Overseas Missions Research Articles

군산스테이션 여성선교사 연구

There were 29 female missionaries who were active based in the Gunsan Station in 1896-1940. They were largely women from the new Southern middle class of American society and church in the second half of the 19th century. The missionary ladies who were devoted to their families in Gunsan along with unmarried missionaries originated from the Victorian values of the Southern society of America in the 19th century. It was a patriarchal society, but they opened the religious domain such as overseas missions to women and encouraged their participation. As for the area of service, 17 were wives of missionaries, 4 were in women’s ministry, 2 were in educational ministry, and 6 were in nursing ministry. Hired by the Executive Committee(선교 본부), they exerted their professionalism according to the personnel appointments and institutional(financial) support of the Mission(선교부) within the scope of their designated duties. The unmarried female missionaries suffered the diverse cultural pressures of Korean society in those days just because they were single. Their helplessness of isolation as “the loneliest beings” stroke them often. They engaged in comfortable middle-class economic activities based on their salaries that were not insufficient from the Mission, the infrastructure of the station, and the continuous supply and support from their motherland. They were able to continue their ministry for many years, and the driving force came from their intimate friendship and visits with colleague missionaries inside and outside, parties & play, reading & exercise, domestic and foreign travel, and sabbatical leaves.

인감증명제도에 대한 법제 개선 방안 연구

In addition to the function of confirming the person’s seal, Korea’s seal certificate performs the function of confirming the person’s identity and confirming the person’s intention. However, there was public opinion that the public’s convenience was insufficient. Recently, the government is proposing a system improvement plan for the certificate of seal for the convenience of the public. This plan to improve the certificate of seal is also consistent with the government’s national task. In order to improve the legal system of certification of seal, it is necessary to review it with evaluation criteria on the conformity of policy and legislation. These standards should also be considered for some amendments to ｢the Certification Of Seal Imprint Act｣ currently pending in the National Assembly and ways to innovate digital administrative services to improve the certification of seal system, which is a means of confirming the government’s intention. Based on these criteria, first, it is necessary to amend ｢the Certification of Seal Imprint Act｣, which allows the use of “Certificates of Personal Signature” and “Electronic Certificates of Personal Signature” that can be used in place of the current seal certificate, as to how to verify the guarantor’s qualifications when reporting a seal in writing. Second, it is necessary to amend ｢the Certification Of Seal Imprint Act｣ to utilize the electronic signature confirmation system under Article 7 of ｢the Act On Confirmation Of Personal Signature｣ in relation to the confirmation of overseas missions for overseas Koreans who are staying abroad. Third, it is necessary to amend ｢the Enforcement Decree Of The Certification Of Seal Imprint Act｣, which exempts fees when socially vulnerable people with disabilities and people aged 65 or older try to obtain a Certificates of Seal Imprints or Change of Seal Imprint. Fourth, it is necessary to establish a new regulation in the ｢the Certification of Seal Imprint Act｣ in relation to the establishment of the electronic Certificates of Seal Imprints system.

Jesuit Mission Funding and Legacy Donations: Revisiting the Belgian Controversy over the Disposition of the De Boey Estate, 1850–1868*

During the mid‐1860s, the Belgian press and politics were riveted by legal proceedings alleging Jesuit financial predation against the estate of noted Antwerp businessman and donor to religious causes Guillaume‐Joseph De Boey. These controversies remain understudied in prominent scholarship on De Boey's extensive support for Jesuit missions in the United States. More recent scholarship on religious contestation in Belgian politics during the 1850s and 1860s explores the trials but focuses on their politicisation and prominence of anti‐Jesuit tropes more than the potential accuracy of the allegations of impropriety. Combining these literatures with trial transcripts and archival research, this article revisits the De Boey case to explore ways in which Jesuit funding for overseas missions navigated legal restrictions on private donations. The article reveals a pattern of proxies and regulatory evasion, but one conducted through donor complicity more than Jesuit predation. These findings add to the historiography of Jesuit funding networks and support for overseas missions.

Eğitim Sürecinin Aşamaları ve Kurumsal Stratejilere Göre Eğitim Uygulamaları

Abstract Education provides very important benefits to the organization. However, one fact that should not be forgotten is that education is not a goal, but a tool for achieving goals. Training on any subject of an organization; quality, customer satisfaction, production errors, work accidents, etc. it is the most important of the tools he uses to meet his needs. During the implementation of the training program, the general opinion is to make a list of the available trainings in the field and make a choice among them in accordance with the wishes of employees or managers. This will not be enough to solve the current problem. The correct thing is to analyze the organization, the employee and the job to find the weak link and plan and implement a training program to eliminate it. The organization of the training function, the amount and type of training are also influenced by the degree of integration of corporate units, global presence, business conditions, recruitment strategy, human resource planning, degree of specialization, managers, staff and human resources personnel participating in training and development. The degree to which the units or jobs of the organization are integrated affects the degree of education. In a highly integrated job, staff need to understand other units, services and products in the organization. Probably, the training covers the transformation of the staff between different jobs so that they understand the totality of the job Decently. In organizations with global operations, training is used to prepare personnel for temporary or long-term overseas missions. Key Words: Training Process, Corporate Strategy, Training Applications

Use ofInstant Messaging Applications by General Practitioners During Overseas Deployment: A Survey ofthe French Military Health Service.

Instant messaging applications (MAs) represent a major component of modern telecommunications for data transmission. During overseas deployments, military doctors increasingly rely on MAs due to their availability and the urgent need to obtain advice from specialists for optimal patient management. In this study, we aimed to describe and analyze the context and usage characteristics of these MAs for transmitting medical data by military general practitioners (GPs) during overseas missions. This observational study was conducted between June 2020 and December 2020, based on a survey sent to GPs from the French Military Health Service who had been deployed overseas in military operations between 2010 and 2020. We received 233 surveys of which 215 were analyzed. Among these, 141 military GPs used instant MAs to transmit medical data during deployment. Notably, WhatsApp was used by 97% of the participants. The military GPs mainly used these applications for the speed of exchanges (45%) and their ease of use (28%). The physician specialties predominantly involved in data sharing were trauma and orthopedic surgery (38%) and dermatology (31%). The correspondents were mainly military specialist physicians from French military teaching hospitals (85%). A response time of less than 1 h was reported in 78% of the cases. Additionally, 72 doctors (51%) undertook their last deployment in an isolated post. MAs were extensively utilized communication tools among GPs during their overseas deployments. Although the use of these applications seems essential in telemedicine, it raises several legal and ethical questions. Thus, we recommend employing these tools while ensuring medical and military confidentiality.

Martyrs and Madonnas: Inácio de Azevedo, the Brazil Martyrs, and the Global Circulation of the Madonna of Santa Maria Maggiore

The article offers a revisionist account of the early circulation of copies of the Madonna of Santa Maria Maggiore, known since the nineteenth century as the Salus Populi Romani. Traditionally, the propulsion of the image into global circulation has been attributed variously to Pius V or Francisco Borja, the third Superior General of the Society of Jesus. The article argues that the circulation of the Saint Luke Madonna, as it was known at the time, was closely tied to the martyr’s cult that grew up around the Jesuit missionary Inácio de Azevedo and the so-called Brazil Martyrs, a group of Jesuits murdered by Calvinist corsairs off the Canary Islands in 1570. Azevedo had intended to carry a copy of the Roman icon to Brazil, a copy that perished at sea with Azevedo and the party of Jesuit missionaries. The article suggests that the popularity of the image among Jesuits in Europe and the overseas missions was fueled by the nascent martyr’s cult that followed Azevedo’s death. Painted copies of the Saint Luke Madonna came to function, together with relics of the Eleven Thousand Virgins of Cologne, as proxies for the missing material remains of the martyred Jesuits. The article argues that while the distribution of the image was globally extensive, circulation was restricted to an internal Jesuit martyr’s cult.

Imperial Zions: Religion, Race, and Family in the American West and the Pacific. By Amanda Hendrix-Komoto

Imperial Zions portrays the complex human landscape of the nineteenth-century Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) as racially and ethnically diverse, with porous geographic and cultural boundaries. The Church’s history has been frequently framed around an early Anglo-American core of converts and leaders whose migration to Utah and surrounding territories was fortified by later waves of Euro-American immigrants. In contrast, Hendrix-Komoto is especially interested in Indigenous North American and Pacific peoples who joined themselves to the faith. Her story builds outward from White families’ experiences in the LDS community of 1840s Nauvoo, Illinois, an era of theological creativity and social reorganization for the church. Female converts often experienced financial precarity and sexual vulnerability, developing alternative kinship networks and new socialities when men in their families departed on long overseas missions. Church teachings about Native Americans being the surviving remnants of an ancient Israelite migration—and thus key to the collective salvation of humankind and the nation—deeply informed Mormon missions to convert and “civilize” Indian communities on the American frontier and in the Pacific. Such efforts were largely unsuccessful in the 1830s and 1840s, though the few Native American converts who did join in those years, like Lewis Dale (Oneida), “became important symbols” within the faith (p. 77).

Luís Fróis, Gendered Knowledge, and the Jesuit Encounter with Sixteenth-Century Japan

AbstractThis article argues that our understanding of the sixteenth-century Jesuit encounter with Japan is improved by taking into account the role gender played in cultural translation. Recent histories of the mission and the writings it produced have highlighted the strategies adopted by Jesuits to rely on and manipulate knowledge of local cultures to facilitate conversion. Yet, few scholars have used gender as a lens to read the actions and ethnographies performed and produced by Jesuits in overseas missions. Using Luís Fróis's Tratado das contradições e diferenças de costumes entre a Europa e o Japão (Treaty on the contrasts and differences between Europe and Japan), I argue that skilled cultural interpreters used gender as a determining lens to approach the primary task of conversion, but also the secondary task of cultural mediation. Unlike the invasion of the Americas, the ephemeral infiltration of Asia was accomplished through European accommodation of Asian political vocabularies and conduct. Examining the epistemological tools Fróis used to build knowledge of the Other sheds light on the initial stages of the unequal encounter between the Japanese and the Jesuits and how it changed based on a growing understanding of Japanese politics, class, and society.

A Study on the Relationship between the Overseas Missions of Korean Christianity and the Changes of the Passport Act*

A Study on the Relationship between the Overseas Missions of Korean Christianity and the Changes of the Passport Act*

How to Become a Missionary in the Orient?

In the Early Modern Period, many a Jesuit sought a place on the overseas missions. The litterae indipetae – the petitions sent by the candidates to the General – provide evidence of the collective phenomenon of mass vocations among the members of the order. The present article pro- vides an analysis of the requests sent by Polish-Lithuanian Jesuits for the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire and Persia in the period between 1610s–1720s. It aims to understand how the candidates conceptualised these territories, and what knowledge about the dreamed destination they decided to reveal in the petitions. It also explores how they explained their inclination towards serving in the Muslim Orient and the religiously ambiguous Circassia. While many of the Polish-Lithuanian Jesuits followed the standard procedure of seeking the General’s consent for a mission abroad, only a few received his permission. Most probably, the real need of priestly ministry in Poland-Lithuania itself, played an important role in the superior’s indifference to the poignant descriptions of the suffering captives and their unbaptized children, as well as to a tempting picture of supposedly Christian inhabitants of the Northern Caucasus, who could be easily won for the Catholic faith. It deserves attention that numerous Polish-Lithuanian Jesuits, who spent some time preaching God’s Word in the Orient, did not send petitions before reaching their missionary destinations. Many of them traveled eastwards as the chaplains of the Polish-Lithuanian envoys. Those of the missionaries, who decided to stay abroad for a longer period, usually made an effort to receive post factum the General’s approval. Finally, we find one more group among the Polish- Lithuanian Jesuits serving in Persia and Northern Caucasus namely the supplicants for China, who failed to reach the Far-East and settled for less prestigious missionary posts.

Ethical challenges faced by French military doctors deployed in the Sahel (Operation Barkhane): a qualitative study

BackgroundFrench military doctors are currently deployed in the Sahel to support the armed forces of Operation Barkhane, in medical or surgical units. As well as supporting French soldiers, their other missions are diverse and complex: medical assistance to civilians and persons under control (PUC), advice to commanding officers. These tasks can create ethical dilemmas when decisions are forced upon doctors that may be in conflict with medical values or fundamental principles. Little is known about the specific dilemmas experienced by French military doctors in overseas operations. We therefore conducted a qualitative study among doctors and surgeons recently deployed to the Sahel to explore and better understand this question.MethodSemi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 20 French military doctors or surgeons deployed since January 2016 in medical or surgical facilities in Mali and Chad.ResultsAll interviewed doctors reported having faced several ethical dilemmas during missions. All reported dilemmas involved the treatment of civilians (while delivering community medical assistance) or of PUC. The dilemmas involved choices as to which patients to treat, the use of care as a means to an end by military authorities, and the level of care attainable in the absence of any possible hospital follow-up. Questions of delivering care at the risk of their own safety or the mission’s and of treating openly hostile patients were also brought up. Several dilemmas stemmed from the dual loyalty problem, namely the conflict between military doctors’ duty of care to patients and to the military institution, but this was not the only factor involved. Contextual factors (restricted resources and security constraints) and psychological factors (especially hostility towards the enemy) were also associated with many of the reported dilemmas.ConclusionThis is the first reported study focusing on the ethical dilemmas encountered by French military doctors in overseas operations. It provides unique insights into their ethical experiences and should prove useful in improving operational training for healthcare personnel deployed on overseas missions.

Variant Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes from Belgian Military Personnel Engaged in Overseas Missions and Operations.

More than a year after the first identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the causative agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China, the emergence and spread of genomic variants of this virus through travel raise concerns regarding the introduction of lineages in previously unaffected regions, requiring adequate containment strategies. Concomitantly, such introductions fuel worries about a possible increase in transmissibility and disease severity, as well as a possible decrease in vaccine efficacy. Military personnel are frequently deployed on missions around the world. As part of a COVID-19 risk mitigation strategy, Belgian Armed Forces that engaged in missions and operations abroad were screened (7683 RT-qPCR tests), pre- and post-mission, for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, including the identification of viral lineages. Nine distinct viral genotypes were identified in soldiers returning from operations in Niger, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Afghanistan, and Mali. The SARS-CoV-2 variants belonged to major clades 19B, 20A, and 20B (Nextstrain nomenclature), and included “variant of interest” B.1.525, “variant under monitoring” A.27, as well as lineages B.1.214, B.1, B.1.1.254, and A (pangolin nomenclature), some of which are internationally monitored due to the specific mutations they harbor. Through contact tracing and phylogenetic analysis, we show that isolation and testing policies implemented by the Belgian military command appear to have been successful in containing the influx and transmission of these distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants into military and civilian populations.

Economic Diplomacy for Development Partnership

The turn of events after the end of the Cold War called for revisiting traditional approaches to foreign policy. Shift in the world order triggered by enhanced economic activities in the national, regional and international markets has increased the need for coordinated economic diplomacy. Nepal, after the restoration of democracy in 1990, attempted to institutionalise and practise economic diplomacy through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its overseas missions. Exploring the leading features of economic diplomacy, this study revisits the economic diplomacy experiences of Nepal. Underscoring how a country’s development success, in the globalised era, depends on the application of new skills and tactfulness in the conduct of relations by the lead ministry in the government, this paper internalises the importance of more competent and robust strategies to enhance the spirit of coordinated economic diplomacy. Hypothesising that Nepal has huge potential for development and economic growth, and prospects to conduct coordinated economic diplomacy, the study recommends strategies to strengthen coordinated economic diplomacy as a tool to advance Nepal’s economic, political and strategic interests.

Robert Burton on the Society of Jesus and Coimbra

O presente artigo explora a attitude ambígua de Robert Burton face aos Jesuítas, centrando-se na sua leitura dos Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Iesu. Após uma contextualização da sua detecção da Companhia de Jesus nas peças teatrais de Burton, passo em revista as referências do académico à articulação da melancholia nos manuais do curso conimbricense ao longo da Anatomia da Melancolia. Por forma a identificar e compreender as especificidades da sua leitura, pautada por adaptações selectivas e imprecisões, empreenderei uma apresentação da doutrina dos temperamentos dos Conimbricenses. Sustento que, apesar da sua riqueza, da qual os ecos na obra de Burton dão testemunho esmaecido, a abordagem de De Góis permaneceu como um episódio obliterado na história médica e intelectual da melancolia. Este percurso permitirá uma compreensão das perspectivas terapêutica e organizacional subjacentes ao (e complementares do) ensino conimbricense. Trata-se, como se tornará evidente, de valências e aplicações dos Commentarii que Burton ignora. Ironicamente, uma parte significativa do seu conhecimento das terras distantes, as suas viagens por “mapa e carta” e as suas perspectivas socioeconómicas sobre a China, aspectos centrais da transição de uma observação da melancolia para uma observação melancólica, bem patente no recurso à sátira e à utopia como vias terapêuticas, está consideravelmente dependente da articulação entre as capacidade formativa e a organização das missões jesuíticas.

Funding the Mission: Jesuit Networks, Outsider Access, and "The Origins of Marquette College" Revisited

This article explores the impact of external and internal challenges facing private donor networks for funding Jesuit overseas missions. Revisiting Garraghan's influential study of "The Origins of Marquette College," the article reveals understudied sources of network disruption that facilitated outsider access to the Belgian Jesuit funding network for the Missouri Mission and how the outsider's subsequent missteps enabled the network's recovery. The article adds to the growing literature on Jesuit finances and overseas missions by calling attention to the challenges created by divisions within networks over funding priorities and practices.

벌링게임사절단과 이와쿠라사절단이 경험한 미국과 영국의 해양문명

This manuscript will be mainly dealing with civilization of the U.S. and Europe, especially of the United States and Britain experienced by Burlingame and Iwakura missions that are the representative overseas missions of Qing and Japan during the modern times. In the first half, this paper looked into the naval civilization of the United States and Britain. Among the representative marine civilization symbolizing the modern times are steamship powered by steam engine, warship equipped with large guns etc., Especially, warship and cannon of the West which is memorized as ‘strong warship and sharp cannon (船堅炮利)’was considered a marvelous one. The area that commanded the most attention from the bureaucrats and intellectuals of Qing and Japan was military weapon sector, and steamboat, armored battleship, torpedo, gun ship, guncotton, munitions factory, artillery unit and navy training were major concerns appeared all over the travelogue and diary. The aforementioned enables us to assume how the missions of the two countries observed warship and cannon and how much they were obsessed with construction of navy.<BR> In the latter half, this paper examined marine culture of the United States and Britain. Marine culture that missions of the two countries admired on the spot includes rationality (closed season, crew training etc.) in the administration of fishery and ships, maritime law and the International Law(萬國公法), marine technologies (undersea tunnel, recovery from the seabed, submarine cable etc.), amazing fish (whale etc.) in zoo and aquarium. Here, difference of perception of Qing and Japan overlooking marine civilization due to the difference in geographic environments of continent and island is partially revealed. The process that they realized marine civilization of the United States and Britain shows the situation that conventional China-centered world order was disintegrated, and is worth analyzing as it implies construction of a modern nation-state.

벌링게임사절단과 이와쿠라사절단의 세계일주와 대양항로

From the perspective of world history, development of transportation by the influence of discovery of a new course and the Industrial Revolution enabled global long-distance travel with the advent of new inventions such as steamboat, train etc. This manuscript is one of comparative studies on the marine civilization of Burlingame and Iwakura missions, the representative overseas missions of Qing and Japan during the modern times, which aims to pay attention to the course of around-the-world voyage. This study made a comparative analysis on the marine images of the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean appeared in the travelogue of an around-the-world of the two missions through an ocean line. The concept of Five Oceans and Six Continents was not settled among Chinese people in those days and The Orient Sea(大東洋)’which is a relative term of the Atlantic was being changed into The Pacific(太平洋)’. Contrary to the foregoing, this study confirmed that the perception of the ocean of the Japanese was developed to a considerable degree. Long-distance voyage led to conversion of the concept of time and space, and marine civilization of modern times like port, lighthouse and the great canal of China as well the means of transportation such as steamboat, train, cable witnessed by the missions overwhelmed in all aspects. For intellectuals of the East Asia, a geographic space of the ocean was a new civilizational discovery telling the start of modern times.<BR> If it is agreed with the premise that modern civilization was originated form the sea, the level of perception toward marine civilization is reflection of the level of modernization. Among the ocean-related materials to be dealt with in the body are steam engine, ship structure, memories of voyage to the ocean (wind wave, seasickness, shipboard disease and death), innovation of geographic perspective, changes in conception of time, lighthouse and rock, submarine cable and overseas emigration, opening of the Suez Canal, scenery of port etc. This study aims to summarize and analyze those individual experiences for looking into the conversion of outlook on the world of missions of the two countries through the ocean simultaneously with description of marine network between port cities. During the process of the abovementioned searching, it is expected that we will be able to have at least a partial understanding of the process of disintegration of conventional China-centered outlook on the world.

Religion &amp; Democracy: Interactions, Tensions, Possibilities

Religion &amp; Democracy: Interactions, Tensions, Possibilities

Prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infection in clinical laboratories: implementation of contingency plan and postpandemic response strategies

The outbreak of COVID-19 has currently been under control in China, but now the disease has rapidly evolved into a global pandemic. We formulated a prevention and control plan for clinical laboratories responsible for detection of the novel coronavirus infection. We analyzed the implementation of this plan and the problems arising from its clinical practice. We found that the layout of most clinical laboratories (including gene amplification laboratories for clinical samples) was inadequate in response to a major outbreak and did not meet the requirements for biosafety protection and etiology and serology testing; and laboratory staff showed insufficiencies in their awareness regarding biosafety protection; the functions and status of the laboratory in the fever clinic need to be enhanced to increase its detection capacity; the high density of military personnel, the low level of automation of clinical laboratory equipment, and the lack of biosafety cabinets and personal protective equipment all limit the performance of diverse military operations and major overseas missions. In view of these problems, we propose the following strategies and recommendations: the clinical laboratory needs to standardize the design and staff management according to the standards of P2 laboratory; the detection capacity and staffing of fever clinic laboratory in hospitals need to be strengthened, and a separate clinical gene amplification laboratory can be optimal; for those clinical gene amplification laboratories that fail to meet these standards, reconstruction and upgrade should be made according to the requirements of biosafety protection; for the clinical laboratory in the military medical system, in addition to enforcement of biological safety protection of the staff, sufficient supply of medical materials and biological safety equipment should be ensured and biological safety cabinets should be routinely equipped if possible.

China as an Emerging Actor in Conflict Management: from Non-Interference in Internal Affairs to “Constructive” Engagement

The need to protect citizens and investments abroad is placing tremendous pressure on China’s traditional foreign policy strategy and noninterference principle. Instability in most of BRI countries form new security conditions, pushing China to be more flexible in engaging in missions it had previously opposed, including political engagement in intrastate conflicts in the developing world. Following the formula “politics is a big economy”, China starts rethinking its security interests. As a result, China has smoothly adopted the transition strategy from non-intervention into internal affairs to a more proactive non-indifference approach, that Chinese academics are describing as “creative” or “constructive” engagement. Many new elements contribute to this new constructive engagement - conceptual narrative, political support, geopolitical competition, growing capacities and new security conditions. The key point of the article is to analyze China’s strategy in defending national interests overseas, including the rescue and peacekeeping operations, mediation, political envoys, etc. The special focus is done on proactive peacekeeping policy of China and its new role in the security environment. Obviously, in future China will follow implementing the overseas missions, including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, evacuation operations, defense of sea lanes, stabilization operations, peacekeeping and counterterrorism missions. After launching in 2017 its first overseas military base in Djibouti, there is little evidence to predict that in the near future China intends to construct more bases. But nevertheless the geopolitical rivalry with the United States might push China to convert three deep-water ports - Gwadar (Pakistan), Salalah (Oman), and Seychelles ports into naval bases. The degree of the China’s involvement in global security landscape will depend on the level of its responsibility, since Beijing is undergoing through a higher degree of international pressure in order to take more obligations. Responding to overseas security crises through military actions would be mostly shaped by events (case-by-case approach), inspired by political motivations and organized as small-scale and low-intensity missions.