Overseas Tourists Research Articles

Chinese tourism enterprises’ host country choice for overseas investment: influencing factors, interactive effects, and national heterogeneity

ABSTRACT Despite being the second-largest overseas investment country and the largest outbound tourist source country in the world, China’s overseas investment in tourism has seldom been discussed. We performed a negative binomial regression on a sample of 73 host countries of China’s overseas tourism investment to systematically identify relevant influencing factors and interactive effects from 2004 to 2018 via national heterogeneity test on countries along the Belt and Road (B&R). Results indicate that, (1) Chinese tourism enterprises’ overseas investment had clear market-seeking and strategy-seeking motivations but no significant tourism resource–seeking motivation. (2) Chinese tourism enterprises’ overseas investment favoured regions with a sound institutional environment, showing significant national heterogeneity in general; specifically, Chinese tourism enterprises’ overseas investment featured an institutional risk preference for countries along the B&R and institutional risk aversion for non-B&R countries.(3) Chinese tourism enterprises’ overseas investment exhibited institutional preferences and path dependence due to multiple investment motivations and bilateral political relations during location selection. Strong and stable bilateral relations were complementary to the host country’s institutional quality, namely mutual high-level government visits. International sister city relations between China and B&R countries could also compensate for the impact of poor bilateral relations on host countries’ institutional quality.

Bayesian VAR 모형을 이용한 국내 관광 수요의 코로나 영향력 추정

COVID-19, which caused not only the Korean pandemic but also the global pandemic has had a devastating effect on the global economy as well as the tourism industry. Although the tourism industry has shrunk significantly as a result of COVID-19, especially demand for overseas tourism (-85.1%) has not recovered yet, but domestic tourism demand for Koreans is only -34.7%, providing a new opportunity for the tourism industry. As a result, based on data on tourism demand from 2016 to 2020, this study examined the types of tourist attractions by categorizing them as indoor/outdoor, Man-made/natural, large/small, and by region. The following is the result of setting up the Bayesian VAR model and examining the difference between 2020 quarterly forecasts and actual demand via Historical Decomposition. The rate of decrease in tourism demand in entire 1,364 tourist attractions was 26.21%, and the decrease in demand due to COVID-19 was greater in indoor(-71.27%) than outdoor(-20.58%), Man-made(-55.26%) than natural (-16.78%), and large (-32.59%) tourist attractions rather than small (-27.22%). According to regional analysis, Busan suffered the most damage with -52.96%, which is attributed to the characteristics of tourist attractions(such as beaches) with high density. This study is significant because it examined the types of tourists attractions that visitors visiting during COVID-19 era and provided academic and practical implications for developing strategies and policies to revitalize domestic tourism in the future with-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 eras.

항공 셀프서비스기술 품질이 고객만족에 미치는 영향: 지각된 위험의 조절효과

The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of aviation self-service technology on customer satisfaction due to an increase in the utilization rate of non-face-to-face services in situations such as COVID-19, and to confirm whether perceived risk has a moderating effect. The survey was conducted on adults with overseas tourism experience within the last three years, and a total of 232 copies were used for the final analysis. The SPSS 22.0 program was used for analysis. As a result of the analysis, hypothesis 1 came out. Self-service technology was found to have an effect on customer satisfaction, and hypothesis was 2. The effect of mitigating perceived risk was analyzed as partial adoption. The findings suggested that all self-service technology characteristics are important for customer satisfaction, so measures to improve customer satisfaction should be prepared.

Exploring online destination brand advocacy

ABSTRACT This paper explores online brand advocacy (OBA) in a tourism destination context. Through a Social Influence Theory lens, it explores the ways in which residents and overseas tourists discuss Australia as a destination brand on social media. By analyzing a big dataset of social media user-generated content (UGC), this study sought to identify the key dimensions evident in positively valenced social media UGC, to see whether these dimensions varied between residents and overseas tourists, and to see whether the dimensions reflected OBA. The analyses found online destination brand advocacy (ODBA) had five dimensions: Destination Acknowledgement (hashtags), Destination Insights, Destination Positivity and Experience Sharing, Destination Brand Defence and Positive Virtual Visual Cues. The results have implications for the ways destination management organisations (DMOs) use social media. Suggestions for DMOs about incorporating ODBA in their marketing and branding strategies, are given at the conclusion of this paper. Some theoretical implications, specifically the need to further investigate ODBA, are also outlined.

Analyses of Economy and Creative Economic Potentials in Bogor Regency

Located between the feet of the Mount Gede and the Mount Salak, Bogor Regency is a region blessed with abundant natural potentials which can be turned into tourism objects to attract both local and overseas tourists. Such advantages cannot be found in many regions. Therefore, it is necessary for local governments to recognize and to map any benefits that the region has and to identify any sector which should receive immediate attention so that they can be the driving locomotive the development of the region. The purpose of this study is to analyze the economy, economic structure, the leading sector, creative economic potential, and strategies for developing the creative economy of Bogor regency. In terms of method, this research used secondary data with analysis of economic growth, economic structure and sectoral contribution to GRDP, LQ analysis, and Shift Share analysis. To recognize potentials of creative economy and development strategy in the future, SWOT analysis with a seven-dimensional creative economy approach was applied. The research found that the growth of Bogor Regency is the highest compared to other cities/regencies in West Java... Based on the LQ analysis, there are four business fields which have been the leading sector, or the base sector with an LQ value > 1. Shift Share (SS) analysis of Bogor Regency towards West Java province over the 2015-2019 period found that the value, the overall growth of Bogor Regency is relatively higher than that of the West Java Province. Positive Differential Shift (DS) value indicates fairly high comparative advantage. The Proportional Shift (PS) value also shows proportional composition of industrial sectors growing faster than the province of West Java. Based on the seven dimensions of the creative economy used in this research, through a SWOT analysis, it needs to be developed as a whole. Of the seven dimensions, there are two dimensions that are of priority and concern. The first is the issue of human resource development and the second is the issue of financing or capital.

Analysis of Information Search Behaviour Based on The Age of Indonesian Outbound Traveler

This study aims to determine trends in choosing information channels and conducting overseas travel activities with a focus on "Analysis of Information Search Behaviour based on the age of Indonesian Overseas Tourist”. The factors tested in this study are information source search behavior that influences the choice and ease of access chosen as Univariate Variables with classification based on the age of Indonesian tourists planning to go abroad. The research design used is a quantitative approach. The population in this study is the Indonesian population who will plan an overseas trip represented by 200 samples. The technique is nonprobability sampling with non-probability sampling methods, through purposive sampling. The analytical method used is the analysis of the use of Pie chart and the F test (anova analysis). The results showed that there were no differences in the average information source search behavior that influenced the choice and ease of access chosen based on the age characteristics of Indonesian overseas tourist. Personal sources are chosen as sources of information that influence choices because interpersonal communication is the most effective type of communication to change attitudes and opinions. The travel agency was chosen for the ease of access because it provides tangible services to tourists.

관광 SNS 서비스품질이 지각된 유용성, 관광몰입, 관광경험에 미치는 영향

This study focus on investigating perceived usefulness of tourism SNS service quality and how it affects tourism flow. Also, the relationship of perceived usefulness on tourism flow and tourism experience is examined, and it is confirmed whether a significant effect is formed in the relationship between tourism flow and tourism experience. For empirical analysis, an online questionnaire was conducted targeting 400 adults (age over 19) who experienced domestic or overseas tourism using SNS information, and a total of 336 questionnaires were applied to the final analysis. Smart PLS 3.0 was used to test the hypothesis of this study. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that all hypotheses had a positive influence relationship. This study has important significance in that it reconfirmed the relationship between perceived usefulness, tourism flow, and tourism experience by merging SNS with tourism information to derive service quality items. In this regard, the practical level suggested the implications of providing assistance to tourism business executives in establishing marketing strategies by evaluating the service quality of tourism information using SNS.

The Mediating Effect of Ownership of Psychological Behavior and Tour Leader Experience on Accountability in Order to Explore the Sustainable Business Model of the Tourism Industry

Since 2019, the world has been affected by COVID-19. The tourism industry, in particular, has suffered greatly. For instance, widespread travel restrictions have directly led to unemployment among tourism practitioners, especially tour leaders engaged in leading overseas tour groups. In the current environment, tour companies are limited to training only, and as such have chosen to focus on strengthening three critical areas: the leadership, psychological, and professional skills of their tour operators. This study contributes to the tourism literature by examining the direct and indirect effects of accountability on ownership of organization behavior (OOB) and tour leader personality in the context of the tourism industry, in order to expand the sustainable development of the tourism industry. The definition of OOB is that the psychological influence of the tour leader will affect their behavior, and the psychological consequences of the tour leader will be affected by experience (such as seniority of the team leader or number of tour groups). A structured questionnaire was used to survey tour leaders who hold an international license in Taiwan. The direct mediating influences of competence and having a place (psychological antecedents) on their accountability was confirmed. OOB also partially mediated the direct positive effect of the practice mechanism on their accountability. Our results also confirmed that competence and having a place are important predictors of the practice mechanism, and are better predictors of accountability than OOB. These findings should enhance the organizational design and marketing options available to travel agency businesses, as well as offering guidance to managers attempting to shape and mold their organizational culture and the behaviors of tour leaders associated with the implementation of OOB, in order to improve accountability in the sustainable business model of tourism.

Qualitative study of Yogyakarta palace culinary gastronomic tourism

This study aims to explore in-depth information on the factors that become gastronomic tourist attractions of the Yogyakarta palace culinary. This research is qualitative research and data collection was carried out by interviews. In this study, the informants were the Yogyakarta palace’s gastronomic tourists and the Yogyakarta palace’s culinary managers. The data analysis technique used is a descriptive interactive model. These research results show that each restaurant has different concepts and segments serving culinary tourism services. The concept is presented with traditional and modern nuances. Each restaurant offers different advantages, such as private dinner programmes, home tours or different culinary service experiences. The segments of each Yogyakarta palace culinary restaurant are divided into tourists and the general public, although culinary managers focus more on overseas tourists. Based on domestic and foreign tourists’ perspective, the appeal of the Yogyakarta palace culinary tourism is the need for experience, curiosity, invitations, tourism information and a sense of pride. The responses given by the informants were related to experiences during the gastronomic or culinary tours of the palace, namely getting new experiences, fun, satisfaction, a sense of pride and willingness to recommend to others. Recommendations on the tourism office to introduce gastronomic tourism to foreign countries can boost the level of tourist visits. The palace’s culinary service providers need to provide a satisfying experience and historical services that stick in visitors’ minds by providing complete guidance and information regarding the historical and cultural value of food and its procedures. Keywords: Culinary, gastronomy, palace, tourism.

Study on the COVID-19 infection status, prevention and control strategies among people entering Shenzhen

BackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed cases overseas have continued to rise in the last months, and many people overseas have chosen to return to China. This increases the risk of a large number of imported cases which may cause a relapse of the COVID-19 outbreak. In order to prevent imported infection, the Shenzhen government has implemented a closed-loop management strategy using nucleic acid testing (NAT) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and requiring 14 days of medical observation for individuals with an overseas tour history (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan province and other countries). Our study aims to describe the status of COVID-19 infection among people entering Shenzhen, and to evaluate the effect of the closed-loop management strategy.MethodsWe undertook a descriptive study and risk analysis by the entry time, time of reporting, and local confirmed cases in countries of origin. The NAT were completed in Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ten district-level CDCs, and fever clinics.ResultsA total of 86,844 people from overseas entered Shenzhen from January 1 to April 18, 2020; there were 39 imported COVID cases and 293 close contacts. The infection rate of people entering was 4.49‰ [95% Confidence interval (CI): 3.26‰–6.05‰]. Fourteen imported cases (35.9%) came from the UK, and nine (23.08%) came from the USA. People entering from the USA since March 9 or from the UK since March 13 are the high-risk population. As of July 17, there have been no new confirmed cases in Shenzhen for 153 days, and the numbers of confirmed case, close contacts, and asymptomatic cases are 0.ConclusionsThe closed-loop management has been effective in preventing imported infection and controlling domestic relapse. The distribution of entry time and report time for imported cases overseas was similar. This shows that it is important to implement closed-loop management at the port of entry.

An IoT-based Coastal Recreational Suitability System using Effective Messaging Protocol

Coastal recreational activities are one of the main attractions for local public beachgoers and overseas tourists. The accessibility to better-quality coastal water will enhance safety and public health awareness when the information is available. Existing platforms showing the risk of whether a beach is suitable for public recreational use is less available in Malaysia. The Internet of Things (IoT) based system design specifically for coastal recreational suitability may differ from the existing configuration depending on the environment and requirements. This paper reports the design and implementation of an IoT-based system to capture the coastal environmental data and recommend recreational suitability. The system captures sensor data, store it in a database and displays the result using a dashboard. The variable data include the temperature, humidity, rain, pH, turbidity, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and total dissolved solids (TDS) in a coastal area. The hardware used in the design is the development boards such as Raspberry Pi, Arduino Uno, and ESP32 controller. The system is developed using PHP, MySQL, and Apache Web Server and can be accessed online at https://ipantai.xyz. When using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) as the effective messaging protocol and HiveMQ broker, the result has shown improvement for message size, throughput, and power consumption. The further potential of an IoT-based system is to bring value for coastal management and serve as a powerful tool to determine whether the coastal area is suitable for the public to access water recreational activities.

한국 근대사회에서 관광의 생산체계와 소비행태 변화 : 포디즘-탈포디즘 관점에서 문헌연구를 중심으로

This study began with the question how tourism and travel were produced and consumed in modern Korean society as Korean society changes to modernity. The purpose of this study is to find and interpret how the foundation process of tourism was established in modern Korean society, how the social and institutional production system of tourism including major tourism industries and national tourism development policies, and what characteristics of the consumption behaviors in tourism was. Accordingly, based on Fordism and Post-Fordism thesis issued in the West, it was discussed whether the tourism behavior and tourist experiences of domestic and overseas tourism were equally changed in Korea. This study conducted a document study using various research papers and statistic reports published by the government since 1976 as secondary data. It was concluded that social modernization changed the domestic tourism to radicalized modernization, and extended organized mass tourism to individualized one, namely, Fordism to post Fordism. On the other hand, overseas tourism in Korea was nearly impossible due to the limitation policy of tourism imports by government till 1988. In the 1990s, the number of overseas tourists increased rapidly with the explosive growth of the travel industry. Until the early 2000s, overseas tourism was mainly dominated by Fordism. Individualized tourism, meanwhile was favored by the younger generation who were able to communicate in ICT environment, or the internet, and thus the shift to post-Fordism in overseas tourism was partly seen.

A Study on Improvement Plan of Education System to Acquire Overseas Tour Conductor Certificate

A Study on Improvement Plan of Education System to Acquire Overseas Tour Conductor Certificate

포스트 코로나 시대 글로벌 관광전략에 관한 연구: 안동시를 중심으로

Since the degree of damage in the entire fields of tourism industry has become significant due to the spread and re-spread of COVID-19 throughout the world, countries of the world are seeking various urgent countermeasures in order to relieve the tourism industry in crisis. There is a limit to solve the situation with a short-term tourism industry revitalization strategy, and a tourism industry revitalization strategy according to regional characteristics is necessary. In this study, conditions of domestic and overseas tourism and support status were investigated in order to overcome the crisis of COVID-19 and to revitalize the tourism business in Andong province in the post COVID-19 era since the overall tourism industry in the province is facing recession due to COVID-19. Thirteen global tourism strategies for Andong in the post COVID-19 era were drawn based on the findings. Global tourism strategies for Andong due to COVID-19 have been presented, but there are still limitations such as an opportunity cost for solving the problem and the time required. It is expected that further studies that overcome such limitations will be carried out in future.

목표지향행동모형을 적용한 중국인의 북한관광 의사결정 연구

Currently, the tourism cooperation between China and North Korea is mainly focused on Chinese tourists visiting North Korea. Compared with other overseas tourism, North Korean tourism has unique tourism form, tourism experience and culture. Therefore, Chinese tourists have a strong interest in traveling North Korea, and their preference is gradually increasing. However, there is a lack of research on decision-making behavior of Chinese tourists visiting North Korea. The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavioral decisions of Chinese tourists visiting North Korea, and construct a goal-directed behavior model. A survey was conducted among Chinese tourists with travel experience in North Korea, and 349 valid questionnaires were obtained. The results show that attitude, subjective norm, positive anticipated emotion, negative anticipated emotion, and the frequency of past behavior have significant influence on desire. In addition, perceived behavioral control and desire have significant influence on behavioral intention. On the contrary, perceived behavioral control did not have a significant influence on desire. The frequency of past behavior did not have a significant influence on behavioral intention. These results can contribute to understanding the decision-making behavior of Chinese tourists in North Korea. Our findings will serve as a reference for tourism policy discussions between China and North Korea.

The impact of COVID-19 on tourism sector in India

ABSTRACT The novel coronavirus (COVID-19), which is one of its kind of humanitarian disasters, has affected people and businesses worldwide, triggering a global economic crisis. In this aspect, the tourism sector is not being left behind. The pandemic has not only affected the foreign exchange earnings (FEE) but also affected various regional developments, job opportunities, thereby disrupting the local communities as a whole. As there has been a substantial decline in the arrivals of overseas tourists in India in 2020, the paper aims to predict foreign tourists’ arrival in India and FEE using artificial neural networks (ANN). Furthermore, we analyse the impact of COVID-19 based on four scenarios considering with and without lockdown in terms of loss and gain in FEE. Lastly, the results obtained will help policymakers make necessary strategic and operational decisions, along with maximizing the FEE.

Impact of tourist perceived value on tourist satisfaction and loyalty : Focusing on university student traveled abroad

The adventurous spirit is stronger in one’s twenties than for other generations, and the culture of overseas tourism is growing with backpackers or social partners. Therefore, this study examined the effect relationship between perceived value (functional value, emotional value, and precious value) of the three sub-dimensions of perceived value, tourist satisfaction, and loyalty. Tourists’ satisfaction was affected by tourist perceived value that, in turn, had a positive association with loyalty. The survey was conducted for 15 days from November 1 to November 15, 2018. Of the 250 questionnaires collected during the survey period, 211 questionnaires were used for final analysis, excluding those with unreliable answers. As a result, all hypotheses are supported and there was a positive relationship between functional value, emotional value, and precious value of three sub-dimensions of perceived value, tourist satisfaction, and loyalty. Based on these results, this study identified the influence factors on the tourism behavior of young people by first identifying the relationship between perceived value of functional, emotional, and precious value, satisfaction, and loyalty of people in their twenties traveling to Southeast Asia. By doing so, it provides meaningful theoretical implications in the field of tourism marketing. In addition, this study provides some meaningful practical implications.

Factors influencing Chinese tourism students’ choice of an overseas PhD program

This study explores the choice criteria used by Chinese tourism students to select an overseas PhD program by using a qualitative approach. Through convenience sampling and snowball sampling, a total of 30 interviews are conducted. This study indicates that Chinese tourism students' choice of an overseas PhD program are influenced by personal reasons, country image effect, city effect, institution image, and programme evaluation. This study identifies both the similarities and differences between PhD students and undergraduate or master students' decision-making process. Theoretically, a model of Chinese overseas tourism PhD students’ decision-making process is developed. Practically, this study provides valuable information for host universities in promoting tourism doctoral programme for overseas students.

Comparison Study of Foreign Tourist Preferences in Choose The Attributes of Tourism Destination Pre and Post Natural Disaster

Post natural disaster there is a shift in the atributs selection of tourism destinations. This research was conducted at a Bali tourism destination when Agung mountain natural disaster occurred. The background of the research objective to find out the preferences of overseas tourists, in choosing tourist destinations during their visit destinations by comparing the conditions of pre and post natural disasters. The types of data used in this study are qualitative and quantitative data. Data sources come from primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques by observation, interviews, questionnaires, documentation and literature. Data analysis techniques with descriptive statistics and conjoint analysis, sampling techniques with Slovin formulas for foreign tourists who have visited Bali pre and post natural disasters of Mount Agung eruption. This research findings that preferences of foreign tourists in the selection of tourist destinations before natural disasters are strongly influenced by low prices / special offers, but after natural disasters are greatly influenced by information or promotion in articles in magazines/newspapers and films when to choose tourism destinations.
 Keywords: preference, foreign tourist, natural disaster, tourism destination

항공 셀프서비스기술이 비이용자의 사용의도에 미치는 영향 : 기술수용모형을 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to present a model of how the Air Self Service Technology affects the behavioral intentions of non-users, and to clarify the relationship between these factors. The time range of the study was set as the base year in 2019. The target range was general adults over 20 years of age who have experienced overseas tourism within the past 2 years. The place range was limited to passengers who have never used air SST at the at Incheon International Airport first and second terminal. In the questionnaire survey, a questionnaire survey was conducted using a self - filling questionnaire by a survey company. A total of 260 copies were distributed and retrieved. A total of 244 questionnaires were used, except for 16 questionnaires with low response rates and unresponsive responses. The empirical analysis was analyzed using the SPSS WIN Ver 22.0 statistical package program after the questionaaire was collected. A total of 4 hypotheses and 6 sub-hypotheses were set to achieve the purpose of this study. As a result of the hypothesis test, 10 out of 10 hypotheses were adopted, and the relevance of aviation self service technology to the influence on the intention of the non-users’ behavior was verified. In this study, we analyzed the attitude and some behaviors in air SST non-users, and there are limitations as follows, it is judged that there are limitations on the sample because the questionnaire is conducted for passengers who use the first and second Incheon International Airport. It is considered that research should be conducted not only at Incheon International Airport but also at other airports where SST is displayed.