection mechanism. In this study, through high-throughput sequencing technology using samples collected from Sf9 cells at different time points after AcMNPV infection, 3463 pieces of time-series differentially expressed RNA (1,200 mRNA and 2,263 lncRNA) are identified and justified by experimental verification of randomly selected samples from them, proving the validity of the bioinformatical analysis on this topic. Functional enrichment analysis and target prediction are performed on those differentially expressed RNA, from which the major functional enrichment distribution of those differentially expressed mRNA is derived. It has been found that the differential genes are mainly in the cellular anatomical entity and intracellular in terms of the cellular component, and in the binding and catalytic activity in terms of the molecular function. Also, the differential mRNA are mainly concentrated in global and overview maps, signal transduction, infectious diseases, and viral, etc. Moreover, those mRNA targeted by lncRNA are predicted. The correlation between those differentially expressed lncRNA and mRNA indicates that lncRNA is very likely playing an important role in the interaction between virus and host. Aided by an advanced co-expression analysis approach, the “hub” RNA is also identified. The study in this work pave the way for further analyzing and understanding how AcMNPV escapes from the host’s immunity, manipulates the host to realize the self-multiplication, and realizes the timely conversion between its two particle forms, laying the foundation for uncovering the host’s immune response process.

Топографические карты Северо-Западного Причерноморья XVII – середины XVIII в.

Systematization of cartographic sources and their comparative analysis is a challenging scientific task, accomplishment of which enables creating a more objective picture of the past. The geographical approach is inseparable from the historical one, and historic-geographical studies are an integral factor in a comprehensive scientific research. Many cartographic sources on the North-Western Black Sea Region are far from being studied and even systematized, some of them remain hardly known, and many of those that have been studied need to be adequately explained and rethought. The most noteworthy geographical features located within the borders of modern Moldavia, neighboring Romania and Ukraine, are depicted on some of the oldest maps. In the period of the 16th–18th centuries, the foundation for detailed mapping of the territory and creating large-scale overview maps was laid, including the works by G. L. Beauplan, V. M. Coronelli, D. K. Cantemir. G. A. B. Rizzi-Zannoni. A comprehensive topographic study of the North-Western Black Sea Region began only at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, when the first survey and topographic maps were compiled, which enabled not only getting a general idea of the geography of the region, but also navigating the area quite confidently.

Gut bacteria communities differ between Gynaephora species endemic to different altitudes of the Tibetan Plateau

Abstract Knowledge about the impact of different ecological environments on the composition and function of gut bacteria of Gynaephora species is largely unknown. Here, we characterized the gut bacterial communities of the two Gynaephora species (Gynaephora menyuanensis and G. alpherakii) inhabiting different altitudes of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) by 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing. We found that G. menyuanensis, which inhabits a lower altitude, had a higher richness in gut bacteria than that of G. alpherakii, which inhabits a higher altitude, whereas G. alpherakii exhibited more unique gut bacteria. The gut bacteria of G. menyuanensis and G. alpherakii were dominated by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, respectively. Wolbachia and Pseudomonas were significantly more abundant in G. menyuanensis, while Carnobacterium, Enterococcus and Bacillus were more abundant in G. alpherakii. Metagenomic analysis showed that genes involved in metabolism were most enriched in both Gynaephora species. Functional differences were found in four KEGG pathways (metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, and cellular processes) between the two Gynaephora species. For the metabolism pathway, genes involved in global and overview maps, energy metabolism and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were more enriched in G. menyuanensis, whereas in G. alpherakii, there was enrichment for genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. These results indicated that the two Gynaephora species occurring at different altitudes had evident compositional and functional differences in gut bacteria, likely associated with ecological adaptation. Overall, investigation of the composition and function of Gynaephora species opens a new horizon for understanding the gut bacteria, which may provide valuable information about probiotics and control of Gynaephora as a pest.

Glacial morphology of the Sara Mountains

The paper defines and presents the forms of glacial relief formed, most likely, during the last Pleistocene glacial maximum (LGM). A graphic and textual presentation of almost all glacial forms is given on the entire territory of the Sara Mountains, on both sides of their main ridge, from Ljuboten in the NE to the source tributaries of the Radika River in the SW. Based on the height position and spatial development of glacial forms, the height of the snow line (ELA) was determined, glacier types were determined and defined, which is shown on two overview maps representing Pleistocene glacial morphology and reconstructed Pleistocene glaciers referring to the last Pleistocene glacial (MIS-2). Since these are the youngest glacial morphological traces on the Sara Mountains, they are the best preserved today.

RSDB: an easy to deploy open‐source web platform for remote sensing raster and point cloud data management, exploration and processing

Monitoring biodiversity and its change over space and time is a key challenge for ecological research. Utilizing remote sensing data in ecological research has been shown to be a powerful complement to labor‐intensive field work to derive area‐wide biodiversity indices, which can also capture larger spatiotemporal areas. However, preprocessing different types of remote sensing data for specific studies often requires extensive computational skills as the algorithms for creating final data products are scattered across the literature.Our remote sensing database (RSDB, &lt;https://github.com/environmentalinformatics‐marburg/rsdb&gt;) serves as an integrative storage, management and processing solution for several types of remote sensing data. Transparent data processing capabilities for more than 200 biodiversity‐related indices are included and can be used to calculate ready‐to‐use data products for a variety of ecological studies. These data products, for example, leaf area, vertical distribution of biomass and foliage height derived from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point clouds, are individually calculated for user‐specified study areas and can serve as proxies for ecological variables, such as the availability of resources or habitat heterogeneity.The primary RSDB user interface is web browser based on management, exploration, visualization and product processing capabilities. The RSDB stores data in layers that are discoverable by textual metadata and mapping on overview maps. Individual data layers can be explored using interactive maps and 3‐D visualizations. We additionally provide a seamless connection of the RSDB's functionality with the R environment through our accompanying R package for scripting and advanced processing tasks.We designed the RSDB to be an easily accessible solution for on‐demand processing of comprehensive biodiversity indices. To date, the RSDB has been used and tested in several studies, and we are convinced that it will continue to facilitate biodiversity monitoring via its application to ecological research.

Exploring microbial community structure and metabolic gene clusters during silage fermentation of paper mulberry, a high-protein woody plant

To develop a new high-protein woody forage resource for livestock to alleviate feed shortages in the tropics, we applied PacBio single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing to explore the community structure, species diversity and metabolic gene clusters of natural microorganisms associated with paper mulberry (PM) silage fermentation. High levels of microbial diversity and abundance were observed in PM raw material, and these levels decreased with the progression of silage fermentation. During woody ensiling, the dominant bacteria shifted from pathogenic Gram-negative Proteobacteria to beneficial Gram-positive Firmicutes. Lactic acid bacteria became the most dominant bacteria that affected fermentation quality in terminal silages. Global and overview maps, carbohydrate metabolism and amino-acid metabolism were the important microbial metabolic pathways that impacted the final fermentation product of silage. PacBio SMRT sequencing revealed specific microbial-related information concerning silage. PM is rich in nutrients and macro mineral contents, which are preserved well during ensiling, indicating that PM silage can serve as a new woody resource suitable for ruminants.

De novo assembly of Auricularia polytricha transcriptome and discovery of genes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose.

Auricularia polytricha belonging to Basidiomycota has the ability to degrade lignocellulose. However, there has been no resource in public databases examining the transcriptome of A. polytricha. In this study, high-throughput sequencing platform BGISEQ-500 was used to generate large amount of transcript sequences from A. polytricha for gene discovery and molecular marker development. A total of 28,102 unigenes were discovered from the assembly of clean reads. In addition, functional categorization of the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways revealed several important biological processes. GO annotation analysis presented 47 categories, with the major subcategories being catalytic activity, binding, cellular process, metabolic process, and cell. Among the five functional categories and 21 subcategories of processes discovered from KEGG, global and overview maps, carbohydrate metabolism, transport, and catabolism are the main subcategories. Furthermore, among the unigenes related to lignocellulosic degradation discovered by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, 2, 5, and 16 unigenes in de novo assembly of A. polytricha transcriptome were found to relate to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin degradation, respectively. The study provided valuable information on the degradation of lignocellulose to facilitate research on the degradation mechanism, molecular marker, functional research, gene mapping, and other multigenomic studies of species containing lignocellulose.

Effects of the Design of Overview Maps on Three-Dimensional Virtual Environment Interfaces.

This study examined how users acquire spatial knowledge in an onscreen three-dimensional virtual environment when using overview maps. This experiment adopted a three (the size of overview maps) x two (the transparency of overview maps) between-subjects design. Three levels of the size of overview maps were evaluated, i.e., 1/2, 1/8, and 1/16 screen size. Comparisons between 20% transparent and 80% transparent were made. We asked 108 participants to complete spatial perception tasks and fill out questionnaires regarding their feelings. The results indicate the following: (1) The effects of the transparency of overview maps on users’ spatial perception vary with the size of overview maps. The 80% transparent overview map is significantly more efficient than the 20% transparent overview map in the condition of 1/2 screen size. However, the result is opposite in the condition of 1/8 screen size. (2) Users like the 80% transparent overview map significantly better than the 20% transparent overview map in the condition of 1/2 screen size. (3) Concerning subjective evaluations of satisfaction, preference, and system usability, overview maps in the condition of 1/8 screen size are significantly better than those in the condition of 1/2 screen size.

Metagenomic analysis of soil microbial community under PFOA and PFOS stress

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) contamination of soil has attracted global attention in recent years but influences of PFCs on microorganisms in the soil environment have not been fully described. In this study, the effects of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) on bacterial communities were determined by Illumina Miseq sequencing and Illumina Hiseq Xten. The stimulation of PFCs pollutants on soil bacterial richness and community diversity were observed. Sequencing information indicated that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant bacterial phyla. Two genera, Bacillus and Sphingomonas, exhibited adverse responses toward PFCs pollution. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and NCBI databases were used to elucidate the proteins and function action of soil microbial to PFCs pollution. Pathways such as Carbohydrate metabolism, Global and overview maps and Membrane transport in the soil microbes were affected by PFCs stress. CAZy analysis revealed that glycosyl transferases (GTs) in PFCs-polluted soils showed more active, while glycoside hydrolases (GHs) were inhibited severely.

Wayfinding in Virtual Environments With Landmarks on Overview Maps

AbstractThis study aims to improve users’ positive experiences in wayfinding in virtual environments through empirical research on the influence of different designs of landmarks on overview maps. The experiment adopted a four (landmark) x two (gender) between-subjects design. Landmarks with symbols, symbols and images, symbols and text, and symbols, images and text were examined. Fifty-six participants were invited to complete three wayfinding tasks and fill out questionnaires. The generated results indicated that: (1) Landmark presentation styles significantly affect wayfinding performance on overview maps in virtual environments. (2) Concerning subjective rationality, system usability and perceived usefulness, the use of text in landmark design can significantly improve users’ evaluations of overview maps. (3) In terms of gender, females’ system usability evaluations and subjective intentions of using overview map with landmarks are significantly more positive than males’.

Developing critical documentation practices for design researchers

This article presents guidelines for developing a critical documentation practice; a generative approach to documenting design research which emphasises drawing out the interplay between design practice and literature/precedents, to build a ‘credible evidence base’ for scholarly reporting. The guidelines are targeted at design researchers – particularly students and designers new to scholarship – conducting design practice as a mode of inquiry. The guidelines facilitate capturing and critiquing four categories of research activity: creating progressive overview maps, analysis of contextual anchors (key literature and practice precedents), reflective experiment logs (of iterative design processes) and peer critique. The guidelines are contextualised within design literature and pedagogy. A case study demonstrates how insights from a critical documentation practice drive both design and research agendas of a project.

A Salgótarjáni és Ózdi paleogén részmedence térképezése szeizmikus és gravitációs mérési adatok alapján, és az eredmények szénhidrogén-földtani vonatkozásai

Az Észak-magyarországi Paleogén-medence perspektivikus szénhidrogének kutatása szempontjából. A kutatási lehetőségek megítéléséhez azonban elengedhetetlen a medencealjzat domborzatának, ill. az üledékkitöltés szintjeinek helyes ábrázolása. A Salgótarjáni- és Ózdi-részmedence területén a medenceperemi kutatófúrások alapján készült, országos léptékű prekainozoos medencealjzat térképek a szeizmikus mélységszelvények alapján pontosíthatók. A Magyar Bányászati és Földtani Szolgálat (MBFSZ) szakemberei szeizmikus, gravitációs és mélyfúrási adatok újrafeldolgozása, újraértelmezése alapján elkészítették a terület részletes, nagyobb felbontású prekainozoos medencealjzat térképét, és az üledékkitöltés vezérszintjeinek térképeit. Az itt bemutatott eredmények alapján a paleogén medence aljzata a medenceperemektől Bárna település alatt (Salgótarjántól 10 km-re K felé) 3400 méter tengerszint alatti mélységig süllyed.&#x0D; A geofizikai adatok együttes értelmezése szerint a Salgótarjáni- és az Ózdi-részmedence között jelentős eltérés van mind az aljzat mélysége, mind a medencét kitöltő üledékrétegsor tekintetében. A gravitációs medencemodell két sűrűségmodellel közelíthető, amelyek között egy átmeneti zóna is van. A szeizmikus értelmezés alapján a részmedencék paleogén–alsó-miocén üledékkitöltésében öt vezérszint követhető, a nyugati részen (Salgótarjáni-részmedence) nagy vastagságban találhatók idősebb oligocén üledékek, míg az északkeleti területen (Ózdi részmedence) a fiatalabb oligocén és miocén képződmények dominálnak. A potenciálisan anyakőzetként számontartott összletekről mélység- és vastagságtérképek készültek. Ezek szerint a medence nyugati részének mélyzónája kiterjedtebb, mint azt a korábbi áttekintő térképek ábrázolják. A terület kőolaj és földgáz előfordulásai és indikációi azt jelzik, hogy a Salgótarjáni-részmedencében a szénhidrogének anyakőzetei érettek, a felhalmozódások pedig az anyakőzetekben, vagy azok szűk környezetében lehetnek, mert a szénhidrogén migráció korlátozott. A vitrinit reflexió adatok szerint a medenceperemeken a jelenleg felszín közelben lévő megmintázott kőzetrészek szerves anyaga korábban a jelenleginél mélyebben volt eltemetve, és a kőolajképződés kezdeti fázisának közelébe jutott.&#x0D; A Salgótarjáni-részmedencének a korábban várhatótól jelentősebb kiterjedése és mélysége, a várható szénhidrogén anyakőzetek mennyisége és érettsége alapján a terület CH potenciálja jelentősebb lehet a korábbi megítélésnél. A térképek, és a szakirodalomból ismert szénhidrogén-földtani adatok alapján becslés történt az anyakőzet összlet által generált szénhidrogén mennyiségre, amely az értékelés szerint a 100 millió m3-t is meghaladhatja.

Root transcriptome profiling of contrasting wheat genotypes provides an insight to their adaptive strategies to water deficit

Water deficit limits plant growth and productivity in wheat. The effect of water deficit varies considerably in the contrasting genotypes. This study attempted comparative transcriptome profiling of the tolerant (Abura) and susceptible (AUS12671) genotypes under PEG-simulated water stress via genome-wide RNA-seq technology to understand the dynamics of tolerance mechanism. Morphological and physiological analyses indicated that the tolerant genotype Abura had a higher root growth and net photosynthesis, which accounted for its higher root biomass than AUS12671 under stress. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a total of 924 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were unique in the contrasting genotypes under stress across time points. The susceptible genotype AUS12671 had slightly more abundant DEGs (505) than the tolerant genotype Abura (419). Gene ontology enrichment and pathway analyses of these DEGs suggested that the two genotypes differed significantly in terms of adaptive mechanism. Predominant upregulation of genes involved in various metabolic pathways was the key adaptive feature of the susceptive genotype AUS12671 indicating its energy-consuming approach in adaptation to water deficit. In contrast, downregulation the expression of genes of key pathways, such as global and overview maps, carbohydrate metabolism, and genetic information processing was the main strategy for the tolerant genotype Abura. Besides, significantly higher number of genes encoding transcription factors (TF) families like MYB and NAC, which were reported to be associated with stress defense, were differentially expressed in the tolerant genotype Abura. Gene encoding transcription factors TIFY were only differentially expressed between stressed and non-stressed conditions in the sensitive genotype. The identified DEGs and the suggested differential adaptive strategies of the contrasting genotypes provided an insight for improving water deficit tolerance in wheat.

Comparative Analysis of miRNA Expression Profiles Between Heat-Tolerant and Heat-Sensitive Genotypes of Flowering Chinese Cabbage Under Heat Stress Using High-Throughput Sequencing.

Heat stress disturbs cellular homeostasis, thus usually impairs yield of flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in plant responses to different stresses by modulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. However, the roles that miRNAs and their target genes may play in heat tolerance of flowering Chinese cabbage remain poorly characterized. The current study sequenced six small RNA libraries generated from leaf tissues of flowering Chinese cabbage collected at 0, 6, and 12 h after 38 °C heat treatment, and identified 49 putative novel miRNAs and 43 known miRNAs that differentially expressed between heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive flowering Chinese cabbage. Among them, 14 novel and nine known miRNAs differentially expressed only in the heat-tolerant genotype under heat-stress, therefore, their target genes including disease resistance protein TAO1-like, RPS6, reticuline oxidase-like protein, etc. might play important roles in enhancing heat-tolerance. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that targets of these differentially expressed miRNAs may play key roles in responses to temperature stimulus, cell part, cellular process, cell, membrane, biological regulation, binding, and catalytic activities. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis identified their important functions in signal transduction, environmental adaptation, global and overview maps, as well as in stress adaptation and in MAPK signaling pathways such as cell death. These findings provide insight into the functions of the miRNAs in heat stress tolerance of flowering Chinese cabbage.