Overseas Port Research Articles

Research on the Effects of "Belt and Road" Port Investments and Political Risks of Political Parties A Case Study of the Port of Piraeus

Under the promotion of the "Belt and Road" initiative, Chinese enterprises have actively engaged in overseas port investments. During the investment process, Chinese enterprises have encountered party resistance and changes in government. Therefore, the effective response to political risks of political parties directly influences the success or failure of port investments. This paper takes the Port of Piraeus as a case study, first outlining the project's timeline and content and analyzing the investment effects. Subsequently, it expounds on political risks of political parties associated with the project. Finally, it proposes measures to address political risks of political parties, providing insights for China's overseas port investments.

Overseas ports of China: evolution, geography, investment structure.

The beginning of the formation of a targeted process of using overseas Chinese port investments was stimulated by the new national policy of openness to the outside world, the strategy of "Going global". Over the past two decades, China's port industry and shipping have developed rapidly due to integration into the world economy, as well as the rapid development of China's own economy and foreign trade. Taking full advantage of the experience and advantages of building ports inland, China is promoting the improvement of port infrastructure in countries along the Maritime Silk Road, which contributes to the development of the port industry and the economy of the hinterland in the host country. At present, China regards the 21st century Maritime Silk Road as a new concept and an important strategy for national development, establishing a new international economic and political order. Forms of cooperation with countries in terms of port construction are diverse and effective. The article provides a periodization of the investment development of foreign port construction by Chinese capital, due to the influence of state policy and development strategies of the PRC. Although the current geographical structure of China's overseas port investment is highly decentralized, it covers the global shipping area and covers strategic maritime regions, straits and bays. The overseas port structure of China is analyzed in the article from the point of view of regional distribution by types of investment projects, the capital ratio of Chinese companies, ways and mechanisms of China's entry into foreign ports.

Correspondence: Debating China's Use of Overseas Ports

Correspondence: Debating China's Use of Overseas Ports

Possibility of Sustainable Entry into Overseas Port Operation Markets by Japanese Companies

The Japanese government has set an overseas infrastructure deployment policy to involve Japanese companies in all upstream to downstream processes, that is, from project formation, procurement, and construction to operation and maintenance. Although Japanese companies have been hitherto involved in overseas port development through Official Development Assistance, their entry into overseas port operation projects has been limited, meaning the realization of the policy is not expected to be easy. This study thus examines the possibility of sustainable entry into overseas port operation markets by Japanese companies. Specifically, we review port governance in Japan, characteristics of the Japanese market in the global market, and the status of the participation of domestic terminal operators in Japan and overseas, and then identify the possibilities and methods of sustainable inclusion in the future overseas port operations by interviewing representative companies and the government. We finally provide future directions in terms of both increasing entry opportunities and improving the entry environment.

Pier Competitor: China's Power Position in Global Ports

Abstract China is a leader in the global transportation industry, with an especially significant position in ocean ports. A mapping of every ocean port outside of China reveals that Chinese firms own or operate terminal assets in ninety-six ports in fifty-three countries. An original dataset of Chinese firms' overseas port holdings documents the geographic distribution, ownership, and operational characteristics of these ports. What are the international security implications of China's global port expansion? An investigation of Chinese firms' ties to the Party-state reveals multiple mechanisms by which the Chinese leadership may direct the use of commercial port assets for strategic purposes. International port terminals that Chinese firms own and operate already provide dual-use capabilities to the People's Liberation Army during peacetime, establishing logistics and intelligence networks that materially enable China to project power into critical regions worldwide. But this form of networked state power is limited in wartime because it depends on commercial facilities in non-allied states. By providing evidence that overseas bases are not the sole index of global power projection capabilities, findings advance research on the identification and measurement of sources of national power. China's leveraging of PRC firms' transnational commercial port network constitutes an underappreciated but consequential form of state power projection.

A Study on the Development and Utilization of Overseas Port Selection Information System for Logistics Network

항만의 역할이 국제전자상거래 및 글로벌 공급사슬관리로 확대되어서, 세계 주요국은 글로벌 항만물류 거점으로 성장될 수 있는 지역을 전략적으로 선정 및 진출하고 있는 상황으로 변화되었다. 이에 국내 물류·항만·해운 관련 기업들도 글로벌 경쟁력 확보를 위해 해외시장 진출을 통한 양적 확대 및 물류네트워크 확보의 필요성에 직면해 있다. 또한, 물류 기업의 해외 시장 진출은 해외진출을 용이하게 하고 국제경쟁력을 향상시킬 수 있으며, 신성장 동력을 확보하고 서비스 역량을 향상시킬 수 있는 방안일 될 것이다. 본 논문에서는 우리나라의 해운항만물류산업의 경쟁력 확보와 서비스역량 강화를 위한 글로벌 물류네트워크 확보를 통해 선점이 요구되는 국외 항만을 선정하기 위한 기본적인 정보를 제공하는 정보시스템 개발을 연구목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 물류 네트워크를 위한 데이터베이스를 구축하기 위하여 분산되어 있는 대량의 정보를 하나의 데이터베이스로 저장하고, 구축된 데이터베이스를 기반으로 사용자 기반 정보시스템을 개발하였고, 정보시스템 활용에 대해서 구성된 데이터베이스 일부 변수의 타당성을 검증하고, 시스템 활용 시 지표별 중요도 설정 문제에 대해서 전문가 조사를 실시하여 물류 네트워크 확보를 위한 국외 항만 선정시 고려해야 주요 지표에 대해 분석 결과를 제시하였다.

Strategic locations for logistics distribution centers along the Belt and Road: Explorative analysis and research agenda

Since the inception of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013, the associated infrastructure and transport and economic corridor developments have been widely addressed in the research field of transportation, logistics and supply chain management. Such developments open windows of opportunity for accommodating trade flows in new or upgraded intermediate hub nodes and gateway locations along the BRI corridors. This paper aims to propose strategic locations for global logistics distribution centers (LDCs) along the Belt and Road from the viewpoint of China, considering regional economic and trade blocks, maritime transport routes, China's overseas port developments, China Railway Express services, trade conflicts between China and US, and deteriorated mobility of resources and human power caused by COVID-19. We present a set of strategic locations for establishing LDCs by analyzing qualitative and quantitative facility location factors supported by the findings in existing literature. Eight locations for global LDCs are identified in the Sub-Saharan region, Sri Lanka, the Middle East, Northern Oceania, Southern Europe, Northern Europe, and key dry hub port locations in Minsk, Belarus and Northeast Asia along the Silk Road Economic Belt. Furthermore, we present a research agenda with applicable methods.

Economic necessity and political reality in the GDR: Establishing an overseas port at Rostock

Opened in April 1960, the overseas port at Rostock resulted from a convergence of factors related to geopolitics, geography, economics and the unique needs and challenges of building a socialist port. Local, national and global pressures played on each other in establishing the port, making Rostock a singular product of the Cold War in the German Democratic Republic. The history of decision-making that went into the building of the port demonstrates the importance of politics in the Cold War, as well as its limits. Although informed by geopolitics, economic decisions in Europe’s socialist economies reflected a broad array of factors. This article argues that national and local decision-makers managed competing regional and national interests in order to develop their own economic strategies that functioned on several different levels. Rostock’s history highlights the common problematic of operating within and outside of the boundaries that the Cold War produced.

The geopolitics of the CPEC and Indian Ocean: security implication for India

ABSTRACT This article will consider the Geopolitics of the CPEC and its security implication for India in the Indian Ocean. The CPEC is a multi-billion dollars’ mega project that would connect the city of Kashgar in China's northwestern region of Xinjiang to the port city of Gwadar in Pakistan's province in Balochistan. A significant milestone for the project was reached when the management of the Gwadar Port was given to Chinese Overseas Port Holdings in 2013. This paper intends to go beyond economics and look at CPEC through the lens of geopolitics. CPEC would outline China's long-term geopolitical plans in the Indian Ocean which could alter the region's security environment. However, both China and Pakistan are faced with a series of challenges that hinder the maximisation of the project; nevertheless, the CPEC still has serious security implications for India. Issues that encompass India's territorial integrity and the naval build-up of China and Pakistan in the Indian Ocean significantly challenge its strategic and geopolitical interests in the region. India is thus opposed to the development of the CPEC in its backyard and must craft a strategy that would serve as a counter-weight in the region.

Research on the Construction and Application of Chinese Enterprises Overseas Port Investment Confidence Index Based on D-S Evidence Theory

After the "One Belt, One Road" strategy was proposed, China's overseas port investment has developed rapidly. In order to help Chinese port companies reduce their investment risks, this article provides help and suggestions for Chinese companies’ overseas port investments by establishing a port investment confidence index system. This article has established a port investment confidence index system, covering four aspects: economic scale, external links, internal vitality and institutional quality. Then, through DS evidence theory, using the subjective weights obtained from the questionnaire survey and the objective weights calculated from the data obtained from each database query to evaluate some countries along the “Belt and Road” route to prove the rationality and operability of the indicator system designed in this article And provide advice and assistance for Chinese companies’ overseas port investment. Based on the subjective weights obtained in this article, Chinese companies are more inclined to invest in economies with better internal economic development and a sound institutional environment. By comparing the objective weights of income, this paper finds that when companies invest in economies with a higher degree of development, they pay more attention to the impact of the business environment of the economy when they invest in economies with a higher degree of development. Low-level economies will give priority to the profitability and development prospects of ports when investing.

The Geopolitics of China’s Overseas Port Investments: A Comparative Analysis of Greece and Pakistan

ABSTRACT With China’s continuous rise and growing external commercial, strategic, and political endeavours, questions have arisen about the motivation, timing, and locale of China’s outreaching strategies. This research analyzes China’s overseas port investments through a comparative study of Greece and Pakistan, two important partners of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Adopting the neoclassical realist framework and drawing on expert interviews, official statistics, and policy documents, this paper reveals how China’s economic security objectives in combination with changing geopolitical structures led to its external port investments. This research contributes to the studies on rising powers and geopolitics by showing how China as a rising power capitalizes on geopolitical opportunities created by the changing interests of dominant powers to expand its presence in strategically important regions.

Chinese overseas ports: Market potential, supply capacity and access to imports

Especially since 2012 Chinese companies have acquired stakes as investors and constructors of overseas ports in both high-income and emerging economies. These initiatives play an important role in the construction of a Maritime Silk Road and China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Although a result of many factors, of which Chinese port investments are only one, macro-geographical gravity methods show that distance impedance and increases in the export market potential, export supply capacity and access to imports of these countries drove increases in income per capita. Export supply capacity rose particularly in Southeast Asia and more recently in Sub-Saharan Africa. In difficult times for the world economy, countries in which China invested in overseas port infrastructure saw increases in national export market potential and income per capita, due to reduction in the impedance of distance, while in the case of developing economies export market supply capacity and access to imported capital equipment and intermediate goods improved.

Problems of training sport reserves under conditions of modern institutions of non-school education

The purpose of the study is to characterize the problems dealing with the training of sport reserves under conditions of sports schools of various types. These materials and methods were used: analysis of literature, standardized interview according to the traditions of social researches which involved questions without any target structure in order to obtain a bigger volume of information from the recipients’ answers. The results are as follows: it was established that the main problem of the development of sports in general and of youth in particular is lack of financial, labour, material and scientific information resources. Conclusions. The identified problems are interrelated and require a comprehensive, systematic solution. The analysis of the poll results obtained after interviewing practicing coaches who work under conditions of modern establishments of non-school education made it possible to reflect a wider scope of the problems which include the ones as follows: links with general secondary schools have been lost; deficit of skilled personnel; overloading of the groups being trained; lack of material and technical provision as well as of the financial support of the state; out-of-date scientific and methodical provision of sportsmen training, absence of communication with the coaches staff representing the national teams of Ukraine and with the methodology institutions; the work of oversea sport institutions is not organised, etc.

Analysis of Integration and Growth Factors for Maritime Industry –With focus on Jeollanamdo Province-

The maritime industry has emerged as a new growth engine. The municipalities that own the port are trying to add value through the maritime industry. Overseas port cities are also creating maritime industrial clusters to generate profits and strengthen competitiveness. Therefore, it is very important to understand the comparative status of the domestic maritime industry by region. Based on this analysis, it is possible to establish maritime industrial clusters and strategies for integration. This study analyzed the structure of the maritime industry located in Jeollanamdo province, the southwestern part of Korea. Through the analysis of existing literature, the maritime industry was reclassified into 5 major categories, 21 subcategories, and 84 subcategories. Based on the reclassified maritime industry, the analysis of the Jeollanamdo province maritime industry was based on applying the location quotient and the shift-share analysis. As a result of analyzing the geographical location of Jeollanamdo province, other industries showed the highest value of 2.790, followed by fisheries (2.227), shipbuilding industry (1.164) and marine tourism industry (0.554). The growth effect of the maritime industry in Jeollanamdo province was 35,323 people, and net growth effect excluding national growth effect was 11,945 people. In particular, the net growth effect of the shipbuilding industry was the highest at 11,320, followed by shipping logistics (6,371) and marine tourism (1,529). On the other hand, there was no net growth effect in fisheries. The results of this study can be used as basic data for the construction of the maritime industrial cluster for Jellanamdo province in the future.

Dataset Development of Overseas Port Project of China (1979-2019)

Dataset Development of Overseas Port Project of China (1979-2019)

Overseas Port Investment Policy for China’s Central and Local Governments in the Belt and Road Initiative

ABSTRACTThe Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a national strategy proposed by China to strengthen globalization and regional economic integration, connecting the country to the world. The BRI will drive China’s ports to expand connectivity through construction and operation along the ‘21st-Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR)’. At the same time, port governance involves central, provincial and local governments engaging in overseas investment and financing in the context of the BRI. Under the double-level governance of the central and local governments, discrepancies, disjointed actions and gaps inevitably arise between the policies launched by the central and local governments. This article evaluates 14 major coastal ports operating with state-level support and overseas investment. 11 evaluation indexes are determined from the existing development conditions of ports and the economic strength of port cities. Fuzzy clustering method is applied to evaluate and classify the development of the coastal ports in China and to develop a reasonable implementation mode of the ‘going global strategy’ of the ports. Consequently, it would help policymakers and stakeholders in China deal with the rivalry of provincial governments, alleviate overseas investment risks and strengthen the foreign port chain management along the MSR.

A Study on the Selection of the Priority Countries of Overseas Port Development Cooperation Projects: Focused on Incheon Port

A Study on the Selection of the Priority Countries of Overseas Port Development Cooperation Projects: Focused on Incheon Port

An Empirical Study on the Investment Recognition of Overseas Port development and Approaching Method into Overseas Market

An Empirical Study on the Investment Recognition of Overseas Port development and Approaching Method into Overseas Market

5623292 Temperature controller for ink jet printing

The marketing of port forelands will become increasingly more important in an era of load center development resulting from container technologies. In this paper, we have provided a mechanism for identifying overseas port marketing areas where trade development and port promotion should be exercised. The Port of Miami's trade relationships were the foci of this study. Location quotients served to highlight the competitive aspect of port facilities.

An Industrial Ocean‐Cargo Shipping Problem

This paper reports the modeling and solution of an industrial ocean‐cargo shipping problem. The problem involves the delivery of bulk products from an overseas port to transshipment ports on the Atlantic Coast, and then over land to customers. The decisions made include the number and the size of ships to charter in each time period during the planning horizon, the number and location of transshipment ports to use, and transportation from ports to customers. The complexity of this problem is compounded by the cost structure, which includes fixed charges in both ship charters and port operations. Such a large scale, dynamic, and stochastic problem is reduced to a solvable stationary, deterministic, and cyclical model. The process of modeling the problem and the solution of the resultant mixed integer program are described in detail. Recommendations from this study have been implemented.