Overprotective Attitude Research Articles

Caring Under Pressure: Investigating Parental Attitudes in Mother–Child Chronic Illness Dynamics

Background: The presence of chronic illnesses in both a mother and a child poses a significant challenge for mothers in managing these conditions, yet how maternal attitudes adapt to dual illness remains poorly understood. This study aims to explore parenting styles in families dealing with mother–child chronic illnesses. Methods: Mothers of children aged 2–6 were recruited from three pediatric clinics and categorized based on the health status of both the mother and the child. Data collection included case files and the Parental Attitude Scale (PAS), which assessed democratic, authoritarian, overprotective, and permissive attitudes. The interaction between mother–child health status and higher levels of parental subscales was analyzed using the chi-square test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was then performed to evaluate this interaction, controlling for confounding baseline characteristics. Results: In total, 878 mother–child pairs were included. Mothers exhibited varying attitudes based on education, employment, and the child’s age. Chronic illness in both mother and child and only the child having an illness were significantly associated with higher overprotective scores (p < 0.001). The percentage of mothers with high permissive scores was higher when only the mother had an illness and when both were healthy, compared to the case of both mother and child having an illness (p = 0.018). After adjusting for confounding factors, having a sick child showed a 1.6-fold increase in the likelihood of a high overprotective score, and both the mother and child having an illness showed a 2.94-fold increase. Similarly, after adjusting for the same confounding factors, the likelihood of a high permissive score was 2.56 times lower when both were ill compared to when both were healthy. Conclusions: This study reveals that when a child is affected by a chronic illness—whether or not the mother is also ill—mothers tend to exhibit higher levels of overprotection and lower levels of permissiveness, while their levels of authoritarianism and democratic attitudes in parenting remain relatively stable.

Contribution Of Parental And Teachers' Guidance Towards Independent Behavior Of Elementary School Children

The contribution of parental and teacher guidance to the independent behavior of elementary school children needs to be considered carefully. Although this guidance plays an important role in child development, overprotective attitudes, lack of consistency, and the influence of the social and technological environment can hinder children's independence. This study uses the library research method. The data collection technique in this study was carried out through documentation review or document review. To ensure the validity of the data in this study, the source triangulation technique was used. The results of the study showed that 1). The Role of Parents in Shaping the Independence of Elementary School Children is to play an important role in shaping children's independence, with democratic parenting patterns proven to be more effective in encouraging independence than authoritarian or permissive parenting patterns. 2). The Role of Teachers in Developing the Independence of Elementary School Children is to develop student independence through a teaching approach that encourages responsibility and active participation. By giving individual and group assignments, and involving students in projects and class discussions, teachers help students learn independently. 3). Collaboration of Parents and Teachers in Developing Independence of Elementary School Children is that parents and teachers play an important role in supporting the development of independence of elementary school children. Open communication and good cooperation between the two parties ensure that children receive consistent guidance, both at home and at school.

Восприятие родительского отношения и общая академическая успеваемость старшеклассников: российско-кыргызское исследование

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>Cross-cultural analysis of the perception of parental attitudes and its influence on the general academic performance of high school students from Russia and Kyrgyzstan. <br><strong>Background. </strong>The characteristics of parental attitudes are closely related not only to the child’s educational success during life in the family, but also to educational achievements in the future. At the same time, the sociocultural specifics of parent-child relationships, through the perception of a growing child, can change the direction and magnitude of such associations. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>The characteristics of the relationship between mothers and fathers – emotional acceptance and overprotection – by high school students from two countries differing in socio-economic status are analyzed. A cross-cultural analysis of the structure of associations between the characteristics of the perception of parental attitudes and academic performance is carried out. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>The study analyzed data from 528 students in grades 10–11 from Russia and Kyrgyzstan. Russian sample: 230 people (<em>M</em> = 17,31; <em>SD</em> = 0,7), 58,1% girls. Kyrgyz sample: 298 people (<em>M</em> = 17,21; <em>SD</em> = 0,7), 67,6% girls. <br><strong>Measurements. </strong>Russian-language version of the questionnaire “Parental Bonding Instrument” (T.N. Tikhomirova, D.A. Gaysina, S.B. Malykh, 2021). <br><strong>Results. </strong>At high school age, the perception of parental attitude has a culture-specific conditioning, most clearly expressed in the perception of emotional acceptance by the mother and the overprotective attitude of the father. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>Given the existence of a universal model of the influence of parental attitudes on the general academic performance of high school students, cross-cultural specificity of functional associations within the model is observed, which is more characteristic of the perception of the attitudes of fathers rather than mothers.</p>

The relationship between addiction profile and parental attitudes in patients with opioid use disorder

ABSTRACT Background and objective We aimed to compare the perceived parental attitudes experienced by adults with opioid use disorder (OUD) with a healthy group and to examine its effect on the addiction profile. Methods Our study included 71 male patients diagnosed with OUD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria and 71 male volunteers. Patients included in the study and healthy control group were subjected to the Sociodemographic Data Form (SDF), Young Parenting Inventory (YPI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Addiction Profile Index (API) after the psychiatric examination. Results Most YPI subscales were significantly higher in the OUD group compared to the healthy control group (p < .05). A multivariate regression analyses model was statistically significant (x2 = 81,969, p < .001) with a Nagelkerke R2 value of 0.58. Family history of alcohol use disorder/substance use disorder (AUD/SUD), YPI belittling/criticizing (mother), YPI overprotective/anxious (mother), YPI pessimistic/fearful (mother), YPI restricted/emotionally inhibited (mother), and YPI pessimistic/fearful (father) were found to be independent predictors of the risk of developing OUD. Conclusion Critical, overprotective, and withdrawn parental attitudes, along with a family history of AUD/SUD, may predict OUD risk. This suggests the potential value of integrating parental-focused therapy into OUD treatment.

Parenting Attitudes and Self-esteem: The Mediating Role of Reflective Function

&lt;p&gt;反思功能為近年來提出的一個關於個體之心智能力的概念，本研究欲探討教養態度與個體自尊之關聯，以及反思功能在其中所扮演的中介效果。研究方法採取問卷調查法，以臺灣成年初顯期個體為研究對象，總共蒐集495份有效樣本，以教養態度量表、反思功能問卷、Rosenberg自尊量表為研究工具。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;研究結果如下：（1）關懷的教養態度與自主支持的教養態度，對自尊與反思功能皆具有顯著的正向預測效果；而過度保護的教養態度與心理控制的教養態度，對自尊與反思功能皆具有顯著的負向預測效果。（2）反思功能對自尊具有顯著的正向預測效果。（3）反思功能在關懷的教養態度與自尊之間，具有中介預測效果，越高的關懷教養態度透過高反思功能的中介會具有更高程度的自尊。（4）反思功能在過度保護的教養態度與自尊之間，具有中介預測效果，越高的過度保護教養態度透過低反思功能的中介會具有較低程度的自尊。（5）反思功能在自主支持的教養態度與自尊之間，具有中介預測效果，越高的自主支持教養態度透過高反思功能的中介會具有更高程度的自尊。（6）反思功能在心理控制的教養態度與自尊之間，具有中介預測效果，越高的心理控制教養態度透過低反思功能的中介會具有較低程度的自尊。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;研究貢獻為提升臨床實務工作者或教育工作者關於個體反思功能的重視，並提供不同的觀點以檢視原生家庭的教養經由透過何種心理運作機制而影響到子女的未來發展。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reflective function, a recently introduced concept in the field of individual mental abilities, is defined as the ability to understand the mental states behind one’s own or others’ behaviors, recognizing that these behaviors are expressions of one&amp;rsquo;s mental states, such as feelings, thoughts, fantasies, beliefs, and desires. Reflective functions allow individuals to understand their mental state and form the basis of self-construction. In academic research, reflective function is often considered an important mediating variable and is used to measure the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions on case outcomes. As an individual’s reflective function is influenced by attachment, early traumatic experiences, parental reflective function, and parental parenting behaviors, primary caregivers play a crucial role in influencing a child’s reflective function. The parenting attitudes of a primary caregiver are apparent patterns of parent-child interaction. An individual’s reflective function impacts self-identity, mental health, and several other aspects. Self-esteem is an individual overall evaluation of self-worth, which can maintain their psychological well-being and may also be influenced by their reflective function. Based on the above, primary caregivers can affect an individual’s reflective function, mental ability development, and individual perception and evaluation of self-esteem. Several studies have confirmed the effect of parenting on self-esteem. However, whether the impact of parenting attitudes on individuals can extend to emerging adulthood, which is the period between 18 and 29 years of age, remains unclear. In addition, no studies have explored the mediating effect of reflective function on parenting attitudes and self-esteem in emerging adulthood. By clarifying the impact of parenting attitudes on individual reflective function and self-esteem, it will be possible to provide counseling or psychotherapy interventions, allowing them to use appropriate therapeutic techniques, such as mentalization-based therapy (MBT). Therefore, this will enable the opportunity to concomitantly improve individual self-esteem and alleviate the negative impact of vulnerable family factors on individuals. Based on the above research motives, the research objectives of this study are as follows:(1) To examine the relationship between parenting attitudes and reflective function in emerging adulthood. (2) To examine the relationship between reflective function and self-esteem in emerging adulthood. (3) To examine the relationship between parenting attitudes and self-esteem in emerging adulthood. (4) To examine the mediating effect of reflective function on parenting attitudes and self-esteem in emerging adulthood. This study employed a questionnaire survey method among emerging adults in Taiwan. A total of 495 valid samples were collected using the Parenting Attitudes Scale, Reflective Function Questionnaire, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale as research tools. The research results are as follows:(1) Caring and autonomy-supportive parenting attitudes have significant positive predictive effects on selfesteem and reflective functions. Overprotective and psychologically controlling parenting attitudes have significant negative predictive effects on self-esteem and reflective function. (2) Reflective function has a significant positive predictive effect on self-esteem. (3) Reflective function has a mediating predictive effect between caring parenting attitudes and self-esteem. The higher the level of caring parenting attitudes, the higher the level of self-esteem that can be achieved through the mediation of a highly reflective function. (4) Reflective function has a mediating predictive effect on overprotective parenting attitudes and self-esteem. The higher the level of overprotective parenting attitudes, the lower the level of self-esteem that can be achieved through the mediation of a low reflective function. (5) Reflective function has a mediating predictive effect on autonomy-supportive parenting attitudes and selfesteem. The higher the level of autonomy-supportive parenting attitudes, the higher the level of selfesteem that can be achieved through the mediation of a high reflective function. (6) Reflective function has a mediating predictive effect between psychologically controlling parenting attitudes and self-esteem. The higher the level of psychologically controlling parenting attitude, the lower the level of self-esteem that can be achieved through the mediation of low reflective functioning. This study contributes to enhancing the attention of clinical practitioners or educators to individual reflective functions. Moreover, it provides different perspectives to examine the effect of parenting of the family of origin on the future development of children and the psychological mechanisms involved.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Parental Competences and Stress Levels in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Children Developing Neurotypically.

(1) Background: the aim of this study was to explore parental competences and stress levels in the mothers of children with autism in relation to the mothers of neurotypical children. (2) Methods: the study used the Parental Competence Test and the PSS-10 scale to assess the intensity of stress related to one's own life situation over the past month. Forty mothers of children with ASD (n = 20) and neurotypical children (n = 20) participated in the study. (3) Results: the mothers of children with ASD showed higher levels of stress (p = 0.0002). The mothers of neurotypical children achieved higher scores in parental competences (r = -0.49). The competence of mothers of children with ASD was correlated with rigour (r = 0.50), permissiveness (r = -0.60), overprotectiveness (r = 0.71), and helplessness (r = -0.77). (4) Conclusions: mothers of children with autism demonstrate lower parental competences than mothers of neurotypical children. Mothers of children with autism are less rigorous but more permissive, overprotective, and helpless. They tend to become heavily involved with their child. An overprotective attitude and greater tolerance for antisocial behaviours among parents of children with ASDs protect them from excessive stress.

고등학생이 지각한 과보호적 부모양육태도와 회복탄력성이 학교적응과 우울에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out how overprotective parenting attitudes and resilience affect school adjustment and depression of high school students.&#x0D; Methods The purpose of this study, a survey was conducted on 360 male and female student enrolled in high school in Busan and Gyeongnam, Date 353 finalists excluding unresponsive or unscrupulous responses were used of final result analysis. The collected is analyzed by SPSS ver 24.0 program.&#x0D; Results First, there is a significant correlation between overprotective parenting attitudes, resilience, school ad-justment, and depression perceived by high school students. Second, the sub-factors of overprotective parenting attitudes and resilience perceived by high school students influence school adaptation. Third, the overprotective parenting attitudes and resilience perceived by high school students influence depression.&#x0D; Conclusions There for high school students school adjustment and depression, if parents excessive over-protection is reduced and resilience is improved adaptability can be increased and depression can be reduced. These results are meaningful in that they provided a theoretical basis for improving high school students school adjustment and preventing depression.

Sports and epilepsy: A comprehensive review in the Japanese context

Abstract: Introduction: Epilepsy, affecting 1% of the global population, is a neuropsychiatric disease often co-occurring with psychiatric disorders. It is characterized by recurrent “epileptic seizures” caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which poses risks during exercise and damages athletic identity. In Japan, psychiatrists perform essential roles in the treatment of patients with epilepsy. Methods: This review examines and addresses the challenges and opportunities for individuals with epilepsy in athletic endeavors. Results: Historically, misconceptions regarding seizure triggers, societal stigma, and overprotective attitudes have limited physical activity among individuals with epilepsy, resulting in obesity and reduced wellbeing. However, exercise does not typically induce seizures. Recent research suggests that exercise benefits seizure control, quality of life, and comorbidities among individuals with epilepsy. Sports participation risks were categorized into three groups using tailored guidelines provided by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). Water-based sports require controlled environments, monitoring, and distinctive attire due to the risk of drowning. In contact sports, precautions are required to address seizures prior to physical contact. Guidelines for children with epilepsy in school events emphasize inclusion, as restrictions may lead to social and developmental challenges. Few prominent athletes who openly disclosed their epilepsy diagnoses. Conclusion: Physical activity offers benefits to individuals with epilepsy, necessitating a re-evaluation of exercise restrictions. Guidelines and seizure type considerations are essential. Athletes’ openness about epilepsy enhances awareness and support, contributing to the overall well-being of this population. Dipruption of epilepsy on competitive mindset might extend to Athletic Identity (AI).

Effectiveness of the positive discipline program applied to parents of preschool children: A randomized-controlled trial

BackgroundAlthough the Positive Discipline Program is used extensively internationally, there are very few evidence-based studies on it. This study aims to examine the experimental results of the Positive Discipline Program. MethodThis randomized-controlled study had the following types of groups: intervention, active control, and non-contact control. The study sample consisted of 72 parents with children aged between 3 and 6 years. The intervention group participated in an eight-session online Positive Discipline Program, the active control group participated in an eight-session online free interaction program, and the non-contact control group received no intervention. ResultsParents in the intervention group demonstrated an increase in cooperation with their children after the training and during the follow-up period. In the intervention group, parents’ oppressive and authoritarian attitudes decreased after the training and during the follow-up period; spouses’ democratic attitudes increased after the training and their overprotective attitudes decreased in the follow-up period. Parent–child communication and unhindered listening increased in the intervention and active control groups. The problem-solving skills of the intervention group increased after the training and during the follow-up period, and sensitivity increased in the follow-up period. ConclusionAs one of the few experimental studies implementing the Positive Discipline Program, this study revealed the strengths of the program as well as culture-specific aspects that need to be improved. Further, this program was effective in improving parents’ relationships with their children, attitudes, and problem-solving skills, and it provided evidence for the program’s positive contributions to raising a child. Implications for practiceThe Positive Discipline Program can guide parents in solving the developmental and school-related problems of preschool children as well as school and adolescence children.

How Correlation Between Household Conflict and Parental Attitude During the Lockdown?: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between household conflict and parental attitude during the quarantine period. &#x0D; Material and Method: This study cross-sectional, and web-based was conducted. A maternity and child hospital located in southeast in Turkey between 24 May and 30 June 2021, particularly after the 3-week full-lockdown. Power analysis was used to determine the sample size, and accordingly, the study was completed with a total of 246 parents with children aged 2-6. In the study, a questionnaire regarding socio-demographic data and Household Conflict, which is a subscale of the COVID-19 Household Environment Scale, and Parent Attitude Scale was used. &#x0D; Results: It was shown that the parents participating in the study were highly democratic and overprotective, moderately authoritarian and permissive. It was determined that conflicts for the family increased during the pandemic process, and that conflict decreased when the parents displayed a democratic attitude. It was established that intra-familial conflict increased when parents exhibited authoritarian, overprotective and permissive attitudes, and in addition, it was found that intra-familial conflict increased when the number of children increased. &#x0D; Conclusion and Recommendations: Consequently, it was found that intra-family conflict affected parental attitude. Support strategies can be created for families at risk. Nurses identify families in this environment and provide necessary care, training, and consultation service.

Alexithymia in adolescents treated for psychiatric disorders: A study of the relationship with Alexithymia in parents and with the parental link

IntroductionAlexithymia is defined as a disorder involving difficulties in identifying, describing feelings and an outward-oriented way of thinking with restricted imaginary processes. Our objectives were to study the link between parents’ alexithymia and that of adolescents treated for psychiatric disorders on the one hand, and to study the relationship between alexithymia in adolescents and the parental link perceived by them, on the other hand.ObjectivesTo study the relationship between the alexithymia of parents and that of adolescents followed for psychiatric disorders on the one hand, and to study the relationship between alexithymia in adolescents and the parental bond perceived by them on the other go.MethodsA descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was carried out at the pediatric psychiatry consultation at the Hédi Chaker University Hospital in Sfax during a period of one year from January 2019 to December 2019. We recruited 116 people: 53 adolescents, 44 mothers and 19 fathers. . We used an information sheet, the TAS-20 score (Toronto Alexithymia Scale) and the PBI (Parental Bonding Instrument)ResultsTwo-thirds of the patients were alexithymic. A climate of domestic violence increased the adolescent’s emotional difficulties. Half of the mothers and one-third of the fathers were alexithymic. The total alexithymia score (TAS-20) in adolescents was positively correlated with the total alexithymia score (TAS-20) in the parents (p=0.03 for the mother and p = 0.02 for the father Adolescent difficulty in identifying emotions (DIE) was associated with difficulty describing emotions (DDE) in both parents (p=0.01 for mother and p&lt;10-3 for father). The teenager had difficulty describing his own emotions when his mother was having the same difficulty. Outward thinking in adolescents were associated with more alexithymic traits in the mother. Maternal care scores were significantly and negatively correlated with adolescent TAS-20, DIE, and DDE scores (p=0.01, p=0.01, and p=0.04). Maternal protection score was positively and significantly correlated with TAS-20, DIE, and DDE scores (p=0.01, p=0.01 and p=0.02). The father’s protection score was positively and significantly correlated with TAS-20, DIE and DDE scores (p&lt;10-3, p=0.04 and p=0.01). The overprotective attitude of parents perceived by the adolescent has therefore been associated with more alexithymia in adolescents.ConclusionsParticular attention must therefore be paid to the emotional difficulties of adolescents followed in child psychiatry, as well as those present with their parents. These difficulties can create interpersonal difficulties and affect the parental bond perceived by the child.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

학교폭력 방관태도 영향요인에 관한 구조분석

This study verified the mediating effect to reveal the interrelationship between empathy,emotional control, and community consciousness that mediates the relationship in the path ofoverprotective parenting leading to school violence. To this end, data were collected from 313middle school students in Daegu and verified through SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. The analysisresults showed that, first, overprotective parenting attitudes lowered empathy and communityconsciousness, and increased school violence. Second, in the relationship betweenoverprotective parenting attitude and school violence bystander, each variable of empathy,emotional control ability, and community consciousness was found to have no significantinfluence as simple parameters. Third, it was found that overprotective parenting attitudes hada significant influence on school violence by sequentially mediating empathy, emotional control,and community consciousness. Based on the above results, discussions and implications werepresented.

HUBUNGAN PERILAKU OVERPROTEKTIF ORANG TUA KEPADA ANAK TERHADAP PENYESUAIAN DIRI PADA USIA REMAJA

Children are a gift from God given to a family. Families must provide love and good education for children. Parents have an important role in shaping the personality and development of children. The actions of parents in giving love and education about the values of religious and socio-cultural life that are given are the right treatment to prepare children to become good individuals. Parents act as the first teachers for children. The way children think and behave is influenced by parental upbringing which will shape the child's personality. In fact, there are family problems between children and parents. One of them is the overprotective attitude of parents towards their children. Overprotective is a form of excessive protection given to children. In fact, parents behave like that because they really love and are afraid if their child does things that they don't want, but the attitude of parents is sometimes misinterpreted by the child so that the child feels burdened and can affect development.

예비유아교사가 지각한 부모양육태도와 거부민감성의 관계에서 사회불안의 매개효과

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of perceived parenting attitudes with regards to rejection sensitivity towards pre-service early childhood teachers and to investigate whether social anxiety mediates the effect of said perceived parenting attitudes concerning rejection sensitivity. For this purpose, 254 questionnaires were utilized to conduct analysis on the pre-service early childhood teachers enrolled in the departments of early childhood education and childcare at community colleges located in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Incheon using 254 questionnaires. The results of this study are as follows. First, it was found that among the parenting attitudes perceived by the pre-service early childhood teachers, affectionate parenting attitude, rejective parenting attitude, and overprotective parenting attitude, all affect rejection sensitivity. Second, as a result of examining the mediating effects of social anxiety over the effects of the parenting attitudes perceived by the pre-service early childhood teachers on rejection sensitivity, it was found that social anxiety completely mediates the effect of the affectionate parenting attitude in regards to rejection sensitivity among the three parenting attitudes. From these research results, it can be seen that the negative parenting attitude of parents increases the social anxiety of their children, and the increased social anxiety increases rejection sensitivity. Through this, it was found that the importance of parenting attitudes and social anxiety are major variables that can lower rejection sensitivity of the pre-service early childhood teachers. Therefore, it is possible to lower both the social anxiety and rejection sensitivity of children by parents raising their children with desirable attitudes, and to lower rejection sensitivity by lowering the social anxiety of the pre-service early childhood teachers, so that the early childhood pre-service teachers can support them to establish a smooth relationship with infants.

대학생이 지각한 부모양육태도가 도박행동에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the parenting attitude, self-control, and gambling behavior of college students. Methods For the purpose of this research, data was gathered through self reported expression questionnaires, the subjects were 248 college students in the Gangwon-do areas. Descriptive statistics, Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis were conducted to determine the relationship between the parenting attitude, self-control and gambling behavior. Results The results of this study are as follows. First, parenting attitude of perceived by college students, self-control and gambling behavior of the perceived by the college students were statistically significant. Second, emotional warmth parenting attitude is a fully mediating effect on the relationship between self-control and gambling behavior, rejective parenting attitude is a partial mediating effect on the relationship between self-control and gambling behavior, overprotective parenting attitude is a fully mediating effect on the relationship between self-control and gambling behavior. Conclusions We discussed prevent gambling behavior and preparing the basis for intervention in gambling addiction among college students were presented, and Implications for coping with gambling behavior were discussed.

Anxiety-Promoting Parenting Behaviors in Adolescents with Social Anxiety: Controlled with a Non-Clinical Sample.

: The majority of research on parenting behaviors in social phobia has been conducted with mother-child dyads, but there is still a gap in current knowledge about the role of fathers' parenting behaviors and adolescence period. This study focuses on the role of parent gender, parental attitudes, and familial factors in an adolescent population. Our study sample consisted of adolescents diagnosed with social phobia (n = 60), healthy non-clinical adolescents (n = 30), and the parents of adolescents with social phobia (n = 46) and non-clinical adolescents (n = 30). A Sociodemographic Information Form, Family Interview Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, and The Parent Attitude Research Instrument were administered to all groups. The parents of adolescents with social phobia have reported a higher overprotective mothering attitude when compared to parents of healthy adolescents (P mother < .001 and P father = .009). The mothers' overprotective parenting style and the fathers' avoidance levels were found as predictive factors for adolescents' social phobia in logistic regression analysis (respectively; exp(β) = 0.868 and P = .002; exp(β) = 0.927 and P = .017). Our results indicate the necessity of considering both the parents in the research. We suggest that controlled prospective future studies on different ages, diagnostic groups, and cultures, which will take the gender of both parents and patients into account, may reveal important data on the relation between parenting behaviors and social anxiety.

Project DOMO: predicaments of a woman entrepreneur with disability

Subject area This case can facilitate students to develop a deeper understanding of the social mission-based business enterprises, startups, solopreneurship, one-man companies, women-led businesses, benefits and challenges associated with service innovation and design thinking, along with the competitive forces and funding problems in scaling up a social enterprise. It can be used for the BBA, MBA or Executive MBA programs for courses on entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, design thinking, business strategy and service innovation. Applicability/study level This case is suitable for both the undergraduate or graduate-level programs in the area of entrepreneurship, innovation and startup management. Case overview Dr Anita Sharma was a solopreneur who started a car driving school in Amritsar, Punjab, deploying specially designed, retrofitted cars to train People with Disabilities (PwDs). She demonstrated exceptional prowess in defying the social taboos and popular stigmas associated with PwDs by establishing “Drive On My Own” (DOMO) as an innovative project, a first-of-its-kind car-driving training school in India to provide an accessible car-drive learning experience to PwDs. She ignored the extreme sensitivity displayed in the social behavior of people around her, who were either were too sensitive for the PwDs by treating them as Person with Special Abilities (PwSAs) or were completely insensitive toward them or their problems thinking that their disabilities are their misfortunes. This continuum of insensitive to overprotective societal attitudes and lack of infrastructure concerning travel for PwSAs made this service innovation possible by design thinking. This entrepreneurial initiative enabled solo as well as group travel and tours possible for PwDs, by bringing in new inclusive modes of communication and solutions for self-mobility. It has also paved a path for social inclusiveness and livelihood sustainability by bringing positive change in the lives of PwDs and their family members. Moreover, a new design implementation is in her plans, as she wants to redesign these cars further to be accessible for people using wheelchairs too. The potential growth of this solopreneur’s social enterprise calls for scaling up the business, but it may also attract competition as the existing big tech-travel automobile companies may enter this domain soon with their driver-less or self-drive cars. Considering all these factors, Dr Anita Sharma faced multiple dilemmas: Can she formalize her project? What can be the type of business she can proceed with? How can she sustain and scale up her women-led project, better qualifying as a PwD-led social enterprise? How can she resolve the challenges related to the design implementation, funding the project and facing competition while scaling up DOMO as her social and service innovation? Expected learning outcomes Thus, this case study enables the application of concepts and theories of business enterprise, business funding, service innovation and design thinking. It also helps recognize and understand the challenges related to social entrepreneurship. Subject code CSS: 3 Entrepreneurship.

Psychological Assessment in Children With Epilepsy and Their Mothers

Objective: Epilepsy is a chronic disease with high morbidity. Our study aims to investigate the scores of anxiety and depression in children with epilepsy and their mothers and the role of parental attitudes in these children. Material and Methods: The study included 35 children with epilepsy and their mothers. Control group consisted of 35 healthy children of similar age and sex to the study group and their mothers. Parenting Style Inventory (PSI), Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale - Parent version (RCADS-P) scales were used in the patient and control groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between mother anxiety and depression scores in terms of BDI and BAI scales. There were no significant differences between the total and subscale scores of the anxiety and depression in the children of study and control groups in terms of RCADS-P. Strictness/supervision subscale of PSI average was statistically significantly higher in the patient group but the Psychological Autonomy subscale average was found lower. The mean scores of Excessive Maternity and Obsession and Discipline subscale of PARI were significantly higher in the patient group. Conclusion: Mothers of children with epilepsy may be overprotective or authoritarian. Overprotective or authoritative parental attitudes in children can lead to loss of self-esteem. Therefore, besides the treatment of children with epilepsy, attention should be paid to improving the wrong attitudes of their parents.

The Effect of Overprotective Parental Attitudes on Children's Development

This study aims to describe how good parenting patterns affect their children. Later in the study described how it characterizes overprotectivebehavior, the factors that influence overprotective attitudes of parents as well as the impact that overprotective parenting patterns have on their children. This research method uses qualitative approach with descriptive research methods and surveys. The study used several respondents. The ways to carry out this research used by researchers are observations, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study show that overprotective attitudes of parents are a form of excessive parental protection given because they are afraid if their child happens things that are not wanted. But the overprotective attitude of parents or pampering their children makes the child unable to express himself in his social environment. And the overprotective attitude of parents that will have an impact on the social development of the child is that the child has difficulty adapting to the new environment, prefers to play alone, and results in the child is not independent

Planet Abled: can it sustain its first-mover advantage and scale-up?

Learning outcomes This paper aims to enable the application of Value Proposition Canvas and Business Model Canvas to evaluate an opportunity; understand the commonalities and differences between social and commercial enterprises; and recognize the challenges related to the paradox of the social mission and the financial/economic logic. Case overview/synopsis Neha Arora demonstrated exceptional capabilities of defying the social stigma associated with People with Disabilities (PwDs) to establish Planet Abled, a first in the world venture to provide accessible leisure excursions to PwDs. This entrepreneurial initiative enabling group and solo travel for PwDs as inclusive tourism has created the possibility of social sustainability by bringing change in the lives of PwDs and their family members by ignoring either the insensitive or overprotective societal attitudes and lack of infrastructure concerning travel for PwDs. Its potential growth qualifies for scaling-up, but it can also attract the existing big travel solution providers to enter this domain. Considering these facts, Neha faces multiple dilemmas: How can she sustain and scale up the early momentum created by her enterprise? How can she resolve the challenges related to the paradox of the social mission and the financial/ economic logic while scaling-up Planet Abled? Complexity/Academic level This case study is suitable for both undergraduate or graduate-level programs in the area of entrepreneurship. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship